Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors · Talk given at 9 th ETH workshop on Combustion Generated...
Transcript of Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors · Talk given at 9 th ETH workshop on Combustion Generated...
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Frank ArnoldMax-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Heidelberg
Talk given at 9 th ETH workshop on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles ,15-17 August 2005
Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors
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Combustion Related Aerosol Particles are important due to their
• Health effects• Climate effects
planetary albedo increase due to backscattering of sunlight by particles and clouds which are influenced by combustionrelated particles acting as CCN.Albedo increase counteracts additional greenhouse warming
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Climate Effects of CombustionRelated Aerosol Particles
• direct effect: scattering and absorption of sunlight• indirect effect: particles act as CCN and CFN• particles tend to increase planetary albedo• albedo increase counteracts additional greenhouse
warming• albedo increase is not well quantified
large uncertainties in climate model predictions
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Climate Effects of CombustionRelated Aerosol Particles
• direct effect: scattering and absorption of sunlight• indirect effect: particles act as CCN and CFN• particles tend to increase planetary albedo• albedo increase counteracts additional greenhouse
warming• albedo increase is not well quantified
large uncertainties in climate model predictions
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Climate Effects of CombustionRelated Aerosol Particles
• direct effect: scattering and absorption of sunlight• indirect effect: particles act as CCN and CFN• particles tend to increase planetary albedo• albedo increase counteracts additional greenhouse
warming• albedo increase is not well quantified
large uncertainties in climate model predictions
![Page 6: Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors · Talk given at 9 th ETH workshop on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, 15-17 August 2005 Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors. Combustion](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060818/609795648dab780ac359acec/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Climate Effects of CombustionRelated Aerosol Particles
• direct effect: scattering and absorption of sunlight• indirect effect: particles act as CCN and CFN• particles tend to increase planetary albedo• albedo increase counteracts additional greenhouse
warming• albedo increase is not well quantified
large uncertainties in climate model predictions
![Page 7: Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors · Talk given at 9 th ETH workshop on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, 15-17 August 2005 Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors. Combustion](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060818/609795648dab780ac359acec/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Climate Effects of CombustionRelated Aerosol Particles
• direct effect: scattering and absorption of sunlight• indirect effect: particles act as CCN and CFN• particles tend to increase planetary albedo• albedo increase counteracts additional greenhouse
warming• albedo increase is not well quantified
large uncertainties in climate model predictions
![Page 8: Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors · Talk given at 9 th ETH workshop on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, 15-17 August 2005 Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors. Combustion](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060818/609795648dab780ac359acec/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Climate Effects of CombustionRelated Aerosol Particles
• direct effect: scattering and absorption of sunlight• indirect effect: particles act as CCN and CFN• particles tend to increase planetary albedo• albedo increase counteracts additional greenhouse
warming• albedo increase is not well quantified
large uncertainties in climate model predictions
![Page 9: Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors · Talk given at 9 th ETH workshop on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, 15-17 August 2005 Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors. Combustion](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060818/609795648dab780ac359acec/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
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clouds contribute most to planetaryalbedo
oceans covering 70% of planets surfacedo not contribute much
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Visual Manifestations of Combustion Effects on the Atmosphere
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Indirect effect of carbonaceous particles: Ship tracks
Ship tracks on the East Atlantic Aerosol particles emitted by ships (soot particles with a high sulfur
content) act as CCN and form clouds and enhance cloud reflectivity
France
Spain
Ship Tracks
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Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors
• NUCLEATING GASES: H2SO4
• CHEMIIONS: HSO4-(H2SO4)a(H2O)w
• CONDENSING GASES: H2SO4, organics
• GASEOUS PRECURSORS of NUC. and COND. GASES: SO2
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Combustion Generated Aerosol Precursors
• NUCLEATING GASES: H2SO4
• CHEMIIONS: HSO4-(H2SO4)a(H2O)w
• CONDENSING GASES: H2SO4, organics
• GASEOUS PRECURSORS of NUC. and COND. GASES: SO2
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Focus of present talk
nucleating and condensing gas
H2SO4
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Aerosol Precursor Measurements:Environments
• Free Atmosphere• Atmospheric Boundary Layer• Air Craft Wakes (in flight)• Air Craft Engine Exhaust (at ground level)• Ship Plumes• Automobile Exhaust• Burner Exhaust (laboratory)• Flow Reactor (laboratory)
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Aerosol Precursor Measurements:Environments
• Free Atmosphere• Atmospheric Boundary Layer• Air Craft Wakes (in flight)• Air Craft Engine Exhaust (at ground level)• Ship Plumes• Automobile Exhaust• Burner Exhaust (laboratory)• Flow Reactor (laboratory)
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Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid
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SULFURIC ACID MOLECULEH2SO4
• Most important property : large GAproton transfer to other molecule with large PA (Atmosphere : H2O )
Gas-Phase Hydrates H2SO4(H2O)n
• Atmosphere : Secondary H2SO4: formed in Atmosphere from SO2Primary H2SO4 : released from combustion
Example: Aircraft
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SULFURIC ACID MOLECULEH2SO4
• Most important property : large GAproton transfer to other molecule with large PA (Atmosphere : H2O )
Gas-Phase Hydrates H2SO4(H2O)n
• Atmosphere : Secondary H2SO4: formed in Atmosphere from SO2Primary H2SO4 : released from combustion
Example: Aircraft
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Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric H2SO4
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SO2
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
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SO2SO2-Sources (megatons per year):
Fossil Fuel combustion : 78.1
Oceanic Plankton : 15.4
Volcanism : 9.4
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
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SO2SO2-Sources (megatons per year):
Fossil Fuel combustion : 78.1
Oceanic Plankton : 15.4
Volcanism : 9.4
clouds
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
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SO2SO2-Sources (megatons per year):
Fossil Fuel combustion : 78.1
Oceanic Plankton : 15.4
Volcanism : 9.4
clouds
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
deposition
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H2SO4
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
SO2
HSO3
SO3
O2
H2O
OH
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H2SO4
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
SO2
HSO3
SO3
O2
H2O
OH
HO2
NO
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H2SO4
SO2
PAP
HSO3
SO3
O2
PAP
H2O
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
OH
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H2SO4
SO2
PAP SAP
HSO3
SO3
O2
PAP IONS
H2O
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
OH
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H2SO4
SO2
PAP SAP
HSO3
SO3
O2
PAP IONS
H2O
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
OH
HONU
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H2SO4
SO2
PAP SAP
HSO3
SO3
O2
PAP IONS
H2O
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
OH
HONU
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H2SO4
OH
SO2
PAP SAP
HSO3
SO3
O2 HO2
NO
PAP IONS
H2O
UVO3
UV(CH3)2CO
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
HONU
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H2SO4
Measured by
MPIK-Heidelberg
OH
SO2
PAP SAP
HSO3
SO3
O2 HO2
NO
PAP IONS
H2O
O3UV
(CH3)2COUV
Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Sources and Sinks
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Measurements of AtmosphericGaseous Sulfuric Acidby MPIK Heidelberg
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ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS SULFURIC ACID
Composite of MPIK Data
PBL:
Finland (Hy)
Germany (HD)
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ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS SULFURIC ACID
Composite of MPIK Data
FT:
Mt Zugspitze
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ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS SULFURIC ACID
Composite of MPIK Data
UT/LS:
aircraft
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ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS SULFURIC ACID
Composite of MPIK Data
Stratosphere:balloon and rocket
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ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS SULFURIC ACID
Composite of MPIK Data
equilibrium saturationH2SO4 concentration
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ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS SULFURIC ACID
Composite of MPIK DataSu
pers
atur
ated
-Lay
er
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ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS SULFURIC ACID
Composite of MPIK Data
sulfuric acid aerosol
and
sulfate aerosol
layer 0 – 30 km
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ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS SULFURIC ACID
Composite of MPIK Data
sulfuric acid aerosol
and
sulfate aerosol
layer 0 – 30 km
impact on climate !
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ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS SULFURIC ACID
Composite of MPIK Data
aircraft
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ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS SULFURIC ACID
Composite of MPIK Data
automobile
aircraft
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Atmospheric Gaseous Sulfuric AcidMeasurements made by MPIK at
ground level
during projecsSCAVEX and QUEST
in close collaboration withUniversity of Helsinki and DLR
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Mount Zugspitze SFH 2300 m
Local Time ( h )
Mount Zugspitze SFH 2300 m altitude
Sola
r R
adia
tion
(W p
er m
2)H2SO4
OH
Sunlight
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Conclusions
• particle formation triggered by H2SO4• only about 5% of particle growth is due to
H2SO4/H2O condensation• particle growth probably due to condensable
organics• see our recent papers
Fiedler et al (2005) Boy et al (2005)
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Atmospheric Sulfuric AcidMeasurements made by MPIK in
Aircraft Exhaust
measurements made in closecollaboration with DLR
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H2SO4
CO2
Temp
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H2SO4
CO2
Temp
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EMISSION INDEX ( mg / kg )for modern engine and FSC=400 (100-3000) ppmM
H2SO4 - CONDENSATE 73 (18 - 550)
SOOT 10
COND. HC. 10
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Conclusions
• about 2 - 4 % of fuel sulfur undergoes conversionto gaseous H2SO4
• most of the aerosol mass in an aircraft exhaustplume is due to H2SO4/H2O
• see our publications (following slide)
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SO2 Measurements made by MPIK in Oceanship Exhaust
during project ITOP(in close collaboration with DLR)
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Indirect effect of carbonaceous particles: Ship tracks
Ship tracks on the East Atlantic Aerosol particles emitted by ships (soot particles with a high sulfur
content) act as CCN and form clouds and enhance cloud reflectivity
France
Spain
Ship Tracks
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Conclusions
• strong SO2 pollution in marine boundary layernear ship traffic ways
• sounding individual ship tracks is feasible• next step H2SO4 and OH measurements in marine
boundary layer and ship exhaust
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Gaseous Sulfuric Acid Measurementsmade by MPIK in Automobile Exhaust
in close collaboration withUniversity of Helsinki
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Conclusions from automobile measurements
• particle formation is induced by H2SO4/H2O nucleation
• less than 10% of particle growth is due to H2SO4/H2Ocondensation
• particle growth is probably mostly due tocondensable organics
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Acknowledgements
• DLR• University of Helsinki• IFT Leipzig• Members of our MPIK-Heidelberg group
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MEMBERS OF MPIK HEIDELBERG GROUP ( 2000-2005 , 2004-2005 only )
SCIENTISTSProf.F.Arnold, Dr.H.Aufmhoff, Dr.B.Umann, Dr.E.Katragkou, Dr.S.Wilhelm, Dr.M.Hanke, Dr.J.Ücker, Dr.A.Kiendler,Dr.S.Eichkorn, Dr.J.Curtius
PHD STUDENTSM.Speidel, T.Schuck, V.Fiedler, R.Nau, G.Eerdekens, H.Aufmhoff, B.Umann, E. Katragkou, S.Wilhelm,J.Ücker, S.Eichkorn, M.Hanke, A.Kiendler,
DIPLOMA STUDENTSA.Kuhlmann,V.Fiedler, R.Nau, J.Hoffmann,S.Scholz, K.Gerlinger,H. Haverkamp, J.Reimann, D.Wiedner, CH.Schaal, S.Wilhelm, H.Aufmhoff, B.Umann
VISITING SCIENTISTSDr.L.Pirjola, Dr.A.Sorokin, Dr.K.Sellegri
TECHNICIANS B.Preissler, R.Zilly, U.Schwan, A.Jung