COMENIUS PROJECT - Tartu Scientific Report.pdfFrom wenesday 12 to thursday 13 june 2013 184,3 0 109...
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1 COMENIUS PROJECT : “Learning about air pollution” 2012-2014
Transcript of COMENIUS PROJECT - Tartu Scientific Report.pdfFrom wenesday 12 to thursday 13 june 2013 184,3 0 109...
1
COMENIUS PROJECT : “Learning about air pollution” 2012-2014
2
1. The Objectives of the project
General objectives
-To use more interactive teaching and learning strategies so as to motivate the pupils for their studies and
careers in research and technology.
-To prepare new resources for the teaching and learning of satellite technologies and climate change.
- To raise the levels of the scientific skills of research, analysis and practicing experimental procedures
(using special equipment for measuring the concentrations of black carbon) which put the emphasis on
atmospheric pollution.
- To train local teachers to use new equipment which was developed by the University of Tartu to assure
the credibility and perennity of the measurements after the project has ended.
- To raise the awareness of the European environment and of the issue of climate change by the study, the
comparison of different studies, the sources of pollutants, the distribution and the effects of atmospheric
aerosols.
- To investigate local sources of aerosols and take measures to reduce emissions.
- To raise awareness of satellite technology and remote sensing in Europe.
- To improve skills in computer and communications technologies and skills in the use of remote sensing
for research and learning,
- To reinforce European consciousness by sharing objectives, challenges, best practice and common
solutions thanks to cooperation ;
- To highlight English as a second language, moreover as an important language in science.
Specific objectives
To investigate any possible correlations between the principal likely factors and concentrations of
atmospheric aerosols, specifically that of black carbon.
Exploitation of BC (black carbon) and AOT (aerosols optical thickness) data for the
four simultaneous measurement campaigns in Germany, Estonia, France and Turkey.
3
2. Experimental protocols,
1. The measurement of black carbon concentrations.
The equipment used was developed by
scientists at Tartu University in Estonia. It is
composed of an air pump, a flow meter, a
filter-holder and a filter.
The pump draws in air and the filter traps the
particles of black carbon, the rate of air flow is
measured at the beginning and the end of each
measurement period.
The concentration of black carbon is then
estimated by measuring the light transmittance of
the filter. For that we establish a zero with a black
filter and measure the transmittance of a clean
filter (expressed in mV as it is measured with a
voltmeter) before starting the experiment.
At the end of the experiment, usually 24 hours, we
verify the zero point with the opaque filter and
measure the transmittance of the used filter,
4
From the values of air flow and light transmittance we obtain the concentration of black carbon using a
spreadsheet containing the necessary equations.
2. AOT Measurement (Aerosol optical thickness)
The measurement equipment, the photometer, was supplied
by our second partner, the CNES (Centre National des
Etudes Spatiales).
This is an instrument which measures the intensity of two
wavelengths of light, the red at 625 nanometers and the
green at 505 nanometers, which allows the measurement of
the AOT, that is to say the concentration of all the aerosols
present at a given moment in the atmosphere
5
The procedure for the measurement is as follows : the instrument is pointed at the sun for a period of about
twenty seconds and it gives the voltages.
These values are entered into a spreadsheet which calculates the AOT.
6
Four measurement campaigns were carried out ;
Campaign 1: from February Monday 18 to March Monday 04 2013
Campaign 2: from June Monday 03 to Monday 17 2013
Campaign 3: from November Tuesday 18 to Tuesday 26 2013
Campaign 4: from January Monday 13 to Monday 27 2014
3. Raw data of each country :
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Campaign 1 :
date Concentration in black carbon (ng/m3)
Lycée Palissy
Agen France
Tartu kivilinna
Gümnasium
Estonia
Robert Schuman
Europaschule
Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu
lisesi Dörtyol
Turkey
From monday 18 to
tuesday 19 february
2013 446,1
143,5
632,4 178,8
From tuesday 19 to
wenesday 20 february
2013 592,5 246,4 484,7
From wenesday 20 to
thursday 21 february
2013 634,1 243 527,6
From thursday 21 to
friday 22 february 2013 756,1 604 176,8 589,9
From friday 22 to
saturday 23 february
2013
974,7
225,3
240,3
236,9
From saturday 23 to
sunday 24 february 2013 700 454,5
From sunday 24 to
monday 25 february
2013 776,7 316,9
From monday 25 to
tuesday 26 february
2013 435,9 1051,1 465,2 501,7
From tuesday 26 to
wenesday 27 february
2013 661,3 222,5 328 468,9
From wenesday 27 to
thursday 28 february
2013 1410,3 138,4 282,1 178,9
From thursday 28 février
to friday 01 march 2013 848,6 340 273,7 215,3
From friday 01 to
saturday 02 march 2013 109,1
134,2
206,3
From saturday 02 to
sunday 03 march 2013 192,9 421,7
From sunday 03 to
monday 04 march 2013 419,1 397,5
From monday 04 to
tuesday 05 march 2013 343,5
8
Campaign 2 :
date Concentration in black carbon (ng/m3)
Lycée Palissy
Agen France
Tartu kivilinna
Gümnasium
Estonia
Robert Schuman
Europaschule
Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu
lisesi Dörtyol
Turkey
From monday 03 to
tuesday 04 june 2013 134,2 381,7 62,4 150,9
From tuesday 04 to
wenesday 05 june 2013 238,8 295,8 221,1 78,6
From wenesday 05 to
thursday 06 june 2013 220,2 303,4 247,3 79,7
From thursday 06 to
friday 07 june 2013 195,5 320,1 333,7 147,4
From friday 07 to
saturday 08 june 2013
168,1
318,7
150,2
118,3
From saturday 08 to
sunday 09 june 2013 154,4 246
From sunday 09 to
monday 10 june 2013 264,7 226,2
From monday 10 to
tuesday 11 june 2013 246,1 132,2 186,9 154,8
From tuesday 11 to
wenesday 12 june 2013 317,3 123,5 227,6 150,9
From wenesday 12 to
thursday 13 june 2013 184,3 0 109 82,3
From thursday 13 to
friday 14 june 2013 144,1 114,1 120,1 101,8
From friday 14 to
saturday 15 june 2013
165,8
201,6
139,6
98,3
From saturday 15 to
sunday 16 june 2013 143,2 96,7
From sunday 16 to
monday 17 june 2013 134,3
From monday 17 to
tuesday 18 june 2013 357
9
Campaign 3 :
date Concentration in black carbon (ng/m3)
Lycée Palissy
Agen France
Tartu kivilinna
Gümnasium
Estonia
Robert Schuman
Europaschule
Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu
lisesi Dörtyol
Turkey
From monday 11 to
tuesday 12 november
2013
422,1
From tuesday 12 to
wenesday 13 november
2013
378 438,5 82,3
From wenesday 13 to
thursday 14 november
2013
159,6 665,1 102,2
From thursday 14 to
friday 15 november 2013 243,4 502,4 80,1
From friday 14 to
saturday 15 november
2013
327,9
561,7
54,2
From saturday 16 to
sunday 17 november
2013 83,5
From sunday 17 to
monday 18 november
2013 87,8
From monday 18 to
tuesday 19 november
2013
452,5 389,2 62,5
From tuesday 19 to
wenesday 20 november
2013
283,8 371,5 78,3
From wenesday 20 to
thursday 21 november
2013
221,9 257,9 242,7 78,3
From thursday 21 to
friday 22 november 2013 296,5 285,1 327,2 78
From friday 22 to
saturday 23 november
2013
223,7
492,2
198,1
96,1
From saturday 23 to
sunday 24 november
2013 292,1 180,8
From sunday 24 to
monday 25 november
2013 296,3 96,3
From monday 25 to
tuesday 26 november
2013
306,6 175,6 408,2 120,6
10
Campaign 4 :
date Concentration in black carbon (ng/m3)
Lycée Palissy
Agen France
Tartu kivilinna
Gümnasium
Estonia
Robert Schuman
Europaschule
Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu
lisesi Dörtyol
Turkey
From monday 13 to
tuesday 14 january 2014 602,3
331 381,5 263,4
From tuesday 14 to
wenesday 15 january
2014
454,7 1129,3 325,2 378,7
From wenesday 15 to
thursday 16 january 2014
473,9
279,3
219,4 406,9
From thursday 16 to
friday 17 january 2014
650,5 194,9 41,3
From friday 17 to
saturday 18 january 2014
470,4
323,3
343
98,1
From saturday 18 to
sunday 19 january 2014 432,9 357,3
From sunday 19 to
monday 20 january 2014 740,3 433,7
From monday 20 to
tuesday 21 january 2014 251,8
443,2 359,5 164,2
From tuesday 21 to
wenesday 22 january
2014
502,5 1179,3 405,3 322,8
From wenesday 22 to
thursday 23 january 2014 541,9 320,1 526 284,7
From thursday 23 to
friday 24 january 2014 281,1 856,8 342,6 570,3
From friday 24 to
saturday 25 january 2014
160,2
1243,3
310,3
127,2
From saturday 25 to
sunday 26 january 2014 818,7 567,1
From sunday 26 to
monday 27 january 2014 230,7
701,9
From monday 27 to
tuesday 28 january 2014 209 164,8
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Campaign number 1, from February Monday 17 to March Monday 4 2013
1. Black carbon and temperature
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
-5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon
during the first measurement period.
Tem
peratu
re in °C
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
12
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
-5,0
-3,0
-1,0
1,0
3,0
5,0
7,0
9,0
11,0
13,0
15,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Tem
peratu
re in °C
Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon
during the first measurement period.
13
2. Black carbon and atmospheric pressure
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
995,0
1000,0
1005,0
1010,0
1015,0
1020,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Pressu
re in
hP
a
Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during
the first measurement period.
14
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
995,0
1000,0
1005,0
1010,0
1015,0
1020,0
1025,0
1030,0
1035,0
1040,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during
the first measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Pressu
re in
hP
a
15
3. Black carbon and relative humidity
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Relative h
um
idity in
%
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black
carbon during the first measurement period.
16
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black
carbon during the first measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Relative h
um
idity in
%
17
4. Black carbon and precipitation
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
0
5
10
15
20
25
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Precip
itation
in m
m
Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon
during the first measurement period.
18
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0
5
10
15
20
25
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon
during the first measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Precip
itation
in m
m
19
5. Black carbon and AOT
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
AO
T : aero
sol o
ptical th
ickness
Variation in AOT and concentration of Black carbon during the
first measurement period.
20
6. Wind direction
Lycée Palissy Agen France
The data correspond to 96 measurements per day of wind direction.
21
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
22
Campaign number 2, from June Monday 03 to Monday 17 2013
1. Black carbon and temperature
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
-5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon
during the second measurement period.
Tem
peratu
re in °C
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
23
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
-5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon
during the second measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 Tem
peratu
re in °C
24
2. Black carbon and atmospheric pressure
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
995,0
1000,0
1005,0
1010,0
1015,0
1020,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Pressu
re in
hP
a
Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during
the second measurement period.
25
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
995,0
1000,0
1005,0
1010,0
1015,0
1020,0
1025,0
1030,0
1035,0
1040,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during
the second measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 P
ressure
in h
Pa
26
3. Black carbon and relative humidity
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Relative h
um
idity in
%
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black
carbon during the second measurement period.
27
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black
carbon during the second measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 R
elative hu
mid
ity in %
28
4. Black carbon and precipitation
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
0
5
10
15
20
25
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Precip
itation
in m
m
Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon
during the second measurement period.
29
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0
5
10
15
20
25
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon
during the second measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 P
recipitatio
n in
mm
30
5. Black carbon and AOT
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
AO
T : aero
sol o
ptical th
ickness
Variation in AOT and concentration of Black carbon during the
second measurement period.
31
6. Wind direction
Lycée Palissy Agen France
The data correspond to 96 measurements per day of wind direction.
32
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
33
Campaign number 3, from November Tuesday 12 to Tuesday 25 2013
1. Black carbon and temperature
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon
during the third measurement period. Tem
peratu
re in °C
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
34
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
-5,0
-3,0
-1,0
1,0
3,0
5,0
7,0
9,0
11,0
13,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon
during the third measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 Te
mp
erature in
°C
35
2. Black carbon and atmospheric pressure
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
995,0
1000,0
1005,0
1010,0
1015,0
1020,0
1025,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Pressu
re in
hP
a
Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during
the third measurement period.
36
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
995,0
1000,0
1005,0
1010,0
1015,0
1020,0
1025,0
1030,0
1035,0
1040,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during
the third measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 P
ressure
in h
Pa
37
3. Black carbon and relative humidity
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Relative h
um
idity in
%
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Variation in relative humidity and concentration of black
carbon during the third measurement period.
38
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in relative humidity and concentration of black
carbon during the third measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 R
elative hu
mid
ity in %
39
4. Black carbon and precipitation
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
0
5
10
15
20
25
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Precip
itation
in m
m
Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon
during the third measurement period.
40
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0
5
10
15
20
25
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon
during the third measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 P
recipitatio
n in
mm
41
5. Black carbon and AOT
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
AO
T : aero
sol o
ptical th
ickness
Variation in AOT and concentration of Black carbon during the
third measurement period.
42
6. Wind direction
Lycée Palissy Agen France
The data correspond to 96 measurements per day of wind direction.
43
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
44
Campaign number 4, from January Monday 13 to Monday 26 2014
1. Black carbon and temperature
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon
during the fourth measurement period. Temp
erature in
°C
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
45
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
-5,0
-3,0
-1,0
1,0
3,0
5,0
7,0
9,0
11,0
13,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon
during the fourth measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 Tem
peratu
re in °C
46
2. Black carbon and atmospheric pressure
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
995,0
1000,0
1005,0
1010,0
1015,0
1020,0
1025,0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Pressu
re in
hP
a
Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during
the fourth measurement period.
47
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
995,0
1000,0
1005,0
1010,0
1015,0
1020,0
1025,0
1030,0
1035,0
1040,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during
the fourth measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 P
ressure
in h
Pa
48
3. Black carbon and relative humidity
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Relative h
um
idity in
%
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black
carbon during the fourth measurement period.
49
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black
carbon during the fourth measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3 R
elative hu
mid
ity in %
50
4. Black carbon and precipitation
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Precip
itation
in m
m
Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon
during the fourth measurement period.
51
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0
5
10
15
20
25
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1000,0
1200,0
1400,0
1600,0
Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon
during the fourth measurement period.
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
Precip
itation
in m
m
52
5. Black carbon and AOT
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Bla
ck c
arb
on
in n
g/m
3
AO
T : aero
sol o
ptical th
ickness
Variation in AOT and concentration of Black carbon during the
fourth measurement period.
53
6. Wind direction
Lycée Palissy Agen France
The data correspond to 96 measurements per day of wind direction.
54
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
55
FRENCH SYNTHESIS :
Lycée Palissy Agen France
Temperature
From the 18th to 22nd of February the average temperature decreases and the concentration in Black Carbon
increases however from the 27th to the 28th of February the concentration in Black Carbon decreases and the
average temperature increases.
At the beginning of the second campaign, we can also see a reverse ratio, while the temperature increases the
concentration in Black Carbon decreases and when the temperature decreases the concentration in Black
Carbon increases. Then the variations are correlated. As a consequence, it is not possible to correlate the
variation of the concentration in BC with that of temperature.
We can find the same variations for the last two campaigns.
Precipitations
For example, after a strong precipitation on the 8th of June, we can see a very weak concentration in BC, but
this phenomenon does not repeat itself after the precipitations of the 10th of July.
At the beginning of the third measurement campaign, we can see relatively important precipitation, 7 mm
high, linked to a decrease of the concentration in BC. However, a few days later, strong precipitations, 9 mm
high, corresponded with a slight increase of the content of BC : so there isn't a clear link between the
intensity of the precipitations and the concentration in BC.
Relative humidity
On the whole, we can observe a correlation after the fact between relative humidity and concentration in BC :
while relative humidity decreases concentration in BC increases and vice versa but this isn't always the case as
we can see on the 27th and 28th of February.
During this third campaign, on the whole we can see a correlation between the variation of relative humidity
and the concentration of BC : when relative humidity decreases, the concentration of BC decreases too.
During the fourth campaign, relative humidity was very high and relatively stable whereas variations of BC
were very important, they were multiplied by three : this factor was not correlated with the variations of BC.
Atmospheric pressure
On the whole, we can see a backward correlation between pressure and concentration of BC: when the
pressure decreases the BC concentration increases and vice versa but this event is not totally verified as we
can see from the 25th and 27th of February.
During the fourth campaign, the pressure was relatively low whereas variations of BC concentrations were
multiplied by three: this factor was not verified with BC variations.
Wind
56
During the first campaign, on the first three days the main wind direction was East North East and on the five
days that followed it was South South West and at the same time the BC concentration increased and
decreased: broadly speaking, we can see high BC concentration when the wind direction is East North East.
During the second campaign, we can see the same wind direction as in the first measurement campaign but the
increase of BC concentration from 9th to 11th of June, shows this time that the wind was from the South West
which is different from the data of the first measurement campaign.
All along the third campaign, the winds were from the South West and they came from the same direction as
the last period.
Concerning Black Carbon concentration, we can observe important variations due to the season. Indeed, if
we look at the last winter campaign, concentration varies from 200 to 600 ng/m3.
However in the first
campaign we can see two important peaks (1000 ng/m3 and 1400 ng/m
3). In autumn, the concentration is
between 200 ng/m3 and 400 ng/m
3 and at the beginning of summer. It varies from 150 to 300 ng/m
3.
From these results we can reckon that the part of urban heating in BC particles pollution is approximately up
to 200 ng/m3 if we calculate the
average for that period of time.
For summertime, there is a
200ng/m3 value that can
globally correspond to the car
pollution.
The cause of the two peaks
observed during the first
campaign is probably external
to the local conditions and
situations. None of the factors
we studied during these 4
campaigns can explain such
variations for the city of Agen.
As for the peak of the Feb 21
2013 we can see that the path
taken by the 500 m high air
masses goes from Switzerland,
crosses South Germany and
then goes back to Switzerland,
then crosses France and reaches
Agen.
57
As for the BC peak on feb 27th,
we can see that the route taken by
the 500 m high air masses starts
from Ukraine then goes through
Poland, Germany, and Italy before
reaching Agen.
The 2000 m high air masses came
from Turkey crossed Romania,
Ukraine, Poland, Germany and
Belgium before reaching Agen.
And to finish the 4000 m high air
masses came from Iceland then
cruised over the Scandinavian
countries, the South East of
England and then over Spain
before arriving in France.
We can suppose that the particles
pollution peak is due to a shift of
the 500 m high air masses coming
from Eastern Europe.
BC, AOT and PM 10 data comparison:
In November 2013 and in January 2014, we couldn't get the AOT variation because the weather made it
impossible. We can still compare the campaigns of June and February 2013. Thus, we can observe low AOT
values in February for high BC concentrations whereas in June the AOT values are higher for low BC
concentrations. We can deduce that the BC particles don't constitute the major part of the aerosols because
there isn't any evident correlation between variations in BC concentration and Aerosol Optical Thickness.
The measurements made by the students are similar to the measures taken by satellite.
We see that the variations in BC concentration correspond to the particles measuring less than 10 µm except
for the 21th February. It appears then that the measurement of these particles gives a fair estimation of the
variations in BC. In other words, a large part of the particles of less than 10µm has to be Black Carbon.
CONCLUSION: we have studied 4 parameters (temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and
wind direction) and there is no simple correlation between the black carbon concentration and any of these
parameters.
58
2 main factors explain black carbon concentration in Agen, in winter central heating and road traffic
throughout the year.
The peaks of particle pollution seem correlated with low altitude air masses and a north east wind direction
atmospheric pollution has no border and black carbon is a global problem. Given the small database the
results have in any case very little statistical significance.
ESTONIAN SYNTHESIS:
Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia
GERMAN SYNTHESIS:
Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany
TURKISH SYNTHESIS:
Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey
.
