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Assertion

Support

Thesis

Example

Abstraction

Concrete Example

Generalization

Specific

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COMFTF-02The Example

I feel sick today.

I have a migraineheadache and an

upset stomach.

Generalization

Specific example

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I had a miserableday at the free throwline.

I made only threebaskets out twentyfour attempted.

Generalization

Specific Example

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I had terrible luckfishing.

After three hours

from the boat andtwo hours at thepier,I caught onlyone tiny sunfish toosmall to eat.

Generalization

Specific Example

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COMFTF-02

Abstract= Leave Out Details

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Typical Paragraph StructureAssertion: The greater the speed, the

less control the driver has over the car.Support: For example,a man driving at

30 miles an hour needs only 73 feet tobring the car to a complete stop,but a

man driving at 60 miles an hour needs222 feet.

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Generalization Abstract

Specifics Concrete(1) TS

(2) E

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COMFTF-02The Example Thesis(Topic Sentence): East Texas has

experienced a great deal of precipitation in thelast 24 hours.

Marshall has suffered baseball sized hail. Longview has had over three feet of snow. Corsicana has had over 12 inches of rain,

causing the local creeks and rivers to overflow

their banks. Rusk has experienced driving sleet and ice,

resulting in a 30 car pile-up.

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High Abstraction words

-tion

-ment

-dom

-ness

-ity

Specific details have been left out.

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COMFTF-02The Example

Generalization: Fred has acted in a dishonestmanner.

Example:He claims he gave $1000 to his

church when in truth he didnt give one cent. Example: He turned in a research paper

claiming it was his own work, when in truth he

had downloaded from an obscure site on theInternet.

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Etymology of Abstract

Two Latin word

Ab (Away from)Trahere (to pull or to carry)

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COMFTF-02The Example Abstraction Blue Blue eyes

Blue shirt

Blue ink Blue notebook

Blue jeans

Blue color crayon

Blue chalk Cant buy a bottle of blue Blue is an abstraction

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COMFTF-02The Example

Thesis: Mary acts like a brat

*Specific Example1 :She always doesbad things.

*Specific Example 2 :She behaves like adelinquent.

* Specific Example 3:She is a pain in the

neck to her teachers.

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COMFTF-02The Example Thesis: Mary behaves like a brat. Specific Example 1:She squeezed Elmers

Glue in the cats nose.

Specific Example 2:She mowed the shagrugwith a power mower. Specific Example 3: She crumbled broken

glass in the sugar bowl.

Specific Example 4: She flushed the goldfishdown the toilet.

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COMFTF-02The Example

Alfred Korzybski

1879-1950

StructuralDifferential

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Parabola

Everything outsideour nervous systems

Electrons,rays,wavelengths

WIGO

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Holes or circles

Characteristics

Not molecules oratoms

Terms put notions inour heads

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Circle has manyholes but not infinitelike the parabola.

Parabola and circletogether representnon-verbal world ofreality.

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COMFTF-02The Example Laundry tag

Figure represents firstverbal world of reality.

Specific label like Philor Doris

Here is Doris Smith

Doris Smith took two

wobbly steps

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Next level ofabstraction we callthe inference

Doris is a littletipsy.

Doris is inebriated.

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COMFTF-02The Example

Next level ofabstraction is the

judgment.

Doris is a no-goodimmoral woman.

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COMFTF-02The Example

S.I. Hayakawa

1906-1992

Abstraction Ladder

Levels of specificityin expository writing.

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COMFTF-02The Example

Bessie the cow

Process level-whirling dance of

electrons. Variegated mass of

corpuscles

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0208/cenA_chandra_big.gif

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COMFTF-02The Example Bessie on circle

level represents theimage we see with

our sensory organs. Sounds she makes. Shadows she

makes.

Specific shape wesee.

CO 02

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Specific Label

Bessiedistinguishing

Bessie from othercows.

COMFTF 02

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COMFTF-02The Example

The class termcow leaves outspecific

characteristics whichdistinguish Bessiecow1 from Rosieor Daisy cow or

Guernsey or Jersey.

COMFTF 01

http://www.lotd.com/Images/xcow39.jpg

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COMFTF-01The Example Next level of

abstraction is thetermlivestock,leavingout specificcharacteristics whichdistinguish cow fromgoats horses andchickens.

COMFTF 02

http://www.airynothing.com/photos/minnesota/pics/zoo_camel.jpg

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COMFTF-02The Example

The abstractionfarm asset leavesout specific

characteristics whichdifferentiate cowsfrom silos, manurespreaders, or

generating plants.

COMFTF 02

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The abstractionasset leaved outspecific

characteristicsdistinguishing cowsfrom stocks andbonds and oil wells.

COMFTF02

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COMFTF02The Example

Transportation: Leaves out specific characteristicsdifferentiating Chevrolet Lumina from ships orplanes.

Land Transportation:Leaves out specificcharacteristics differentiating Chevrolet Lumina frombusses and trucks.

Automobile:Leaves out specific characteristics

differentiating Chevrolet Lumina from Ford Taurusand Cadillac.

COMFTF 02

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COMFTF-02The Example Chevrolet Lumina: leaves out specific

characteristics differentiating Gray ChevroletLumina from green or red Chevrolet Lumina.

Gray Chevrolet Lumina-Leaves out specificcharacteristics differentiating Gray ChevroletLumina with California tag GFS123 from Texastag LPN124.

Gray Chevrolet Lumina with California tagGFS123.

COMFTF 02

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COMFTF-02The Example Structure of Expository ParagraphMore General : Thesis (or topic sentence)

Example 1: Specific detail 1 Specific detail 2 Specific detail 3 Example 2: Specific detail 1 Specific detail 2

Specific detail 3

More specific

COMFTF 06

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COMFTF-06The Example Generalizations Judgments Assumptions

OpinionsMore inferences Inferences Descriptions Statistics Names

COMFTF 02

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COMFTF-02The Example

Column A Column B

Bread Democracy

Pencil LoveSweater Hate

Land Generosity

COMFTF 02

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COMFTF-02The Example

Abstract and Concrete

Not mutually exclusive

Only relative terms

COMFTF 02

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COMFTF-02The ExampleMore Abstract: Matter Etc.

Entity Matter

Organic Mass

Growth Organism Plant Homo

Sapiens

Flower Student

Rose MaleMost Concrete Tea Rose Johnny Smith

COMFTF 02

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More Abstract: Mineral Living thing

Metal Insect

Iron FlyMore Concrete Hammerhead

Horsefly on

windowpane

COMFTF 02

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COMFTF-02The ExampleMore Abstract: Tea Rose

A Dead Tea Rose

A Dead Tea Rose, U.S.A.

A Dead Tea Rose in a park USA

A Dead Tea Rose in a Tyler Park U.S. A. A Dead Tea Rose in a hothouse in a Tyler

Park,U.S.A A Dead Tea Rose in the CaldwellPark Hothouse, Tyler ,Texas

COMFTF 02

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Johnny Smith is a student.

Johnny Smith is a student, U.S.A.

Johnny Smith is a Texas student, U.S.A.

Johnny is college student, Tyler, Texas. Johnny Smith attends Texas

College,Tyler,Texas,U.S.A.

Johnny Smith is in Dr. Maass English 1 Class atTexas College,Tyler,Texas, U.S.A.