Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck
-
Upload
william-andres-rodriguez-mora -
Category
Documents
-
view
12 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck
![Page 1: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Combustion• Detonacion• Pre-ignicion• Teoria Pobre
![Page 2: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Detonation and Detonation and PreignitionPreignition
![Page 3: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Objectivos de esta Seccion
• Entender la importancia de detectar con anticipacion la detonacion y pre-ignicion
• Enlistar las causas de la detonacion y pre-ignicion
• Entender como eliminar detonacion and pre-ignicion
![Page 4: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ka KnockKnock
Ka Knock
Knock
Knock
Ka Ping
Bang Bang
Knock
WAUKESHAWAUKESHA
![Page 5: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Early damage on piston crown edge is common.
![Page 6: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Advanced damage
![Page 7: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Aluminum depositson the cylinder wall
![Page 8: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Damage in the ring groove area
![Page 9: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Total piston seizure
![Page 10: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Aluminum depositsfrom the piston
![Page 12: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
DetonationAuto Ignition of the End Gas
The End Gas is the air fuel mixture inside the combustion chamber that is ahead
of the normal flame front.
![Page 13: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cylinder Wall
Direction OfFlame Travel
![Page 14: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Flame Front Propagation
![Page 15: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
DetonationDetonation
NormalNormal
TDC TDC
![Page 16: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Detonations pinging sound is caused by
pressure waves forcing the cylinder walls to
vibrate
![Page 17: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
OCTANE NUMBER
A FUEL STABILITY RATING
A MEASURE OF A FUEL’S ABILITY TO RESIST DETONATION
NO LONGER USED BY WAUKESHA
![Page 18: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
WAUKESHA KNOCK INDEX
Values • Pure Methane 100
• Digester 125
• Landfill 140
• Processed Natural Gas 90
• Propane 34
![Page 19: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
WKI Number
Btu
When a fuel’s Btu rises the Waukesha Knock Index Number drops
![Page 20: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Detonation affects anengine’s potential power
output
Why?
![Page 22: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Effect Of Operating ConditionsOn Detonation
• Spark Timing
• Compression Ratio
• Inlet Fuel / Air Temperature
• Coolant Temperature
• Waukesha Knock Index® Number
• Engine Speed
• Exhaust Back Pressure
• Atmospheric Humidity
• Combustion Chamber Deposits
• Fuel Air Ratio
• Engine Load
![Page 23: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 10°
Degrees before TDC
Pre
ssu
reP
ress
ure
Ignition Timing
![Page 24: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Compression Ratio
Detonation tendencies increase with the rising compression ratio
11:1
10.5:1
10:1
9.4:1
8.2:1
8:1
7:1
Final compression gas temperature increases
![Page 25: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A .060” (1.52 mm) deposit can raise the compression by 1/4 of a ratio
DepositsDeposits
![Page 26: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Pressure Higher combustionchamber pressurestend to increasedetonation tendencies
![Page 27: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Increased temperature of the combustion chambercan increase detonation tendencies
HEAT
• Jacket Water • Air Induction
![Page 28: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hot generator air discharge
Air intake
![Page 29: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Engine Speed
WK
I R
equ
irem
ent
140
130
120
110
100
90
80Low High
![Page 30: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Effect of Back Pressureon Detonation
CombustionTemperature
CompressionTemperature
![Page 31: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
…decreases detonation tendencies
Rising intake air humidity…
![Page 32: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Air/Fuel RatioRich Lean
Temp
16.09:1
Exhaust
![Page 33: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
WKI Number Requirements
Eng
ine
Load
HeatHeatPressurePressure
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
![Page 34: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Engine design factors can influence an engine’s
tendency to detonate
• Spark plug location
• Combustion chamber shape
• Piston head shape
• Cylinder head size
![Page 35: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Detonation SummaryDetonation Promoters Detonation Reducers
Higher Cylinder Temps Lower Cylinder TempsLower WKI® Fuels Higher WKI® FuelsMore Advanced Timing Less Advanced TimingHigher Compression Ratio Lower Compression RatioHigher Inlet Pressure Lower Inlet PressureHigher Coolant Temp Lower Coolant TempLower Engine Speeds Higher Engine SpeedsLower Humidity Higher HumidityHigher Engine Load Lower Engine LoadStoichiometric A/F ratio Lean or Rich A/F ratio
![Page 36: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
PreignitionIgnition before the timed spark
![Page 37: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Preignition Promoters
• Incandescent cylinder deposits
• Spark plug with incorrect heat range
• Burning valve
• Overheated piston crown
![Page 38: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Detonation - Preignition
Preignition - Detonation
![Page 40: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Lean Combustion Theory
![Page 41: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
OOxygen
- 20.9% of atmosphere- Naturally found as 2 atoms- Chemical designation: O2
Nitrogen- 78% of atmosphere- An inert gas- Naturally found as 2 atoms- Chemical designation: N2
Major Components in the Atmosphere(98.9%)
O
NN
![Page 42: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Water- Concentration depends on humidity and temperature- Chemical designation: H20
Carbon Dioxide- Makes up 0.034% of atmosphere- By-product of combustion- Major contributor to greenhouse effect- Chemical designation: CO2
Trace Compounds in the Atmosphere
OH
H
O
OC
![Page 43: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Ozone- Bluish, pungent gas- Formed by ultraviolet light- Formed in upper atmosphere- By-product of photochemical - Chemical designation: O3
Regulated Compounds in the Atmosphere
OO
O
![Page 44: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
CH H
OC
Hydrocarbons:- Methane not included as toxic- Pollutant emitted by engines- Fuel in photochemical smog- Chemical designation: NMHC
Carbon Monoxide:- Colorless and odorless- Extremely toxic- Believed to promote
photochemical smog- Chemical designation: CO
Regulated Gases Found in the Atmosphere
H H
(Methane)
![Page 45: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
ONitric Oxide
- emitted by the engine- Oxidizes quickly to nitrogen
dioxide- Chemical designation: NO
Nitrogen dioxide- The catalyst in photochemical
smog- Yellowish brown in color (Haze)- Chemical designation: NO2
Regulated Gases Found in the Atmosphere
N
ON
O
![Page 46: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Regulated Gases Found in the Atmosphere
Formaldehyde
- Higher levels produced in GL engines (0.2-0.3 GL, 0.05 GSI g/BHP-hr)
- Considered toxic and restricted by government agencies
- Chemical designation: CH2O
OO
HC
![Page 47: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Toxic Gas Which May Be Regulated
OS
O
Sulfur Dioxide
- Occurs in combustion when gas contains H2S- Heavy, pungent, colorless gas- Can form sulfuric acid - Chemical designation: SO2
![Page 48: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Two Types of Smog:
Particulate Smog (Cold wet days)Photo-chemical Smog (Hot dry days)
![Page 49: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
NO O(Nitric Oxide)(Atomic Oxygen)
NO2(Nitrogen Dioxide)
Ultra-violet light
NO2
O
NO
![Page 50: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
OO
O
Formation of Ozone
(Atomic Oxygen)
(Oxygen)
O O
O (Ozone)
![Page 51: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
NO2
NO
O
O2
O3OzoneMain
ToxicantPhotochemic
al Smog
HC
HCO
HCNO2
![Page 52: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Stoichiometric Combustion
Chemically Ideal Combustion
CH4 + 202 + 2N2 CO2 + 2H20 + 2N2Combustion
![Page 53: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
OO
OONN
NN
CH
HH
H
CH
HH
H
OO
OO
Stoichiometric Combustion
![Page 54: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
OO
NN
NN
C
H
C
O
Stoichiometric Exhaust
OOH
H
OH
HO
H H
OH
![Page 55: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
OO
OONN
NNC
H
HH
H
OO
Rich Combustion
CH
HH
H
CH
HH
H
![Page 56: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
NN
NN
HO
Rich Exhaust
H
H
OH
HO
HH
OH
CH
HH
H
OC
OC
Cooler Flame
![Page 57: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
OO
OONN
NN
CH
HH
H OO
OO
OO
Lean Combustion
![Page 58: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
OO N NN
C
Lean Exhaust
H
OH
HO
HO
NOOO
OO
Cooler Flame
![Page 59: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
NOx ProductionTemperature vs. Oxygen
Max NOx
oF
EXHAUST O2
oC
807
670
642
615
587
559
53214 15 16 17 18 19 20
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
0
1
2
3
4
5
AIR / FUEL RATIO
02 %
EXHAUST TEMP
![Page 60: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
EmissionsNOx, CO, & HC
CO
HC
NOX
% CO & NOX
AIR /FUEL RATIO
%HC
![Page 61: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
GL Emissions vs. Ignition Timing
NOX
CO
NMHC
G/BHP/HR
IGNITION TIMING (BTDC)
![Page 62: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
GL Operating Window
Too rich
AFR
Too lean
AFR
Timing Advance
Timing Retard
• High CombustionTemperature
• Detonation
• Power Loss
• Misfire
• Elevated emissions• Detonation
• Elevated BSFC
![Page 63: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
EmissionsNOx, CO, & HC
NOX
HCCO
%HC%CO & NOX
AIR / FUEL RATIO
![Page 64: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Emission LevelsSeries II VHP
AFR NOx NMHC CO
Best Power(G/GSI engine out)
8.5 0.35 32
Best Economy
(G/GSI engine out)22 0.25 1.5
Catalyst (G/GSI exhaust out)
0.15 0.15 0.6
GL(G/GSI engine out)
1.5 1 2.65
Grams/BHP-hr
![Page 65: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Combustion Theory (1-2004) Spanish Chuck](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/55cf9ac8550346d033a35dd4/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)