Combustion Analyser · 2018-07-31 · Combustion Analyser Users Manual Version: 1.1.0 Thank you!...

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Combustion Analyser Users Manual Version: 1.1.0 Thank you! Thank you very much for your investment in our unique data acquisition systems. These are top-quality instruments which are designed to provide you years of reliable service. This guide has been prepared to help you get the most from your investment, starting from the day you take it out of the box, and extending for years into the future. www.dewesoft.com DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® measurement innovation measurement innovation measurement innovation measurement innovation measurement innovation measurement innovation measurement innovation

Transcript of Combustion Analyser · 2018-07-31 · Combustion Analyser Users Manual Version: 1.1.0 Thank you!...

Page 1: Combustion Analyser · 2018-07-31 · Combustion Analyser Users Manual Version: 1.1.0 Thank you! Thank you very much for your investment in our unique data acquisition systems. These

Combustion Analyser

Users Manual

Version: 1.1.0

Thank you!

Thank you very much for your investment in our unique data acquisition systems. These are top-quality instrumentswhich are designed to provide you years of reliable service. This guide has been prepared to help you get the most

from your investment, starting from the day you take it out of the box, and extending for years into the future.

www.dewesoft.com

DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft® DEWESoft®

measurement innovation measurement innovation measurement innovation measurement innovation measurement innovation measurement innovation measurement innovation

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Table Of Contents

Table Of Contents1 Notice................................................................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Safety instructions....................................................................................................................................................22 About this document.........................................................................................................................................................3

2.1 Legend......................................................................................................................................................................32.2 Online versions........................................................................................................................................................3

3 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................53.1 System Overview.....................................................................................................................................................53.2 Enabling CA module................................................................................................................................................63.3 Basic operating concept...........................................................................................................................................7

4 Setup of the CA module....................................................................................................................................................94.1 Engine Setup............................................................................................................................................................94.2 Angle sensor...........................................................................................................................................................10

4.2.1 Sensor types and angle resolution.................................................................................................................104.2.2 TDC Detection..............................................................................................................................................13

4.3 Calculations............................................................................................................................................................154.3.1 Averaging cycles............................................................................................................................................154.3.2 Zero point correction.....................................................................................................................................15

4.4 Thermodynamics ...................................................................................................................................................164.5 Knock detection.....................................................................................................................................................18

4.5.1 Theory of knocking.......................................................................................................................................184.5.2 Setup the algorithm (Mannesmann VDO AG)..............................................................................................21

4.6 Outputs...................................................................................................................................................................244.6.1 Setup and basic description...........................................................................................................................244.6.2 Channel overview..........................................................................................................................................25

4.6.2.1 Cycle-based results...............................................................................................................................254.6.2.2 Angle-based results...............................................................................................................................26

4.6.3 Channel overview using advanced engine template......................................................................................274.6.4 Changing default names................................................................................................................................27

5 Additional CA channels..................................................................................................................................................295.1 CA Noise................................................................................................................................................................29

5.1.1 Theory of CA Noise......................................................................................................................................295.1.2 Setup of CA Noise.........................................................................................................................................29

5.2 Statistics results......................................................................................................................................................315.2.1 Setup of basic statistics..................................................................................................................................315.2.2 Statistics of angle domain data......................................................................................................................325.2.3 Arrays statistics..............................................................................................................................................33

5.3 Array mathematics.................................................................................................................................................346 Measurement and visualisation.......................................................................................................................................37

6.1 Automatic display mode.........................................................................................................................................376.2 Customizing displays.............................................................................................................................................38

6.2.1 Overview of data types..................................................................................................................................386.2.1.1 Scalar (single data points).....................................................................................................................386.2.1.2 Vector or array channels.......................................................................................................................396.2.1.3 Matrix channels....................................................................................................................................39

6.2.2 CA-Scope......................................................................................................................................................396.2.3 Combustion PV-graph...................................................................................................................................406.2.4 Standard display types...................................................................................................................................40

7 Storing data.....................................................................................................................................................................417.1 Manual Start–Stop storing.....................................................................................................................................417.2 Storing a defined number of cycles........................................................................................................................447.3 Start-Stop on channel condition.............................................................................................................................44

8 Analyse and export data..................................................................................................................................................478.1 Analysing data in DEWESoft................................................................................................................................478.2 Export time domain data........................................................................................................................................488.3 Export angle domain data......................................................................................................................................488.4 Consideration for iFile export................................................................................................................................498.5 Multifile export......................................................................................................................................................50

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Combustion Analyser

9 Interface to host system..................................................................................................................................................539.1 CAN interface for INCA........................................................................................................................................539.2 Test bed..................................................................................................................................................................54

9.2.1 Installation and settings.................................................................................................................................549.2.2 Defining the channel list and automatic export.............................................................................................559.2.3 Basic AK protocol syntax..............................................................................................................................56

9.2.3.1 Request telegram..................................................................................................................................569.2.3.2 Response telegram................................................................................................................................569.2.3.3 Error handling and response.................................................................................................................579.2.3.4 Command examples with response......................................................................................................58

9.2.4 Control commands (Sxxx).............................................................................................................................589.2.4.1 SRES – stop and load last setup...........................................................................................................589.2.4.2 SREM – activate remote control...........................................................................................................589.2.4.3 SMAN – deactivate remote control......................................................................................................589.2.4.4 SMON – start measurement without storing........................................................................................599.2.4.5 SMES – start measurement with storing..............................................................................................599.2.4.6 SMEC – start measurement with auto restart.......................................................................................599.2.4.7 STBY – change to setup mode.............................................................................................................599.2.4.8 SLSD x – load setupfile........................................................................................................................599.2.4.9 SSTP – stop measurement....................................................................................................................609.2.4.10 SSTO x – rename Datafile..................................................................................................................609.2.4.11 SECD x y – Export CA data...............................................................................................................60

9.2.5 Read commands (Axxx)................................................................................................................................629.2.5.1 AIDN - read identification....................................................................................................................629.2.5.2 AKEN - read identification...................................................................................................................629.2.5.3 AVER - read actual version number.....................................................................................................629.2.5.4 ASTA – read statistic type of transfer list.............................................................................................639.2.5.5 ASTZ - read actual remote/run state.....................................................................................................639.2.5.6 ASTF – read last error code..................................................................................................................639.2.5.7 ANAM – read channel names of transfer list.......................................................................................649.2.5.8 AUNT – read units of transfer list........................................................................................................649.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list............................................................................................649.2.5.10 ALST – read immediate statistic result of transfer list.......................................................................659.2.5.11 AACT – read actual value of transfer list...........................................................................................659.2.5.12 AMIN – read actual value of transfer list...........................................................................................659.2.5.13 AMAX – read actual value of transfer list..........................................................................................669.2.5.14 AAVE – read actual value of transfer list...........................................................................................669.2.5.15 ASTD – read actual value of transfer list............................................................................................669.2.5.16 AVAR – read actual value of transfer list............................................................................................669.2.5.17 ACOV – read actual value of transfer list...........................................................................................669.2.5.18 ARES – read actual value of transfer list............................................................................................669.2.5.19 AMEC – read actual value of transfer list..........................................................................................669.2.5.20 ACYC – read actual cycle number.....................................................................................................669.2.5.21 ACFG – read actual protocol definition..............................................................................................67

9.2.6 Configuration and write commands (Exxx)..................................................................................................679.2.6.1 ESPD x – set the file name...................................................................................................................679.2.6.2 ESPS x – set the store mode.................................................................................................................679.2.6.3 ESPC x – set number of cycles.............................................................................................................679.2.6.4 ECMD – write comment to CA Export................................................................................................689.2.6.5 EXPO x y – Export CA data.................................................................................................................689.2.6.6 EDBG – only response to this command..............................................................................................68

9.2.7 Example command flow................................................................................................................................6910 Customizing the CA-Module........................................................................................................................................71

10.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................................................7110.2 Engine Template...................................................................................................................................................71

10.2.1 Basic structure.............................................................................................................................................7110.2.2 Reserved expressions..................................................................................................................................7210.2.3 Formulas......................................................................................................................................................73

10.2.3.1 Formulas for maximum and position of maximum............................................................................7310.2.3.2 Derivative, max and position of maximum derivative.......................................................................7310.2.3.3 Heat-release calculation......................................................................................................................73

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Table Of Contents

10.2.3.4 Integrated heat-release calculation.....................................................................................................7310.2.3.5 Power points out of heat release.........................................................................................................7310.2.3.6 I, P and N- mean effective pressure....................................................................................................7410.2.3.7 Work, power and torque.....................................................................................................................7410.2.3.8 Temperature........................................................................................................................................7410.2.3.9 Knock detection..................................................................................................................................7410.2.3.10 High pass filter pressure channel......................................................................................................74

10.3 Custom user interface...........................................................................................................................................7410.4 Examples..............................................................................................................................................................75

10.4.1 Customized volume formula.......................................................................................................................7510.4.2 Changing default channel names.................................................................................................................7510.4.3 Max pressure out of running average pressure............................................................................................7610.4.4 MEP values based on running average pressure.........................................................................................7710.4.5 Max Value and position of additional channels...........................................................................................7710.4.6 Value at defined angle position of additional channels...............................................................................78

11 Formulas.......................................................................................................................................................................7911.1 Basic.....................................................................................................................................................................79

11.1.1 Derivative....................................................................................................................................................7911.1.2 Compression ratio........................................................................................................................................79

11.2 MEP values..........................................................................................................................................................7911.2.1 IMEPg..........................................................................................................................................................7911.2.2 PMEP...........................................................................................................................................................7911.2.3 IMEPn..........................................................................................................................................................80

11.3 Zero point correction............................................................................................................................................8011.3.1 Thermodynamic correction..........................................................................................................................80

11.4 Thermodynamic...................................................................................................................................................8011.4.1 Heat release TQ...........................................................................................................................................8011.4.2 Integrated heat release TI............................................................................................................................8011.4.3 Temperature.................................................................................................................................................81

11.5 Mechanic results...................................................................................................................................................8111.5.1 Work............................................................................................................................................................8111.5.2 Power...........................................................................................................................................................8111.5.3 Torque..........................................................................................................................................................81

12 Appendix.......................................................................................................................................................................8312.1 Documentation version history............................................................................................................................83

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Notice

1 NoticeThe information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

CAUTION Dewesoft GmbH. shall not be liable for any errors contained in this document.Dewesoft MAKES NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS DOCUMENT, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.DEWESOFT SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.Dewesoft shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages, whether based on contract, tort, or any other legal theory, in connection with the furnishing of this document or the use of the information in this document.

Warranty Information:

A copy of the specific warranty terms applicable to your Dewesoft product and replacement parts can be obtained from your local sales and service office.

To find a local dealer for your country, please visit this link: http://www.dewesoft.com/support and select Find dealers on the left navigation bar.

Support

Dewesoft has a team of people ready to assist you if you have any questions or any technical difficulties regarding the system. For any support please contact your local distributor first or Dewesoft directly.

Austria Slovenia

Dewesoft GmbHGrazerstrasse 7A-8062 KumbergAustria / Europe

Tel.: +43 3132 2252Fax: +43 3132 2252-2

Web: http://www.dewesoft.com

The telephone hotline is availableMonday to Thursday between09:00-12:00 (GMT +1:00)13:00-17:00 (GMT +1:00) Friday:09:00-13:00 (GMT +1:00)

Dewesoft d.o.o.Gabrsko 11a1420 TrbovljeSlovenia / Europe

Tel.: +386 356 25 300Fax: +386 356 25 301

Web: http://www.dewesoft.com

The telephone hotline is availableMonday to Friday between08:00 and 16:00 CET (GMT +1:00)

Restricted Rights Legend:

Use Austrian law for duplication or disclosure.

Dewesoft GmbHGrazerstrasse 7A-8062 KumbergAustria / Europe

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Combustion Analyser

Printing History:

Version Revision 244Released 2013Last changed: 29. September 2016 17:41

Copyright

Copyright © 2011-2013 Dewesoft GmbH

This document contains information which is protected by copyright. All rights are reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.

All trademarks and registered trademarks are acknowledged to be the property of their owners.

1.1 Safety instructions

Your safety is our primary concern! Please be safe!

Safety symbols in the manual

WARNING

Calls attention to a procedure, practice, or condition that could cause body injury or death.

CAUTIONCalls attention to a procedure, practice, or condition that could possibly cause damage to equipment or permanent loss of data.

General Safety Instructions

WARNING The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation, service, and repair of this product. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the product. Dewesoft GmbH assumes no liability for the customer’s failure tocomply with these requirements.

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About this document

2 About this documentThis is the Users Manual for Combustion Analyser Version 1.1.0 valid for DEWESoft® X2 SP7 and TestBed Plug-In Version 5.0.

This documentation will describe in detail the Combustion Analyser (aka. CA) of DEWESoft®. The reader should havebasic knowledge of CA measurements and of using DEWESoft®.

The documentation should be considered as an extension of the DEWESoft® online help (press in the DEWESoft® software to open the online help file) and the DEWESoft® tutorials: in the DEWESoft® software click the Help button (at the right top) and select Tutorials.

2.1 LegendThe following symbols and formats will be used throughout the document.

IMPORTANTGives you an important information about a subject.Please read carefully!

HINT

Gives you a hint or provides additional information about a subject.

EXAMPLE

Gives you an example to a specific subject.

2.2 Online versionsThe most recent version of this manual can be downloaded from our homepage.

http://www.dewesoft.com/download#Manuals

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Introduction

3 IntroductionSIRIUSi Combustion Analyser systems from Dewesoft are used for engine research, development and optimization. Also for component development and testing – such as ignition systems, exhaust systems and valve control gear.The system consists of our top of the notch isolated SIRIUSi hardware and the well-known DEWESoft® software package for measurement and analysis.

It supports angle and time-based measurement results and uses highly sophisticated algorithms for online or offline mathematics and statistics – calculating heat release and other thermodynamic parameters.

The combustion analyser can be fully integrated within a testbed and also supports data from other sources: e.g. Video, CAN, Ethernet, …

If the powerful integrated post processing features of DEWESoft® are not enough, you can even export the data to several different file formats.

In addition to combustion analysis, the system can be expanded to handle other measurement applications such as hybrid testing on the power train, noise and vibration measurement together with synchronized video or GPS data.

3.1 System OverviewPressure sensor(s) are used to measure the cylinder pressure of the engine. Depending on the sensor type, these can be directly connected to our SIRIUSi amplifier like any other input channel or through external signal conditioning amplifiers.

Additionally an angle sensor is needed for getting angle domain measurement results. Several different types are supported by the Dewesoft Combustion Analyser. Additional mounted CDM (Crank Disc Marker) sensors or digital native CDM sensors (like 60-2 or 37-1,...) with TTL outputs can be connected to dedicated counter inputs.

Sensors with analogue output can

• be directly connected to analogue input channels

• or to counter inputs via the DS-TACHO device

In both cases, the DEWESoft® re-sampling technology gives you an angle resolution down to 0.1°.

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Combustion Analyser

3.2 Enabling CA moduleLike many other instrument modules also Combustion Analysis is an option to the standard DEWESoft® package. Simple press (1) and select the Combustin analysis (2) to add this instrument.

The basic settings for the CA module needs to be done here as well (3).

The settings for the encoder limit, Check encoder pulses are only used in real angle domain acquisition and therefore not needed for the Dewesoft Combustion Analyser.

If Scope mode is enabled, CA skips cycles. In other words it does not calculate all cycles. There are several levels of scope mode available. Depending on this setting, the CA-module also skips calculations depending on measure mode (storing, not storing, trigger,…).

The default setting which should be used is: NEVER. CA will calculate, store and visualize all cycles.

Engine templates (eg. Calculation methods) are stored in the engine templates path.

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Introduction

3.3 Basic operating conceptThe combustion analyser inside DEWESoft® is just one out of several other applications modules which offers dedicated mathematics and dedicated visual controls like the pV-diagram or the CA-scope.

Since the analogue channels of the Sirius system are the input for the mathematic calculations, you must first setup the amplifier and configure the scaling of the physical unit. This is done in the Analog section of the setup screen.

When you are satisfied with the Analog configuration you can go to the next step and use those analogue channels as input for the combustion analyser module.

HINTPlease press to enter the online help of DEWESoft® to get more information about setting up the amplifiers, using the sensor data base and the TEDS (for automatic setup of amplifiers and scaling).

You can use the same analogue input channels that you have used in the Combustion Analyser module for any other mathematics or applications (e.g. FFT, etc.) in parallel! This gives you a a multifunctional instrument suitable for nearlyany application.And moreover, output channels from one mathematics module can be used as an input channels for any other module.

EXAMPLE You can use the standard mathematics result channels as an combustion analyser input channel (e.g. Some special filtering or correction of the input channels).The output of the combustion analyser module can be also used as input channel for the mathematics (e.g. advanced statistics on the cylinder pressure channels).

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Setup of the CA module

4 Setup of the CA moduleAs already mentioned, you must configure the Combustion Analyser module after setting up the analogue input channels.

In the first step we add one template.

The configuration of the CA module is split into 6 sections:

Engine: Defines the geometry and assigns the channels to the cylinders

Angle Sensor: Assigns the angle sensor, sampling type and the TDC detection

Calculations: Setup of the basic statistics and the pressure correction principles

Thermodynamics: Setup mainly for the thermodynamic calculations

Knock detection: Configuration of the knock detection algorithms

Outputs: Enables/disables the output channels for the CA module

4.1 Engine SetupThe default installation includes a 4-Stroke or 2-Stroke with the standard calculation method for the volume calculation.Additional templates with customized volume calculation can be added. For more information please refer to chapter10 Customizing the CA-Module on page 71.

Fuel type defines the fuel of the engine. Depending on the selected fuel type a polytrophic exponent used for thermo-dynamic calculations is suggested. The defined value must be entered manually into the polytrophic exponent field.

Start of combustion (SOC) and end of combustion (EOC) are provided as results.EOC is defined where integrated heat release reaches 95%, which is valid for diesel and gasoline fuel types.With gasoline, SOC is defined when the integrated heat release reaches 5%, and with diesel,SOC is defined when the integrated heat release crosses 0% (Due to the injection of diesel fuel the integrated heat release goes negative first).

The Crankshaft Offset or the Piston Offset needs to be entered in the field CO or PO. It is very important to consider therunning direction of the crankshaft. In the illustration above the sign(‘+’ or ‘-‘) is shown for counter clockwise direction.

IMPORTANTIf PO or CO is entered, stroke is not available any more.The crank pin must be entered separately!

Compression defines the relation between swept volume and clearance volume. For more details please refer to chapter.11 Formulas on page 79.

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Combustion Analyser

For each cylinder the corresponding pressure channel needs to be assigned from the channel input list. Also the ignition misalignment relative to the reference cylinder needs to be entered in degrees.The reference cylinder is indicated with a piston, and could be applied to any cylinder. Simply click on the target cylinder, (Cyl.2) and it will become the reference cylinder.

Start of injection (SOI) and also end of injection (EOI) channel is also applied to the cylinder. The setting is called SOI/EOI but can handle various signals. The result will be the start and the stop position [deg] of the applied signal.

In this example an ignition signal is applied. The Number of injections is set to 3, and the trigger level for SOI is set to 2V, where EOI trigger level is set to 1V. Each time the ignition signal crosses 2V it will return the angle position, relatedto the cylinder where it is applied [deg].The same is true for EOI: if the signal crosses 1V (neg. edge) the position will be returned[deg].

The unit of the trigger levels are related to the channel scaling on the analogue input. In this case Ignition is scaled in voltage [V].

Additional channels can be applied to each cylinders. These channels are aligned with the corresponding cylinder and will be available in the CA- Scope diagram. As an example you can also apply the Injection signal in order to display it together with the pressure signal.

4.2 Angle sensorThe sampling type of the Dewesoft CA is always time domain. This has the advantage that all time domain related functions are not influenced by changes of the sample rate due to shaft speed, and will stay the same.For example a power calculation is only working in time domain (fixed sampling rate). Of course CA is still calculated in angle domain, and the CA data will be recalculated into the angle domain.

The required high calculation power for recalculating time based signals into angle based is spread over all available CPU cores of your PC.

4.2.1 Sensor types and angle resolutionNearly any angle sensor type is supported. For getting the relation to a fixed angle position the sensor must support a fixed angle mark.The drop-down list will automatically show all suitable sensor-types from the counter database.

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Setup of the CA module

HINT The most commonly used sensors are predefined in the Angle sensor setup. But if a used sensor is not available in the list, it can be added in the counter sensor editor of DEWEsoft.

HINTPress after opening the Counter sensor editor to get further information how to define sensors. This will open automatically the online help.

After the sensor type is selected, we need to define where the sensor is connected to.

HINTOnly input channels which are used (switched on) can be selected.Sensors with signal type “analog” can only be connected to analog input channels.Sensors with signal type “digital” can only be connected to counter input channels.

Under properties the fine adjustment for the angle sensor must be done. In case of analogue sensor selection the trigger levels can be precisely adjusted. First the trigger edge is defined, according to the signal. Also trigger and retrigger levelare set. It is recommended to use retrigger level to avoid false triggers. False triggers will disturb CA operation, and cause incorrect angle information.

Retrigger: After a trigger occurs, the retrigger level must be crossed, so that the trigger is armed again. Thus noise around a trigger will not cause any false triggers.

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IMPORTANTTake care about the correct trigger edge. The difference between the avaliable options is shown below.

If a digital sensor is selected the property will open the counter channel setup of the sensor. This is convenient, because you can define the trigger: e.g. you can invert the signal input or apply an input filter to avoid double triggering.

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Setup of the CA module

The angle sensor setup is now complete.The next step is to define the target angle resolutionfor the combustion analysis mathematics. The Upperfrequency is limited by the selected resolution and thedynamic acquisition rate in the Analog channel setup.

Take care about this limit to avoid aliasing effects by the re-sampling algorithm.

As Resampling type an unfiltered method can be selected which is linear interpolation from the time to the angle domain. The filtered type is based on a FIR polyphase decimator with a filter frequency of angle resolution * 2 to avoid aliasing effects in the angle domain data.

4.2.2 TDC DetectionTop dead centre detection is used to shift the reference cylinder pressure to 0deg. The offset between angle sensor zero and TDC position of the reference cylinder is called trigger offset. This can be entered manually, or it can be measured.

CAUTIONIf you don't choose the reference-cylinder as “Cylinder for TDC” , then the ignition misalignment value in the engine setup table will be adjusted to the measurement value. This adjustment can be performed for all cylinders at once as well .

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In the Illustration below you see the angle offset of a not fired engine (cranked). This offset can now be entered manually or automatically measured and applied.For automatic measurement (START), the no of cycles has to be entered. CA will measure the average offset of the set of cycles automatically. The Maximum pressure will appear before the real TDC of the piston, which is caused by thermodynamic losses and blow by. That’s why the measured value is corrected with the thermodynamic loss angle.

After TDC detection is finished, the average value (which includes the Thermodynamic Loss angle) will be set automatically for the trigger offset.

The example above was using the installed pressure sensor to measure the TDC. This is a very convenient and fast way of doing it. The only variable is the thermodynamic loss angle.

HINTBasic measurement results are shown on the right side for a short check if the settings are correct.

Instead of a pressure sensor, a TDC sensor can be used. The TDC sensor must be connected to an analogue input and assigned to the reference cylinder in the CA setup. The thermodynamic loss angle must be set to 0, and the automatic TDC detection can then be started again. After the measurement the pressure channel must be set in the CA setup.

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Setup of the CA module

4.3 CalculationsIn the calculation section the basic statistics and the principal of the Zero point correction can be defined.

4.3.1 Averaging cyclesTwo different types of averaging can be enabled. The “Overall average cycles” gives one average vector for the complete measurement. The “Running average cycles” calculates the mean value of the last n cycles.

This basic statistics is available for the pressure and for the Additional channels of each cylinder. The result is a vector with the angle as reference.

4.3.2 Zero point correctionDewesoft combustion analyser supports three different correction principles.

Thermodynamic zero:

With this method, two points (default -100, -65deg) of the pressure curve, the volume and pressure are measured. Out ofthe volume and pressure difference, and the entered polytrophic coefficient, the inlet pressure is calculated. The pressurecurve is shifted (offset only) to get the right pressure at bottom dead centre.

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The zero correction offset is also provided as a result output, for each cylinder.

HINTRefer to chapter 11.3 Zero point correction on page 80 for getting detailed information about the calculation method.

From Known value:

Using this method, the pressure curve is set to a defined (static) value. “Correct” specifies the position related to TDC where it should be corrected.

From Measured Value:

For this method a pressure sensor is used which measures the absolute pressure at the inlet manifold of the engine. From the template we can define where the inlet pressure should be measured related to TDC. So we can define a position where the inlet pressure is stable (near bottom dead centre). “Correction at”, defines the position on which the pressure should be corrected.

4.4 Thermodynamics This section holds the setup of all thermodynamic calculations including the derivation of the pressure channels:

For the Temperature calculation the gas mass is required. This can be either manually entered, or calculated.

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Setup of the CA module

If from Calculated is used, the intake temperature, intake pressure, and also the volumetric efficiency (0.9= 90% filled) must be entered.

If measured is selected, the intake pressure is measured from the zero point corrected high pressure curve.

For setting up the Heat release calculation the start and stop angle must be defined. The typical range is from -30° to +60°. An earlier injection start angel must be set according the real injection point.

Start of combustion (SOC), End of combustions (EOC) and also the Burned Mass Fraction (BMF) points I5, I10, I50, I90 and Ixx (User point) are calculated if heat release is activated.

Depending on fuel type (Diesel/Gasoline) – which have been selected in the engine setup SOC is defined differently (refer to chapter 4.1 Engine Setup on page 9):

• Gasoline where BMF =5%,

• Diesel where BMF crosses 0%.

Burned mass fraction is calculated out of integrated heat release TI. The maximum of the integrated heat release corresponds to 100%, and the angle positions for I5%, to I90% are extracted .

The step input field defines the calculation width: e.g. Step 1 means the calculation is based on ±1 sample (or angle resolution value). A higher value smooths the result. For more information please refer to chapter 11.4.1 Heat release TQ on page 80.

For heat release (TQ) and integrated heat release (TI) various units are available.

TQ: Heat releasekJ/m³/deg related work[kJ] to 1m³ per 1deg volume is related to Vs = swept volume% scaled to sum of 100% (integrated signal =100%)J/deg related work[J] per 1deg

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TI: Integrated heat releasekJ/m³ work[kJ] to 1m³ per 1deg volume is related to Vs = swept volume% scaled to maximum of integrated value = 100%J related work [J]

For Pressure derivative the start-angle, the stop-angleand also the step size must be defined

4.5 Knock detection

4.5.1 Theory of knockingKnocking is an uncontrolled burning of fuel in gasoline and gas engines. In normal operation, the fuel-air mixture is ignited by the spark plug and burns continuously. When the engine is knocking, a self-ignition starts in the outer side of the combustion chamber causing high pressure transients, which will overload the engine mechanically and thermally. This can seriously harm the engine’s parts, especially the piston. The knock detection algorithm indicates this knocking,so that the user can react to this abnormal condition.

Knocking can be detected by extracting the high frequency component out of the cylinder pressure signal. This can be done with an high pass filter. The knocking frequencies are typically between 5 kHz – 12 kHz.

The example shows a standard internal combustion pressure curve.

The high-pass (HP) filter (red) extracts frequency components which are above the cut-off frequency.

In comparison to the Illustration above, we can see pressure fluctuations on the falling slope of the pressure curve (blue). The combustion pressure curve can reach very high pressures >>100 bar, so sometimes it is hard to observe it on top of the main combustion pressure curve. Ifwe only extract the high frequency components above 5000 Hz we can analyse knocking much easier. The high-pass filtered pressure signal (redline) indicates the pressure fluctuation around the maximum of the pressure curve.

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Setup of the CA module

Another important value is the maximum pressure of this high-pass filtered signal (red), which can be extracted and visualised in a recorder display, immediately reflecting the pressure transients of the previous cycles.

This value is a good indication of knocking, but in some circumstances it can show incorrect information. If the pressure curve is very noisy, or a spike (caused by some external electrical signal) is present, the maximum value extracted out of the high-pass filtered signal shows high values, which are not related to knocking.

Knocking typically starts at the pressure maximum, and continues on the falling slope of the pressure signal. So instead of taking only onevalue (peak), we could integrate the high-pass filtered signal of the negative part of the pressureslope.

This integrated value (knock integral = KI) will give a more stable value for single transient noise peaks. The high-pass filter outputs the absolute pressure (positive values only). So, if we integrate the signal, we can reject a single transient, but will also sum up the noise which may be present all the time. Depending on the engine speed, the noise will also increase which in turn will cause an increase of the integrated signal. With a single integration it will be hard to determine if it is knocking, or simply noise?

To prevent this, the integration can addiotionally be done before the maximum pressure, so that the results before and after the maximum can be compared.

KnockFactor = INT_Knock / INT_Reference

So the KF will give a weighted result related to knocking.

Without any knocking present the KF is around 1. The integration windows (reference window; knock window) will separate at the average maximum pressure position.

The example below this paragraph shows the pressure curve (blue) and the high-pass filtered signal (red) in the diagramat the top. And then, the maximum pressure extracted from the high-pass filtered signal (red) and the calculated KF (orange).Both maximum graphs show peaks, so knocking is present and could be detected in either way – as long as no spikes are present.

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Some cycles before we can see an error spike (red curve). While the maximum of the filtered signal still shows a peak here, the KF algorithm does not indicate knocking at all, and the value obtained is close to 1.

This way DEWESoft® can provide robust knock detection, even if there are accidental spikes in the signal.

The next example shows a very noise pressure signal. The KF (orange) will stay around 1, because integrated noise is similar in the reference (green) window and knock (red) window.

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Setup of the CA module

4.5.2 Setup the algorithm (Mannesmann VDO AG) The previous chapters have described which signals can be obtained from the knock detection algorithm:

• HP filtered pressure signal• Maximum value of HP filtered pressure signal• Knocking factor

Below you can see the settings for the getting the knocking factor.

Low-pass filter: The reference window and the knocking window are separated at the maximum pressure point (red curve), without the influence of noise or already present knocking peaks. A running average filter is used here, with setup taps corresponding to the angle resolution. If the angle of the CA is set to 0.2 deg and 40 taps are used, we get a moving average window (smoothing) of 40*0.2 deg= 8 deg.Out of the filtered (smoothed) curve the maximum pressure position is the knock and reference window separation position.

recommended value [deg]: 4-10 deg → Info TAPS = deg/angle resolution!

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High-pass filter: Here the high-pass filter frequency is set in Hz. The pressure curve is high-pass filtered (blue) and the result can be shown in the CA-Scope. The channel is named CylinderChannelname/KnockHP.

recommended value [Hz]: 5000 Hz

Back ground information about high pass filter:

The cylinder pressure channel is already present as angle domain result. So the time between the samples varies with the engine speed. Since we need to set the high pass filter cut-off frequency in Hertz, a conventional IIR would not work.

The high-pass filter is created from a moving average window with a specific width, which is subtracted from the original signal, and (as for all filters) a minimum sampling rate is required for the filter to work properly:

minsamplerate [Hz] >= high-pass frequency [Hz] * 4.5

With the high-pass filter set to 5000 Hz a sampling rate of at least 22,500 Hz is required. With an angle resolution of 0.1° (3600 pulses per revolution) we need 375 rpm to get to this sample rate.

Engine speed [rpm] = Sample rate [Hz] / pulses per revolution * 60 = 22500 / 3600 * 60 = 375

In the table below the minimum engine speed is shown depending on resolution and a set HP filter of 5000 Hz.

resolution[° CA]

HP Filter[Hz]

Min. engine speed[rpm]

0.1 5000 375

0.2 5000 750

0.4 5000 1500

0.5 5000 1875

IMPORTANTIf the engine speed is lower than required, the HP filter will be set to a lower frequency until the minimum engine speed is reached!

Noise threshold: For the Knock Factor, the quotient of the integrated signal of the Knock window and the Reference window is obtained. If the pressure value is lower than the specified threshold, then the threshold value will be used for integration. This is done to reduce the influence of different base-noise levels between the reference window and knocking window.

recommended value [bar]: 0.1 – 0.5 bar

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Setup of the CA module

Reference, Knock signal window width: The width of the reference window and the knock window is defined here. It is recommended to set both windows to the same length. If this is done and the noise threshold is set to a reasonable level, the KF will be about 1 without knocking. If the window sizes are set differently, the base value without knocking is the quotient between the two window lengths.

reference window size [° CA] knocking window size [° CA] Knocking factor KF, base value

30 30 1

60 30 0.5

3 60 2

Shift reference window: At higher RPM it can happen that knocking already starts before maximum pressure. In this case, part of the knock signal will fall into the reference window area, which reduces the knocking factor value. To avoid this, the knocking window and the reference window can be shifted according to the actual engine speed.

With the above settings the window is shifted at 6000 rpm by 10° CA (or 5° CA at 3500 rpm). If any knocking before the maximum pressure point occurs now, we don’t get an increased KF reading, as no knocking leaks into the reference window when shifted correctly.

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4.6 Outputs

4.6.1 Setup and basic descriptionNow we have configured the complete CA-Module. With the settings we have made so far, we get only the basic CA results. In the section “Engine setup” we've assigned the pressure channels, the ignition and additional channels

In the section “Calculations” we have set the “Overall average” and the “Running average” for the pressure and additional channels. All other CA channels need to be enabled in the section “Outputs”.

For each group “Current”, “Cylinder avg.” or “Engine avg.” values can be enabled:

Depending on the group name, the column “Current” may contain angle domain or/and cycle based results.“Cylinder avg.” always has the overall average per cylinder as the result.Engine avg. are cycle based were the average of all cylinder results are calculated.

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Setup of the CA module

4.6.2 Channel overview

4.6.2.1 Cycle-based resultsThe channels below contain one value per cycle.

Cycle Based results (Current)

Group Name Channel Name Unit Description

Max Pressures PMXx bar Max. pressure of cylinder x

APMXx deg Position of max pressure of cylinder x

DerivatesdPMXx bar/deg Max. pressure derivation of cylinder x

AdPMXx deg Position of max. derivation of cylinder x

Heat-Release

ASOCx deg Position of start of injection of cylinder x

AEOCx deg Position of end of injection of cylinder x

AI5%x deg Position, where integrated heat release reach 5 % of cylinder x

AI10%x deg Position, where integrated heat release reach 10 % of cylinder x

AI50%x deg Position, where integrated heat release reach 50 % of cylinder x

AI90%x deg Position, where integrated heat release reach 90 % of cylinder x

AIXX%x deg Custom definable heat release position of cylinder x

MEP

IMEPgx bar Indicated mean effective pressure gross of cylinder x

IMEPnx bar Indicated mean effective pressure net of cylinder x

PMEPx bar Pump mean effective pressure of cylinder x

Work Workx J Work of cylinder x

Power Powerx kW Power of cylinder x

Torque Torquex Nm Torque of cylinder x

Knock detectionKFx Knock factor of cylinder x

KHPMXx bar Max. highpass filter pressure value of cylinder x

InjectionASOIy_x deg Position of Start Of Injection number y of cylinder x

AEOIy_x deg Position y of End Of Injection number y of cylinder x

Basic CA

PCorrx bar Result of zero point correction of cylinder x

CycleCnt - Cycle number since start of acquisition

PulseCnt - Number of detected pulses per cycle

Frequency rpm Engine speed

When the option “ Engine Avg” is selected, then the Engine averaged result is also available for each group (except for the groups “Injection” and “Basic CA”). Instead of the cylinder number the name ends with “_eav”.

EXAMPLE 1The engine averaged result of channel “PMax1”, .“Pmax2”, “Pmax3”, “Pmax4” is named “PMax_eav”

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When the option “ Cylinder Avg” is selected, then the the averaged result over the complete measurement is also available for each channel (except for the groups “Injection” and “Basic CA”). The result is only one value (data point) per measurement. This channels are indicated with “av” before the number of cylinder number.

EXAMPLE 2

The averaged result of channel “PMX1” is named with “PMXav1”.

4.6.2.2 Angle-based resultsThe channels below contain a vector for each cycle (one data point per angle resolution).

Angle-based results

Group Name Channel Name Unit Description

Pressure ChnName_A bar Angle domain and align corrected pressure of Channel Name

Additional ChnName_A - Angle domain and align corrected additional Channel Name

Derivates dPx bar/deg Derivation of pressure of cylinder x

Heat-ReleaseIntx various Integrated heat release of cylinder x

dQx various Heat release of cylinder x

Knock detection KHPx bar High pass filtered pressure out of knocking math of cylinder x

Temperature Tx K Temperature of cylinder x

Speed Speedx rpm Speed of cylinder x

RunningAverage

ChnNamerAve bar Running average of channel Pressure of Channel Name

ChnNamerAve - Running average of channel Additional of Channel Name

OverallAverage

ChnNameoAve bar Overall average of channel Pressure of Channel Name

ChnNameoAve - Overall average of channel Additional of Channel Name

Volx dm³ Volume of cylinder x

The result of channels from form “Overall Average” is one single vector per measurement.

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Setup of the CA module

4.6.3 Channel overview using advanced engine templateWhen selecting the 4-Stroke advanced additional cycle based are calculated form the Additional results are calculated.

Cycle Based results (Current)

Group Name Channel Name Unit 1) Description

Max Additional ChnNameMXx [input] Max. Additional value of Channel Name of cylinder x

ChnNameAMXx deg Position of max. Additional value of Channel Name of cyl. x

Min Additional ChnNameMNx [input] Min. Additional value of Channel Name of cylinder x

ChnNameAMNx deg Position of min. Additional value of Channel Name of cyl. x

Ave Additional ChnNameAVEx [input] Average Additional value of Channel Name of cylinder x

Pos Additional

ChnName-20_x [input] Value of Channel Name of cylinder x at -20°

ChnNameA0_x [input] Value of Channel Name of cylinder x at 0°

ChnNameA40_x [input] Value of Channel Name of cylinder x at 40°

ChnNameA90_x [input] Value of Channel Name of cylind)er x at 90°

ChnName100_x [input] Value of Channel Name of cylinder x at 100°

1) [input]: result channel will have the same unit like the input channel.

HINTYou can change channel name or the result to any other angle position by modifying 4stroke_advanced.xml. Please refer to chapter 10 Customizing the CA-Module on page 71 for further information.

4.6.4 Changing default namesThe channel names above are default names created by the CA math module. They may be changed afterwards as well by entering the channel or sub channel list. Some default names can even be customized by changing the engine template. Please refer to chapter 10 Customizing the CA-Module on page 71 for further information.

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Additional CA channels

5 Additional CA channelsThe CA module of DEWESoft® calculates all relevant results for combustion analysing as described. However, some applications or measurements need advanced calculations not supported directly inside the application mathematics module.

But we can use the complete mathematics toolbox of DEWESoft® to get the desired results.

This chapter will explain the CA Noise feature and give a a short overview of the statistics.Note: these are only two of many features that DEWESoft® provides.

5.1 CA Noise

5.1.1 Theory of CA NoiseCA Noise measurement is used to calculate the external noise from an internal combustion engine, using the cylinder pressure. In other words , the cylinder pressure (explosion) causes an external noise.

The CA-noise must be calculated in the time domain. First the value is scaled from bar to Pascal. This is followed by the U-filter, which simulates the transfer function of the engine (1. and 2. filter in the overview). Optionally we can use the A filter (human hearing filter) to determine the human perception of the noise produced by the engine.

5.1.2 Setup of CA NoiseThe CA Noise is a part of the basic mathematics functionality of DEWESoft®.

Like for any other mathematics we need to select the input channels (on the left side), perform the configuration (using the A filter) and finally define the output channels to be calculated and stored to data file.

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IMPORTANT The input channels have to be scaled in bar or Pascal! Unit conversation to Pascal for the “Weighted raw” channel) or dB for the Overall and Interval values is automatically performedby the CA noise module.

The formula for calculation from [Pascal] to [dB] is defined below:

Sound pressure [dB]=20∗log10Pressure[ Pa]

2

Depending on the configuration for each input channel up to three output channels areavailable:

Weighted raw: The result is a time domain signal with applied U- and optional A – filter andconverted in Pascal, in the input unit is bar.

This result can be further analysed in the Sound Level Meter.

Overall value: The result of CA noise over the whole measurement in [dB]. At the end of themeasurement we will get one value, which is stored.

Interval value: here the CA noise is calculated in intervals. It is recommended to set theinterval so that at least 1 or 2 cycles are included. Here only the lowest rpm has to beconsidered.At 600rpm ( = 10Hz = 100ms) at least 0.2 sec should be set for a 4 stroke engine to get stableresults.

IMPORTANT The frequency range of the U-Filter and the A-Filter is around 20 kHz. So please take care hatthe dynamic sample rate is set to 40 kHz or higher.

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Additional CA channels

5.2 Statistics results

5.2.1 Setup of basic statisticsIf further statistic calculation is required, we can use the Basic statistic function from DEWESoft®.

Input defines the channels where the statistics are calculated from. Since the CA module generates many output channes,l the channel filter function helps to find the needed channels.

You can define several results under the section “Output channel”. For each Input the corresponding result is calculated.

In the section Output you get a list of all calculated channels. You can change for example the default channel names.

There are several ways to define the time interval of the calculation and as well the the time interval for the calculated result.

IMPORTANT For statistics on CA module channels it is strongly recommended to use “Sample based” calculation, because 1 sample corresponds to 1 cycle. (e.g. 10 cycles for the example above).If we used time-based instead, the number of cycles could not be defined because it would vary according to the angle speed. Moreover the time-based calculation requires a higher CPUload.

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The final step is to define how the statistic result is stored. You can choose between:

• Block based: One result after each block size• Running: Calculation over the moving window• Single value: One result of the complete measurement• Triggered blocks: Calculation between the external trigger events• Start – Stop blocks: The block start and the block stop can be defined based on external events.

The example below shows the settings for the statistics calculation between cycle 10 and cycle number 50. Any channelcan be used as an input channel and also various trigger condition are available.

HINTPlease refer also to the online help of DEWESoft® to get more information about the basic statistics module.

5.2.2 Statistics of angle domain dataThe example settings above are based on cycle based data: one value per cycle. The basic statistic can also be calculatedfrom angle based data. For example the maximum pressure curve over a defined number of cycles.

For the angle-domain data statistics and the cycle based statistics you can can use the same setup. The only difference isthat the output channels of the angle based statistics are vector channels. In the left bottom of the screen, you can see different previews according to the data-types. The cycle-based channels show a value and the angle domain based shows a data curve (of the vector channel).

You can also mix different input channel types in one statistics module: time domain, angle domain or cycle based data. The statistics mathematics will always use the correct output channel types for the corresponding input data types.

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Additional CA channels

5.2.3 Arrays statisticsFor analysing angle domain data the array statistics can be used.

This module accepts only input channels as vector type (angle domain data). The output is always a single value calculated for each vector. So using the array statistics on CA data, the result is always a cycle based value.

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5.3 Array mathematicsAn other powerful tool for manipulating data from the CA module is the array mathematics inside the formula setup. Only array (or vector) data are allowed as input channels. So this mathematics can be used with angle domain data fromthe CA Module.

Below a short summary of the functions is shown:

Function name Description

[] 'Data'[Idx] returns one value from array channel Data at index position Idx

{} ' Data'[Pos] returns one value from array channel Data at position Pos in axis units

[0:1] 'Data'[N:M] returns a cut‐out array of array channel Data, from index position N to index position M, where 0 is the first value and len‐1 is the last possible value.

{N:M} 'Data'[N:M] returns a cut‐out array of array channel Data, from position N to position M, according to axis units.

min min('Data') returns minimum value of array Data

max max('Data') returns maximum value of array Data

avg avg('Data') returns average value of array Data

sum sum('Data') returns the sum of all values of array Data

integrate integrate('Data') returns integrated array of array Data

minind minind('Data') returns index of minimum value of array Data

maxind maxind('Data') returns index of maximum value of array Data

minpos minpos('Data') return the position in axis units of minimum value of array Data

maxpos maxpos('Data') return the position in axis units of maximum value of array Data

With the functions min, max and avg we have the same functionality as the array statistics. But we have also access to single data point of an array when using [] or {}.

The formula in the screen shot subtract the value at -30° of it's vector:

'Add 1/CylAdditional'-'Add 1/CylAdditional'{-30}

Or in other words, the additional CA channel is offset compensated with the value of -30°.

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Additional CA channels

It is also possible to cut data of an array:

'Add 1/CylAdditional'{-30:60}

As a result we will get an new array containing the data from -30° to +60°.

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Measurement and visualisation

6 Measurement and visualisation

6.1 Automatic display modeWhen you start the measurement, DEWESoft® will automatically generate a display setup (aka. measurement screen), named CA, showing the major signals for a quick start .The tooth wheel symbol on the CA display icon indicates that this display is generated.In the Illustration below, the automatic display configuration is shown. The selected visual control is a 2D diagram, which can be assigned to an angle based result channel.

The handling of all visual controls follows the same concept. For the selected visual control the properties are shown on the left side. The channel selector for this visual is shown on the right side. Only channel types suitable for the selected visual are shown. E.g. you can't select statistic channels for a visual control that expects angle based data. The channels that are currently selected are shown in bold.

HINT Use the the channel filter input field (at top of the channel list) to quickly filter the channel list

The automatic display generation is activated by default and can be disabled in the project settings.

Once you modify the display in the design mode (e.g. adding an addition visual control) the tooth wheel on the icon will

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disappear indicating the automatic mode is disabled.

6.2 Customizing displaysDEWESoft® allows full customisation of the measurement screens: i.e. you can add/remove and rearrange all visual controls to your specific needs. The major visual constrols for combustion analyser measurement are described below.

HINT Please refer to the the chapters Display settings and Visual control settings of the online helpto get more information about handling of Main- and Sub-displays and to get a complete overview of all available visual controls.You can quickly open the online help of a specific visual control like this: select the visual control and then press to open the online help for this visual control.

6.2.1 Overview of data typesNot every display can handle every data type. Different input data sources generates different data types. Different mathematic functions generates different data types as well. Moreover, the result of mathematical functions may dependon the input channel type as well.For example: the CA module will use the time domain data as input and generate primarily:

angle domain data aligned to the combustion cycle

and cycle based data which holds one value per cycle

Let's make a summary of the different data types with some examples of the sources and which visual controls can be used for the different data types.

6.2.1.1 Scalar (single data points)

Scalar channels contain one single value per timeslot (i.e. in comparison to Vector or array channels which contain multiple data values per timeslot).

Depending how they are acquired (or calculated), we divide these channels into three groups:

Synchronous

Asynchronous

Single value

The most common channels, are the synchronous channels which are usually analogue-, counter- or digital input channels as well simple mathematical operations which depend on these channels. Synchronous channels are time domain data with equidistant time between the samples. The time distance is defined by the dynamic sample rate (except for external clocking).

Asynchronous channels are for instance CAN bus or GPS data. But also mathematic functions can result in asynchronous channels. For example:

the result of block based mathematics, like the statistics output

all cycle based data from the CA module (eg. MEPx or MaxPressure)

Single value channels contain only one single value per measurement. For example:

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Measurement and visualisation

constants, like header variable

the output of mathematics like:

Overall statistic calculations from the CA-module

basic statistics

For all of these scalar channels various visual controls are available in DEWESoft®. Some examples are Digital meters,Recorder, Analog meter, Bar graphs and so on....But also an XY-recorder can be used to visualize this data.

HINTOnly synchronous data channels can be used inside the Scope or for FFT visuals.You can use basic mathematics to “convert” asynchronous channels to synchronous channels – but this is usually not recommended

6.2.1.2 Vector or array channelsIn contrast to the scalar data channel, vector channels (aka. Array channels) contain multiple data-points for each time-slot.

Examples:

one FFT shot consists of multiple amplitude values: one for each frequency of the FFT resolution.

angle-domain pressure are stored as vector data: For each vector we get all pressure values over the defined angle resolution.

2D-Graphs are designed to display these data types.

There are some special 2D-graphs dedicated to CA:

the Combustion scope: see also 6.2.2 CA-Scope on page 39

the PV-Graph: see 6.2.3 Combustion PV-graph on page 40

3D-Graphs allow you to display a history of these data channels (the time is the third dimension)

6.2.1.3 Matrix channelsMatrix channels are multidimensional vector channels.e.g. in a 2 dimensional matrix channel, each time-slot will contain an array and the elements of this array are also arrays(which contain the data in the array elements)

The output of complex sensor like a Thermo-Camera is matrix. This data can be shown in a 3D-Graph.

6.2.2 CA-ScopeThe CA-Scope can be used for all all angle based data from the CA-mathematics. The results can be shown from actual data, from running or overall average and as well from the additional channels.

The illustration below shows the Cylinder pressure (on the left) and the heat release data (on the right).

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Pleaser to chapter 4.6.2 Channel overview on page 25 to get an completer overview of the available channel vector channels.

6.2.3 Combustion PV-graphThe PV-graph (Pressure over Volume) can show actual and averaged pressure data.

6.2.4 Standard display typesCycle based results such as MaxPressure are calculated for every cycle. So we get a single value every two revolutions for 4 stroke engines, and one value for every revolution in 2 stroke engines.

Cycle based results can be shown in various displays. The common displays for cycle based results are: Digital, Analogue, Bar and Recorder.

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Storing data

7 Storing dataYou have several options to start and stop storing:

manually: see also 7.1 Manual Start–Stop storing on page 41

automatically with various settings of the trigger conditions: see 7.2 Storing a defined number of cycles on page 44 and 7.3 Start-Stop on channel condition on page 44.

The most common options are described in this chapter.

HINTIf further information is needed, please refer to the online help to get a complete overview of the start-store conditions.

IMPORTANT When using overall averaged data (single value results of statistic), read the information in this chapter carefully. It is important to keep in mind when the statistics calculation starts and stops!Otherwise the overall statistic results will not match the stored data!

7.1 Manual Start–Stop storingIf you want to manually start-stop storing, select the Storing type: always fast. You can start storing your data directly inthe setup screen by pressing Store. Or you can first go to Measure to first take a look at the live data and then start storing whenever you like.

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To stop storing, just press the Stop button:

Also pressing Pause will stop storing the data. When you are in pause mode you have 2 options:

press Resume to continue storing

press Stop to end the measurement and close the data file

Note: in pause modethe overall statistics calculation is not interrupted.

When you stop the measurement, the overall statistic values are stored in the data file.

The illustration below points out this difference more clearly.

When you look at the graph you can see 2 marked ranges:

the Stored data time: this is the time from the start of storing (when we have pressed the Store button) and when we have pressed the Pause button)

the Average calculation time: this is the full time shown in the graph:after pressing Pause, the measurement still continues (and the statistics will still be calculated), but the measurement data will not be stored in the data-file. But when we press Stop at the end, the statistics value will be written to the data-file.

The overall averaged result (the green channel: Cyl/Ave/P1/MaxP) does not match the expected average of the data values (blue channel: P1MaxP) within the Stored data time range (because the calculation continued after pressing the Stop button).

But when you open the data-file in Analyze mode, the recorder will only contain the data of the Stored data time range and the value of the green channel (Cyl/Ave/P1/MaxP) will not match the expected value).

IMPORTANT Pause will stop storing the data but will not stop the overall statistic calculation.Use Stop button to terminate your measurement, if averaged values must match the data file.

Store will always reset the overall statistic calculation!

When reloading this data file it seems now that average calculation is wrong because you can't see any more the complete data set that was used for the average calculation.

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Storing data

To correct this it is possible to recalculate the complete the CA-mathematics out of the stored data file again.

Simple press Offline math, enter again the CA-module setup and change the calculation state of the module from Calculated to Offline.

Now change back to Review and you can Recalculate the CA mathematics. The overall averaged pressure channel matches now to the stored pressure data. Press Save to overwrite the original stored CA data inside this data file.

HINTWith Offline math you can modify existing Math modules and/or add new Math modules.For example inside the CA-Module you can add channels like Heat-Release which were not stored during acquisition.

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7.2 Storing a defined number of cyclesDEWESoft® offers various trigger conditions for starting and stopping the acquisition. When you want to store a fixed number of cycles, then you can use the “Stop storing after” xxx CA cycles feature. In the example below, storing will bestopped after 100 cycles.

7.3 Start-Stop on channel conditionThe aim of triggered storing is to store on external events. The start and the stop trigger can be any channel. Additionally pre-trigger and post trigger time can be defined.

DEWESoft® offers various trigger conditions for starting and stopping the acquisition. Similar like described in chapter7.1 Manual Start–Stop storing we need to take care about the calculation method of the overall statistics values to get the expect results.

For triggered start and stop storing, you must select the Storing type: fast on trigger. Now we have the possibilities to define Start storing and Stop storing conditions.

Let's make one example when storing should be started if the maximum pressure is above 100 bar and should be stopped after 100 cycles.

So the Start storing condition type is a simple edge on channel P1/MaxP.

As the Stop storing condition we need again the channel Cycle count. As Mode we need Delta amplitude to stop after 100 cycles.

This will already work (e.g. it stores only the data of the 100 cycles), but we also need to take care of the overall statistics. With the current settings, the data-file will remain open after the 100 cycles and the overall statistics will remain active.

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Storing data

To avoid this, we can simple enabling Stop storing after 1 trigger: This means that storing will be stopped after 100 cycles and that the DEWESoft® datafile will be closed (and this will contain the overall statistics for the 100 cycles).When the next trigger occurs a completely new data-file will be created.

With the settings above the average channels are reset at ARM of measurement. So the Average channels will include the cycles value before the trigger event occurs as well.

If average values are required, for further analysis, it must be recalculated in post processing like described in7.1 Manual Start–Stop storing on page 41.

HINTPress for accessing the online help to go to the complete overview of the various storing options of DEWESoft®.

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Analyse and export data

8 Analyse and export data

8.1 Analysing data in DEWESoftIn the Analysis mode DEWESoft® you can load a data file and:

review the data

modify or add math modules

print the complete screen for generating a report

For analysing recorded cycles the yellow or black courser can be moved to browse through the cycles.

Similar to the Measurement mode you can modify or add new Visual controls or Displays. All these modifications can be stored to the data file with Store Settings and Events.

You can also load the measurement screen layout and formulas from another datafile with Load Display & Math Setup.

By pressing Edit on the right top corner a context menu is opened which gives you the possibility to copy the image or as well the data shown on the actual display to the clipboard or to a file.

If further analysis is needed, various export data formates are supported.

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8.2 Export time domain dataThe default Export Properties is set to Full speed data. This means time domain data are exported. Angle based data from the CA-Module are exported as a vector (if the target export format supports vectors). They are timestamped to theend of the cycle time (the same is true for all cycle based results).The Channel list gives a quick overview about the channel type (Dimension) and update rate (values per second).

8.3 Export angle domain dataTo export angle-domain data we have to change the Export Property to Combustion data. With this setting all output channels from the CA-module can be exported as angle-domain data.

As shown in the columns Data type and Dimension in the illustration above, the results can be categorized in 4 groups:

Cycle data as Vector: Angle domain data like pressure, integrated heat-release, additional channels...

Averaged Cycle data as Vector: One angle vector for the complete measurement like the average pressure.

Once per Cycle data as Scalar: Cycle based data like max. Pressure (value and position), I50, MEP values...

Averaged Cycle data as Scalar: One value for the complete measurement like average of max. Pressure.

CAUTIONSome target file formats do not support multiple data types. That’s why DEWESoft reports a message to select only one result type.

Before exporting the data we have to define the x base.

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Analyse and export data

The table below gives on overview of the difference in x-scaling using the different export types.

Export type Data type Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3..

Degrees(by cycle)

Vector -360 .. +360 -360 .. +360 -360 .. +360

Scalar 0 720 1440

Degrees(cont.)

Vector -360 .. +360 360 .. 1080 1080 .. 1800

Scalar 0 720 1440

CyclesVector 0 .. 1 1 .. 2 2 .. 3

Scalar 1 2 3

Samples(e.g. 360p/rev)

Vector 0 .. 720 720 .. 1440 1440 .. 2160

Scalar 0 720 1440

HINTCombustion data, only exports channels which are calculated in the CA-Plugin. If export from other Math-modules like Basic statistics is required, data must be additionally exported with the Export property Full speed data.

8.4 Consideration for iFile exportWhen you export data to iFile format for further analysis, you must take care of the channel names: the iFile format limits channel names to 9 characters only. Longer channel names will be truncated.When 2 of the truncated channel names are the same, only the first channel will be used.

Most of the channel names are generated automatically and meet this requirement. But for same channels, the default channel name is defined by the setup.For example, the final channel name of the Running Average values are defined with ”ChnName” + ”rAve”. Please refer to chapter 4.6.2 Channel overview on page 25 for getting the overview of the result channels.

HINT

The recommended rule is to keep the channel names as short as possible and meaningful.

Next we list some recommendation for channel names. DEWESoft® CA can be customized with additional calculation results. Please also take care when generating your formulas. For further information, please refer to chapter 10Customizing the CA-Module.

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Recommended channel names for pressure channels: “P”+ cylinder number

eg. P1, P2, P3 .. Pn

Recommended channel names for ignition channels “Ig”+ cylinder number

eg: Ig1, Ig2, Ig3 .. Ign

Recommended channel names for additional channels “Ad”+ cylinder number

eg: Ad1, Ad2, Ad3 .. Adn

Note: When the export of statistic values of the channel “Torque” is needed and the number of cylinders is > 9, then we have to change the default name. Otherwise the channel name exceeds 9 characters.

8.5 Multifile exportWhen you need to export several files at once you can use the Multifile export function. You can select multiple files byholding y or c button. All selected files are exported now at once.

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Analyse and export data

You will get a similar setup screen like for the single file export with selection of target file format and the export properties.

HINTEnabling and disabling the channels is only available if all selected files are stored with the same setup.

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Interface to host system

9 Interface to host system

9.1 CAN interface for INCAThe Dewesoft combustion analyser can acquire and transmit CAN messages as default function. When transmitting is used, any measurement result can be sent to any other host system like INCA.

The setup for transmitting CAN data is very similar to receive CAN data. Like shown in the illustration below only a view steps are needed for the configuration.

1. Add a transmit channel by pressing .2. You can define the CAN-Identifier (arbitration), its name and as well the DLC (Data Length Code)3. Define the channel types inside the identifier with the Data Format, Data type, Start bit, Length an the scaling.4. Now we define a transmit event for this CAN message:

Periodic: The interval time can be set in milliseconds.

OnButton: A control button in the Measurement Mode can be assigned to this event.

OnStart: When changing to the Measurement Mode with defineable delay in msec.

OnStop: When the measurement is stopped.

OnTrigger: A measurement channel condition defines, when the data should be sent.

BeforeMessage: You can select another message and this message will be sent before that message.

AfterMessage: You can select another message and this message will be sent after that message.5. Select the data to be transmitted: Constant values or any measurement channel can be selected6. All the defined transmit channels can be exported to a dbc-file for later import on the Host system.

The average delay time for CAN Out data will be around 100 msec because the complete cylcle is acquired first and after the calculation the data are available for the output.

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9.2 Test bedThe communication to the test bed server is implemented as a dedicated Plug-In. You can choose between:

IndiMaster 670 compatible

AK Protocol

Puma Open AK

D2T AK

Tornado AK

For all of these protocols the RS232 or TCP/IP connection is possible.

9.2.1 Installation and settingsIn case you can't find the TestBed Plug-In in <Settings>, <Extensions> <Plugin>, please contact your local support to get the TestBed driver. Then copy the file called “TESTBED.DLL” in the Addons folder of your current DewesoftX installation. Addons is a sub-directory of your used DEWESoftX.exe. Depending on the installation this may be

D:\DEWESoft\Bin\X2\Addons or C:\Program Files\DEWESoft\Bin\X2\Addons

After this simple installation, please perform “Register plugins” and restart DewesoftX.

IMPORTANTIf you don't have administrator rights on your PC, the registration of the Testbed.dll may not work. If so, please execute “DCOMReg.exe” from your DewesoftX.exe directory as administrator (right click and choose “Run as Administrator” from the Menu.

Now we are ready to choose between several protocols the TCP/IP or RS232 connection.

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In addition to the communication port settings (eg. Baudrate in case of RS232 or the Port No. in case of TCP/IP) additional settings are possible:

Max transfer cntDefines the maximum number of results (for example the response of “AMES”).The value must be within 10 .. 500.

use DEWESoft filename (ignore fixed filename “Last”)If activated, the stored file name is defined by the setup or by the host PC.Otherwise, the stored file is always named with “LastCA.dxd”

allow to open a 2nd instance of Dewesoft for exportThe TestBed PlugIn allow automatic export of the data files into different data formates.When enabling the second instance, DEWESoft CA can be used in parallel during the data export.

write logfile to system-logs folderFor debug purpose, the complete communication is logged into a file (TestBed_Log_date time.txt)

WARNING When you change the protocol type or the COM port, please restart DewesoftX!

The type “AK Protocol” (R232 or TCP/IP) has limited functionality (e.g. no statistic values) and should not be used in new applications!

9.2.2 Defining the channel list and automatic exportIn the next step we need to define the channel transfer list. Any DEWESoft® channel can be selected. The final step is to define the statistic calculation method for each channel. The statistic values are calculated over a definable number ofcycles.

With channels can be added and with already selected channels can be removed from the transfer channel list.

Use for moving the channels in a specific order.

Additionally, the data can also be automatically exported at the end of the measurement. This automatic export can evenbe performed without the TestBed (in REMOTE OFF mode).

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In remote operation, additional options are available

Export can be performed in parallel by enabling a 2nd instance of Dewesoft

Please refer to chapter 9.2.1 Installation and settings for settings

The Dewesoft data file (raw data) can be automatically deleted after successful export

Please refer as well to chapter 8.3 Export angle domain data for further information about the export settings.

9.2.3 Basic AK protocol syntax

9.2.3.1 Request telegram STX_COMMAND_[K0]_[PARAMETER]ETX | | | | | | | `--- End of text byte (x\03) | | | | | | `---------- Optional command parameter | | | | | `---------------- Space (x\20) | | | | `-----------B 8..x-- Optional channel number | | | `-------------Byte 7-- Space (x\20) | | `-----------------B 3..6-- 4 Bytes for the command | `---------------------Byte 2-- Don't care byte (except STX, ETX) `-----------------------Byte 1-- Start of text byte (x\02)

Each request telegram begins with STX (Start of Text) in the first byte and indicates a new request. Previous requests will be ignored if not finished with ETX (End of Text) for last byte. If the complete telegram has less than the minimumof 10 bytes a "????" function code is send with response. If the request function code is unknown the response is also a "????" function code instead of a echo.

The “don't care” byte can be any ASCII character, usually an underscore '_' or blank ' ' is used. The 4 function bytes represent the AK command followed by a blank, a fixed character "K" and the channel number. The channel number has variable length, but usually one byte. DEWESoft® CA does not need but accepts the channels number “K0”. If datain variable length are included a blank is used to separate it from channel number.

In general, AK function codes are divided into three classes:

Control commands (Sxxx)

Read commands (Axxx)

Configuration/Write commands (Exxx)

9.2.3.2 Response telegram STX_COMMAND_[ERR]_[Response]ETX | | | | | | | `---- End of text byte (x\03) | | | | | | `---------- Response data (variable length) | | | | | `--------Byte 9-- Space (x\20) | | | | `-----------Byte 8-- 1 Byte error code | | | `--------------Byte 7-- Space (x\20) | | `------------------B 3..6-- received command (4 Bytes) | `----------------------Byte 2-- Underline `------------------------Byte 1-- Start of text byte (x\02)

Each response telegram begins with STX (Start of Text) in the fist byte and with ETX (End of Text) for last byte. The “don't care” byte can be any ASCII character, usually an underscore (_) or blank is used. The 4 function bytes are the echo of the request function bytes followed by a blank and the error status byte.

The 4 function bytes can be also "????" in case of a basic error in request (see error handling). The error status number in the response telegram tells if internal errors in the responding device occurred. It is zero when no error appeared, and it is 1 - 9 when one or more errors occurred. The error status number will be incremented by one with each change in error status of the device . The value 10 will wrap to 1. The error status number will be reset to zero when all errors on the device are removed.

If data in variable length are included a blank is used to separate it from error status or error code.

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9.2.3.3 Error handling and responseIf any of the following error conditions occurs, the error counter will be increased by 1:

an unknown request

the analyser is busy

an error occurred in the command parameters

When the error counter exceeds “9”, it will start at “1” again. Each command returns this error counter [ErrCnt], even if the actual command was successful.

Response at invalid command or communication errorx\02_???? [ErrCnt]x\03.

[ErrCnt]:The error counter will not be increased.

Response at valid command but not possible to execute, an additional error code is returned.

STX_COMMAND [ErrCnt] [ErrCod]ETXCommand is the request command[ErrCnt] is the standard internal error counter (will be not increased)[ErrCod] is the additional error code will following definition:

DF: Data Error: Received values are outside the permissible rangeOF: Offline: Device is in local modeBS: Device is currently busy with an other function execution.SE: Syntax error within command parameters or incomplete parameters

Example: When the host tries to load a setup, but the Deweosft CA is not in the correct state (SMAN)x\02_SLSD 0 OFx\03

Response at any other internal error

STX_COMMAND_[ErrCnt]ETXACommand is the request command[ErrCnt] will be increased at any error by 1. If the error counter exceeds “9”, it will start at “1” again. Each command returns this error counter [ErrCnt], even if the actual command was successful.

Example: When the host tries to load a setup, which does not exist on DEWESoft CA x\02_SLSD 1x\03

Below you can find the definition of the Error Code0 = es_None1 = es_NotRemote2 = es_UnknownCommand3 = es_NoDataForOutput4 = es_CanNotLoadSetup5 = es_StoreModeNotSet6 = es_StoreNameExists7 = es_StoreNameNotDefined8 = es_StoreNameSetNotAllowed9 = es_SetParamNotAllowed

HINTRefer to command ASTF – read last error code on page 63 to reset the error counter and get the last Error Code.

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9.2.3.4 Command examples with responseRequest: x\02_AKENx\03Response: x\02_AKEN 0 DEWESOFT_CAx\03

Request: x\02_ESPC K0 120x\03Response: x\02_ ESPC 0 x\03

9.2.4 Control commands (Sxxx)

Command – short description (Page) AK D2T Tor-nado

PumaOpen Puma OpenComment

SRES – stop and load last setup ( 58 )

SREM – activate remote control ( 58 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

SMAN – deactivate remote control ( 58 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

SMON – start measurement without storing ( 59 ) X ██ ██ X

SMES – start measurement with storing ( 59 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

SMEC – start measurement with auto restart ( 59 ) X ██ ██ X

STBY – change to setup mode ( 59 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

SLSD x – load setupfile ( 59 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

SSTP – stop measurement ( 60 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

SSTO x – rename Datafile ( 60 ) X ██ ██ ██

SECD x y – Export CA data ( 60 ) X ██ ██ ██ Same function as “EXPO”

9.2.4.1 SRES – stop and load last setupRequest x\02_SRES K0x\03Response x\02_SRES 0x\03

Stops, load last setup and goes to setups screen of Dewesoft CA.

This command is working in MANUAL and REMOTE Mode

The internal error-counter is reset.

9.2.4.2 SREM – activate remote controlRequest x\02_SREM K0x\03Response x\02_SREM 0x\03

Activates the remote connection to the Dewesoft CA to the testbed.

9.2.4.3 SMAN – deactivate remote controlRequest x\02_SMANx\03Response x\02_SMAN 0x\03

Deactivates the remote connection to the Dewesoft CA and for manual operation.

Tornato only sets the RemoteFlag to Off

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All other also stop the measurements.

9.2.4.4 SMON – start measurement without storingRequest x\02_SMON K0x\03Response x\02_SMON 0x\03

Dewesoft CA changes to measure mode without storing.

9.2.4.5 SMES – start measurement with storingRequest x\02_SMES K0x\03Response x\02_SMES 0x\03

Dewesoft CA changes to measure mode, and stores the data

If it was already in measure mode only storing is started

At start storing all the statistic values and also the cycle count is reset and starts from 0

After NoOfCycles are acquired, Dewesoft CA stops automatically

AK and Puma Open does store only, if the Store Flag was set with ESPS command

Therefore the response with ASTZ is either SMES STOREON or SMES STOREOFF

HINT The stop of measurement can be indicated either with: • the commando ASTZ - read actual remote/run state (chapter 9.2.5.5)• the actual cyclenr has reached the NrOfCycles• the statistic values changes from default value (IE10 or 0) to a discrete value

9.2.4.6 SMEC – start measurement with auto restartRequest x\02_SMEC K0x\03Response x\02_SMEC 0x\03

This commando is similar to SMES – start measurement with storing. But Dewesoft CA will automatically restart the measurement without storing after NoOfCycles are reached. This gives the possibility to continue the monitoring of the testbed although the data file is already stored.

With “_AMES K0” the actual values can be transferred

With “_AMES K0 MEC” the results stored in the data file are transferred

HINTThe operation state with SMEC is either storing (like SMES) or monitoring (SMON).Therefore the result with ASTZ is SMES or SMON (never SMEC)

9.2.4.7 STBY – change to setup modeRequest x\02_STBY K0x\03Response x\02_STBY 0x\03

Dewesoft CA will change to setup mode

9.2.4.8 SLSD x – load setupfileRequest x\02_SLSD CASetupFileNamex\03Response x\02_SLSD 0x\03

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The file name is followed after the SLSD command without any extension, and without path

Error code 0 indicates a successful load

After loading the setup, Dewesoft CA is in STBY = Setupmode

9.2.4.9 SSTP – stop measurementRequest x\02_SSTP K0x\03Response x\02_SSTP 0x\03

Dewesoft CA will stop the measurement either with or without storing

Dewesoft CA will stay in the measurement mode

To restart either SMON(without storing) or SMES(with storing) can be used

9.2.4.10 SSTO x – rename DatafileRequest x\02_SSTO [DataFileName]x\03Response x\02_SSTO 0x\03

This commando is only valid if “use Dewesoft filename (ignore fixed filename “Last”) is not used

Please refer to chapter 9.2.1 Installation and settings for defining this setting

In this mode, Dewesoft CA is automatically storing each file with the default name (LastCA.dxd)

This command only renames this data file and have to be performed after each measurement

[DataFileName] must be without extension and without path (default Data directory is used)

It is not possible to get the data back, if this command is not performed

Error code 0 indicates the successful renaming of the data file

9.2.4.11 SECD x y – Export CA dataRequest x\02_SECD SourceFileName TargetFileName x\03Response x\02_ SECD 0x\03

SourceFileName and TargetFileName must be without extension and path (default Data directory is used)

If not parameter defined, then automatically the last stored data file is exported with the same file name.

If SourceFileName not defined, then automatically the last stored data file is exported

The TargetFileName gets automatically the extension from the selected export type

If TragetFileName already exists, it will be overwritten

Deleting the raw file after export is an optional definition and should be used with care

Raw file is only deleted after a successful export

Deleting the raw file is only supported in remote operation

We have two main options how the export is performed

As default, DEWESoft exports after the measurement the data (sequential)

In parallel by starting a second instance of DEWESoft

Please refer to 9.2.1 Installation and settings on page 54 for the setup

In case of sequential exporting

At the end of the Export, the Response is send

Error code 0 indicates the successful export of the data file (else error code 7 or 12)

During exporting, DEWESoft CA doesn’t except any commando from the Host

Host must wait with new commands until getting the response

In case of parallel export (on 2nd instance)

The response for the export is immediately send and the export started in parallel on 2nd instance

If the second instance of DEWESoft CA is still occupied form previous export it will queue it and perform all queued requests

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Export at second instance is supported in remote operation.

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9.2.5 Read commands (Axxx)

Command – short description (Page) AK D2T Tor-nado

PumaOpen Comment

AIDN - read identification ( 62 ) ██ ██ ██ ██ Same function as “AKEN”

AKEN - read identification ( 62 ) ██ ██ ██ ██ Same function as “AIDN”

AVER - read actual version number ( 62 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

ASTA – read statistic type of transfer list ( 63 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

ASTZ - read actual remote/run state ( 63 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

ASTF – read last error code ( 63 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

ANAM – read channel names of transfer list ( 64 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

AUNT – read units of transfer list ( 64 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

AMES – read channel data of transfer list ( 64 ) ██ ██ ██ ██ Several optional parameters

ALST – read immediate statistic result of transfer list ( 65 )

X ██ ██ ██ Same function as “AMES ACT”

AACT – read actual value of transfer list ( 65 ) ██ ██ ██ ██ Same function as “AMES MIN”

AMIN – read actual value of transfer list ( 65 ) X ██ ██ ██ Same function as “AMES MIN”

AMAX – read actual value of transfer list ( 66 ) X ██ ██ ██ Same function as “AMES MAX”

AAVE – read actual value of transfer list ( 66 ) X ██ ██ ██ Same function as “AMES AVE”

ASTD – read actual value of transfer list ( 66 ) X ██ ██ ██ Same function as “AMES STD”

AVAR – read actual value of transfer list ( 66 ) X ██ ██ ██ Same function as “AMES VAR”

ACOV – read actual value of transfer list ( 66 ) X ██ ██ ██ Same function as “AMES COV”

ARES – read actual value of transfer list ( 66 ) X ██ ██ ██ Same as “AMES RES or AMEC

AMEC – read actual value of transfer list ( 66 ) X ██ ██ ██ Same as “AMES MEC or ARES”

ACYC – read actual cycle number ( 66 ) X ██ ██ ██

ACFG – read actual protocol definition ( 67 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

9.2.5.1 AIDN - read identificationRequest: x\02_AIDN K0x\03Response: x\02_AIDN 0 DEWESOFT_CA\03

Is used to check if the right device is connected to interface

9.2.5.2 AKEN - read identificationRequest: x\02_AKEN K0x\03Response: x\02_AKEN 0 DEWESOFT_CA\03

Is used to check if the right device is connected to interface

9.2.5.3 AVER - read actual version numberRequest: x\02_AVER K0x\03Response: x\02_AVER 0 X2 SP7 (build 299)\03

Is used to check the actual software version of DEWESoft® CA.

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9.2.5.4 ASTA – read statistic type of transfer listRequest: x\02_ASTA K0x\03Response: x\02_ASTA 0 AVE Actual Actual AVEx\03

Read the actual statistic types of the transfer list, the types are separated with an blank character.

Keywords for the statistic typesActual actual value

AVE average value

MAX Maximum value

MIN Minimum value

STD standard deviation

Var variance

COV coefficient of variation

9.2.5.5 ASTZ - read actual remote/run stateRequest: x\02_ASTZ K0x\03Response: x\02_ASTZ 0 [RemoteState] [RunState]\03

Returns the actual states of the DEWESoft® CA unit.

[RemoteState] list

SREM DEWESoft® CA is in remoteSMAN DEWESoft® CA is in manual mode

[RunState] list

STOP CA is in measure mode and stopped, no update on display

Note: Tornado answers with “SSTP” instead of “STOP”

STBY Standby = CA is in Setup Screen

SMES Measure Mode with storing

When PumaOpen or standard AK is used, additionally STOREON or STOREOFF is send.

SMON Measure Mode without storing

SANA CA is in analyse mode

SHWS CA is in Hardware setup screen

SUKN CA is in an unknown state

Example for response: x\02_ASTZ 0 SREM SMESx\03

9.2.5.6 ASTF – read last error codeRequest: x\02_ASTF K0x\03Response: x\02_ASTF [ErrCnt] [ErrCod]x\03

[ErrCnt] Be the internal error-counter (increased by “1” at each error)

[ErrCod] Error code list:0 = es_None1 = es_NotRemote2 = es_UnknownCommand3 = es_NoDataForOutput4 = es_CanNotLoadSetup5 = es_StoreModeNotSet6 = es_StoreNameExists7 = es_StoreNameNotDefined8 = es_StoreNameSetNotAllowed9 = es_SetParamNotAllowed

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This command resets the the [ErrCnt]and the [ErrCod]. A second request will always return “0 0”.

Additionally also command SRES – stop and load last setup (58) resets the the [ErrCnt]and the [ErrCod].

Example for response: x\02_ASTF 2 4x\03

9.2.5.7 ANAM – read channel names of transfer listRequest: x\02_ANAM K0x\03Response: x\02_ANAM 0 APMax1 Pmax1 EngAve/I50 APMax2x\03

Read the actual channel names of the transfer list, the channel names are separates with an blank character.

9.2.5.8 AUNT – read units of transfer listRequest: x\02_AUNT K0x\03Response: x\02_AUNT 0 deg bar deg degx\03

Read the actual channel units of the transfer list, the units are separated with an blank character.

9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer listRequest: x\02_AMES K0 [Type]x\03Response: x\02_AMES 0 [ActCycleCnt] value1 value2 value3 value4 … valuen x\03

Without optional parameter [Type], the statistic result type is defined in the transfer list.

[Type] forces the result to the defined statistic value:

LST: statistic like defined in transfer list, but results are calculated immediately after start.

ACT: always actual value of transfer list

MIN: always minimum result of transfer list

MAX: always maximum result of transfer list

AVE: always average result of transfer list

STD: always standard deviation result of transfer list

VAR: always variance result of transfer list

COV: always coefficient of variance result of transfer list

RES or MEC: always value after last store of transfer list

Standard AK protocol does not support [Type]. Always actual values are transferred.

Except standard AK protocol, each response starts with the actual cycle count [ActCycleCnt]

If the channel CycleCount is missing in DEWESoft, then “-2” and [DummyVal] is transferred (except [Type] = ACT).

If CycleCount value has no data yet, “-1” is transferred for CycleCount and Lastknown values for transferlist (except [Type] = ACT). This might happen, if the engine is not running or AMES is called directly after SMES or SMON.

The values are separated with the space character x\20

The length of the answer is depending the protocol type:

Standard AK protocol has variable length (depending on channel number defined in transfer list)

Length for D2T and Tornado can be defined in settings: Please refer to 9.2.1 Installation and settings

PumaOpen has fixed transfer length of 50

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Not defined channels or statistic results

Actual values are filled with [DummyVal], until the first cycle is measured

“_AMES” without [Type]: statistical values are filled with [DummyVal], until wanted NoOfCycle is reached

“_AMES” with [Type]: statistical values are transferred based on [ActCycleCnt]

If CycleCnt is 0, then [DummyVal] is transferred

If CylceCnt is 1, then actual value is transferred

If CylceCnt > 1, then statistic results over available CycleCnt is transferred (max.= wanted NoOfCycle)

[DummyVal] is depending on the protocol type

Standard AK protocol has no dummy values: Transfer list length is depending on defined channel number.

The dummy value Tornado is “#”

The dummy value for PumaOpen or D2T is “1E10”

If a channel in the transfer list is not defined, then [DummyVal] is transferred!

If storing is activated with SMES – start measurement with storing, Dewesoft CA stops acquisition after wanted NoOfCycles are reached. If you request data after the Dewesoft CA has stopped, then the last values are returned.

If storing is activated with SMEC – start measurement with auto restart, “_AMES MEC” will response the values related to the stored data file.

HINT The stop of measurement can be indicated either with: • the commando ASTZ - read actual remote/run state (chapter 9.2.5.5)• the actual cyclenr has reached the NrOfCycles• the statistic values changes from default value (IE10 or #) to a discrete value

9.2.5.10 ALST – read immediate statistic result of transfer listRequest: x\02_ALST K0x\03Response: x\02_ALST 0 ActCycleCnt value1 value2 value3 value4 valuen x\03

This command is equal to x\02_AMES K0 LST x\03. For further information please refer to 9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list on page 64.

9.2.5.11 AACT – read actual value of transfer listRequest: x\02_AACT K0x\03Response: x\02_AACT 0 ActCycleCnt value1 value2 value3 value4 valuen x\03

This command is equal to x\02_AMES K0 ACT x\03. For further information please refer to 9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list on page 64.

HINTEven if no CycleCount value is defined, this command will always response the actual values for the defined transfer list. This allows to transmit any DEWESoft channel over the AK protocol (eg. D2T) even without the Combustion analyser option.

9.2.5.12 AMIN – read actual value of transfer listRequest: x\02_AMIN K0x\03Response: x\02_AMIN 0 ActCycleCnt value1 value2 value3 value4 valuen x\03

This command is equal to x\02_AMES K0 MIN x\03. For further information please refer to 9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list on page 64.

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9.2.5.13 AMAX – read actual value of transfer listRequest: x\02_AMAX K0x\03Response: x\02_AMAX 0 ActCycleCnt value1 value2 value3 value4 valuen x\03

This command is equal to x\02_AMES K0 MAX x\03. For further information please refer to 9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list on page 64.

9.2.5.14 AAVE – read actual value of transfer listRequest: x\02_AAVE K0x\03Response: x\02_AAVE 0 ActCycleCnt value1 value2 value3 value4 valuen x\03

This command is equal to x\02_AMES K0 AVE x\03. For further information please refer to 9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list on page 64.

9.2.5.15 ASTD – read actual value of transfer listRequest: x\02_ASTD K0x\03Response: x\02_ASTD 0 ActCycleCnt value1 value2 value3 value4 valuen x\03

This command is equal to x\02_AMES K0 STD x\03. For further information please refer to 9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list on page 64.

9.2.5.16 AVAR – read actual value of transfer listRequest: x\02_AVAR K0x\03Response: x\02_AVAR 0 ActCycleCnt value1 value2 value3 value4 valuen x\03

This command is equal to x\02_AMES K0 VAR x\03. For further information please refer to 9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list on page 64.

9.2.5.17 ACOV – read actual value of transfer listRequest: x\02_ACOV K0x\03Response: x\02_ACOV 0 ActCycleCnt value1 value2 value3 value4 valuen x\03

This command is equal to x\02_AMES K0 ACT K0x\03. For further information please refer to 9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list on page 64.

9.2.5.18 ARES – read actual value of transfer listRequest: x\02_ARES K0x\03Response: x\02_ARES 0 ActCycleCnt value1 value2 value3 value4 valuen x\03

This command is equal to x\02_AMES K0 RESx\03. For further information please refer to 9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list on page 64.

9.2.5.19 AMEC – read actual value of transfer listRequest: x\02_AMEC K0x\03Response: x\02_AMEC 0 ActCycleCnt value1 value2 value3 value4 valuen x\03

This command is equal to x\02_AMES K0 MEC x\03. For further information please refer to 9.2.5.9 AMES – read channel data of transfer list on page 64.

9.2.5.20 ACYC – read actual cycle numberRequest x\02_ACYC K0x\03Response x\02_ACYC 0 35x\03

Read the actual cycle number, in this case 35 cycles have been acquired.

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9.2.5.21 ACFG – read actual protocol definitionRequest x\02_ACFG K0x\03Response x\02_ACYC 0 [Config]x\03

Example response for D2T settign with TCP/IP protocol:

x\02_ACFG 0 Protocol(D2T-AK-TCP/IP) Interface(PC-Name,22221) TransferMaxCh(10)x\03

9.2.6 Configuration and write commands (Exxx)

Command – short description (Page) AK D2T Tor-nado

PumaOpen Comment

ESPD x – set the file name ( 67 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

ESPS x – set the store mode ( 67 ) ██ X X ██

ESPC x – set number of cycles ( 67 ) X ██ ██ ██

ECMD – write comment to CA Export ( 68 ) X ██ ██ ██

EXPO x y – Export CA data ( 68 ) X ██ ██ ██

EDBG – only response to this command ( 68 ) ██ ██ ██ ██

9.2.6.1 ESPD x – set the file nameRequest x\02_ESPD [DataFileName]x\03Response x\02_ESPD 0x\03

This commando is only valid if “use Dewesoft filename (ignore fixed filename “Last”) is checked!

Please refer to chapter 9.2.1 Installation and settings for defining this setting

This command overwrites the file name defined in the DEWESoft setup

[DataFileName] must be without extension and without path (default Data directory is used)

It is recommended to enable “Create a multifile” in DEWSoft CA setup

Then automatically storing cycle gets it's own data file name

Otherwise existing data files might be overwritten!!

9.2.6.2 ESPS x – set the store modeRequest x\02_ESPS [Store] x\03Response x\02_ESPS 0x\03

This commando defines the storing condition for Standard AK and PumaOpen protocol.

If [Store] is set to “1”, then data will be stored with the command SMES – start measurement with storing

If [Store] is set to “0”, then data will be not stored.

9.2.6.3 ESPC x – set number of cyclesRequest x\02_ESPC 80x\03Response x\02_ESPC 0x\03

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The cycle number is used for statistic calculation and stops storing after this number of cycles (eg. 80)

This command overwrites the Stastic over xxx cycles value from the CA setup file

9.2.6.4 ECMD – write comment to CA ExportRequest x\02_ECMD MyComment x\03Response x\02_ECMD 0x\03

This command adds an comment to the exported file.

MyComment must be defined before start of the measurement

With each stop fo acquisition “MyComment” is cleared.

Maximum length of MyComment: 80 characters

9.2.6.5 EXPO x y – Export CA dataRequest x\02_ESPS SourceFileName TargetFileName x\03Response x\02_ESPS 0x\03

This command is equal to SECD x y – Export CA data → please to page (60) for further information.

9.2.6.6 EDBG – only response to this commandRequest x\02_EDBGx\03Response x\02_EDBG 0x\03

This command is used for checking the communication without interrupting the measurement

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9.2.7 Example command flowBelow the basic command flow is shown. To keep the overview simple, the error handling is skipped. The basic steps for the communication are:

Initialisation and configuration

Reading the configuration (from host)

Reading data with following options:

without storing

with storing, test bed defines the file name

with storing, Dewesoft CA defines the file name

De initialisation

Step1: Initialisation and configuration of the Dewesoft CA

AIDN - read identification to check if Dewesoft CA is connected

SREM – activate remote control to allow the control of the unit

SLSD x – load setupfile This must be predefined

ESPC x – set number of cycles (optional)

Step2: Reading the configuration of the Dewesoft CA

ANAM – read channel names of transfer list

AUNT – read units of transfer list

Error: Reference source not found

Step3a: Reading data without storing them on Dewesoft CA

SMON – start measurement without storing

AMES – read channel data of transfer list repeat AMES command for getting actual data

SSTP – stop measurement you can restart the measurement (SMON) or change to setup at the end (STBY)

Step3b: Reading data with storing (test bed host defines the file name)

SMES – start measurement with storing Measurement is stopped after reaching defined cycle number

AMES – read channel data of transfer list reading data is possible during measurement and after stop

SSTO x – rename Datafile test overwrites the default file name “LastCA”

STBY – change to setup mode or restart with SMES the next measurement

Step3c: Reading data with storing (Dewesoft CA defines the file name)

ESPD x – set the file name optional overwrite the file name from the CA setup file

SMES – start measurement with storing Measurement is stopped after reaching defined cycle number

AMES – read channel data of transfer list reading data is possible during measurement and after stop

STBY – change to setup mode or restart with SMES the next measurement

Step4: De-initiatilisation

SMAN – deactivate remote control

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Customizing the CA-Module

10 Customizing the CA-Module

10.1 OverviewThe combustion analyser module in Dewesoft X is using custom formulas for all calculations. Basically it just collects pressure (and additional) data and aligns them according to the angle reference channel (TDC position). Then all the values are calculated from custom formulas which are defined in a separate engine template structured as an XML file. Please refer to chapter 3.2 Enabling CA module on page 6 for setting the path.

All the XML templates which are added to the above folder will be shown in CA module under Engine type. When you select a new engine type, the formulas in CA are rebuilt according to the XML script.

WARNINGThere is no parser for error checking in the formulas. So Dewesoft might have unexpected behaviour when using incorrect engine templates

10.2 Engine Template

10.2.1 Basic structureThe Xml structure of the CA engine template is shown below. Every template you you create must follow this structure!

With “//“ the description for each line starts.

Mandatory items are written in bold

Fields that can be repeated multiple times with different parameters are marked with (*). Please compare as well a complete engine template xml as a reference.

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<Engine> Mark of start of xml file node

<Version>1.0</Version> You can write here revision of engine template (just to keep track).

<EngineType>4-stroke</EngineType> This field for now allows: 4-stroke or 2-stroke - CA data collection and graphs are set according to this setting

<EngineName>4-Stroke Standard</EngineName> Template name which will be used in drop down of the engine typ list

<UserInterface>Standard</UserInterface> User interface can be: Standard, non-standard – refer to chapter10.3 Custom user interface on page 74 for further information

<EngineParameters> Start of engine parameters like bore, stroke, polytropic exponent..

<Parameter> (*) Each parameter stars with this node word

<Id>#Bore#</Id> Id of parameter, which MUST be unique otherwise Dewesoft will not be able to handle it correctly. Id must start and end with "#" character

<Name>Bore</Name> Parameter name, used for display in Dewesoft graphs and CA settings

<DefaultValue>500</DefaultValue> Default value will be set when template is selected

<Unit>mm</Unit> Unit for parameter

</Parameter> End of parameter section

</EngineParameters> End of engine parameter section

<CylinderParameters> Cylinder parameters are displayed under each cylinder and can be different for each

<Parameter> (*) Each parameter stars with this node word

<Id>#P10#</Id> Unique Id of parameter, Id must start and end with "#" character

<Name>P10</Name> Parameter name, used for display in Dewesoft graphs and CA settings

</Parameter> End of parameter section

</CylinderParameters> End of cylinder parameter section

<Formula> (*) Start of formula section

<Id>#MaxP#</Id> Id of formula, which MUST be unique or Dewesoft will not be able to handle it correctly. Id must start and end with "#" character

<Name>MaxP</Name> Formula name, used for display in Dewesoft graphs and CA settings

<Unit>bar</Unit> Unit for formula. For using the same unit like for the input channel, use the expression <CopyUnitFromInput>True</CopyUnitFromInput>

<GroupName>Max pressures</GroupName> Group name is used for organising formulas into groups. If you set the same name for different formulas they will be grouped together in CA setup screen and graphs

<CalcFormula>Max(#P_x_cur#)</CalcFormula> Actual formula (for further explanation refer to 10.2.3 Formulas)

</Formula> End of formula section

<VolumeFormula/> Here the custom volume equation can be entered. If you don't need custom volume than you should leave this node out. Please refer to10.4.1 Customized volume formula on page 75 for further information.

</Engine> End of base xml node

10.2.2 Reserved expressionsReserved words are words which can be used inside your formulas like normal variables. The combustion analyser formula parser will recognize them and exchange them for correct Dewesoft channels or constant values. If reserved words includes symbol "_x_", the formula will be repeated for each cylinder and taking input channel of that cylinder for calculation (pressure or additional channel). Each reserved word must start and end with "#" symbol.

Reserved words can be used inside: <Formula><CalcFormula>...</CalcFormula></Formula> tag in xml.

#P_x_cur# - current pressure channel#P_x_ovl# - overall averaged pressure (whole measurement)#P_x_run# - running avearged pressure (running averages for X last cycles)

#Ax_x_cur# - current additional channel#Ax_x_ovl# - overall averaged additional (whole measurement)

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#Ax_x_run# - running avearged additional (running averages for X last cycles)

#Phi# - this is only useful for volume formula. We must iterate through each channel and generate the right value for that position of piston

#Speed# - speed channel#R# - resolution of CA measurement#V_x# - volume for each cylinder#Tdc_x# - TDC curve for each cylinder (if TDC detection was done in setup)#TotalVolume# - Total volume calculated out of volume. This comes in handy when calculation MEP values,...

10.2.3 FormulasThese are standard formulas which can be used inside Xml script or inside standard Dewesoft formula.Formulas allow only one level of recursion depth. If you have more levels you will get an error, because checking is notdone on this level. In xml script also all other formulas from Dewesoft can be used. #PressureChannel# changes with one of the following: #P_x_cur#, #P_x_ovl#, #P_x_run#, #Ax_x_cur#, #Ax_x_ovl#, #Ax_x_run#

#Volume# with #V_x##TIChannel# recursivly uses channel from TD_HeatRelease - integrated heat release#MEPChannel# is used for work, power and torque calculation

10.2.3.1 Formulas for maximum and position of maximumMax(#PressureChannel#)MaxPos(#PressureChannel#))

10.2.3.2 Derivative, max and position of maximum derivativeTD_Derivate(#PressureChannel#, #DerivativeStep#, #R#, #StartDerivAngle#, #EndDerivAngle#) DerivativeStep - step of derivation in degrees StartDerivAngle, EndDerivAngle - range for derivation, from -360 to +360 (deg.)

10.2.3.3 Heat-release calculationTD_HeatRelease(#PressureChannel#, #Volume#, #TotalVolume#, #PolyExp#, #R#, #HeatReleaseStep#, #StartHeatAngle#, #EndHeatAngle#, #TQUnitType#) PolyExp - polytropic exponent defined in engine parameters section of xml StartHeatAngle, EndHeatAngle - range for heat release calculation, from -360 to +360 (deg.) HeatReleaseStep - step of heat release calculation in degrees TQUnitType - unit of result from HR calculation: 0: kJ/m^3/deg 1: % 2: J/deg

10.2.3.4 Integrated heat-release calculationTD_IntHR(#PressureChannel#, #Volume#, #TotalVolume#, #PolyExp#, #R#, #StartHeatAngle#, #EndHeatAngle#, #TIUnitType#) PolyExp - polytropic exponent defined in engine parameters section of xml StartHeatAngle, EndHeatAngle - range for heat release calculation, from -360 to +360 (deg.) TIUnitType - unit of result from integrated HR calculation: 0: kJ/m^3 1: % 2: J

10.2.3.5 Power points out of heat releaseTD_GetHRIVal(#TIChannel#, #Perc#, #R#, #FuelType#) Perc - at which percent to calculate power value from heat release: 0 to 100: power points -1: start of injection -2: end of injection

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FuelType: 0: Gasoline 1: Gasoline - direct injection 2: Diesel

10.2.3.6 I, P and N- mean effective pressureTD_MEP(#PressureChannel#, #Volume#, #TotalVolume#, #MepType#) MepType: 0: iMEPn 1: pMEP 2: iMEPg

10.2.3.7 Work, power and torqueTD_Work(#MEPChannel#, #TotalVolume#)TD_Power(#MEPChannel#, #TotalVolume#, #Speed#, #EngineType#)TD_Torque(#MEPChannel#, #TotalVolume#, #EngineType#) EngineType: 0: 2-stroke 1: 4-stroke

10.2.3.8 TemperatureTD_Temperature(#PressureChannel#, #Volume#, (#IntakePressureChannel#, #CalcGassMass#, #TotalVolume#, #IP#, #VE#, #GM#, #T#, #R#, #EngineType#) CalcGassMass - intake pressure from channel: 0: True 1: false IP - intake pressure value VE- efficiency (0.9 is standard) GM - gass mass T - intake temperature

10.2.3.9 Knock detectionTD_KnockDetection(#PressureChannel#, #KF_LowPass#, #KF_HPCuttoff#, #KF_HPType#, #KF_NoiseTreshold#, #KF_RefWinWidth#,#KF_KnockWinWidth#, #KF_UseSpeedCorr#, #KF_StartSpeed#, #KF_StartSpeedCorr#, #KF_EndSpeed#, #KF_EndSpeedCorr#, #Speed#, #R#, #EngineType#) KF_LowPass - low pass filter cuttof KF_HPCuttoff - high pass filter cuttof KF_HPType - type of high pass filter (taps or Hz) KF_NoiseTreshold - noise thrreshold level KF_RefWinWidth - width of refence window KF_KnockWinWidth - width of knock window KF_UseSpeedCorr - speed correction 0: use 1: don't use KF_StartSpeed - start speed for correction KF_StartSpeedCorr - correction in degrees for start KF_EndSpeed - end speed for correctino KF_EndSpeedCorr - correction in degrees for end

10.2.3.10 High pass filter pressure channelTD_KnockHighPass(#PressureChannel#, #KF_HPCuttoff#, #KF_HPType#, #Speed#, #R#, #KF_RefWinWidth#, #KF_KnockWinWidth#, #EngineType#) Parameters are the same as for TD_KnockDetection

10.3 Custom user interfaceThe user interface can be: standard or non-standard. If you use standard UI than the basic formulas should not be changed. Only some minor things can be added, because edit fields are tied to exactly those formulas.

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If you define a completely new custom script, then use non-standard and all the properties will be put into the grid on the screen.

The engine geometry is not visible. These settings are combined together with the settings for Thermodynamics and Knock detection in a flat list under Engine parameters.

Independent if of the user-interface (Standard or non-standard), the channel list at the Output only displays the formulasdefined in the engine temple. In the example below only maximum pressure channels are available.

10.4 Examples

10.4.1 Customized volume formulaIf the XML node <VolumeFormula> is missing, the default calculation is used.

Below the XML entry for this standard formula is shown as a base for your needed modifications.

<VolumeFormula>((Sqr(#Bore#) * Pi/4) * ((#Stroke# / 2) * (1-Cos(#Phi#)) + #Rod# * (1 - Sqrt(1 - Sqr((#Stroke# / 2) / #Rod# * Sin(#Phi#)))))) * 1E-6 + ((Sqr(#Bore#/100) * Pi/4 * (#Stroke#/100)) / (#Compression# - 1))

</VolumeFormula>

10.4.2 Changing default channel namesIn addition to the calculation itself, also the default channel names are defined inside the Engine templates. For example, the formula node for the calculation of the Max pressure can be defined like this:

<Formula> <ID>#MaxP#</ID> <Name>PMax</Name> <GroupName>Max pressures</GroupName> <Unit>bar</Unit> <CalcFormula>Max(#P_x_cur#)</CalcFormula>

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</Formula>

As a result, the channel name for each cylinder would be: PMax1, PMax2, PMax3 and so on.

To change this default names for example to MaxPressure1, MaxPressure2…, modify the node <Name>:

<Formula> <ID>#MaxP#</ID> <Name>MaxPressure</Name> …

10.4.3 Max pressure out of running average pressureAt first the entries for the standard calculation is shown. For changing the calculation to the running average values onlythe exchange of the formula “Max(#P_x_cur#) to Max(#P_x_run#) inside <CalcFormula> would be needed.

<Formula> <ID>#MaxP#</ID> <Name>PMax</Name> <GroupName>Max pressures</GroupName> <Unit>bar</Unit> <CalcFormula>Max(#P_x_cur#)</CalcFormula> </Formula> <Formula> <ID>#MaxPPos#</ID> <Name>APMax</Name> <GroupName>Max pressures</GroupName> <Unit>deg</Unit> <CalcFormula>MaxPos(#P_x_cur#)</CalcFormula> </Formula>

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Customizing the CA-Module

When additional channels are needed, a new complete section needs to be added. <Formula> <ID>#MaxAvP#</ID> <Name>AvPMax</Name> <GroupName>Max AvePressure</GroupName> <Unit>bar</Unit> <CalcFormula>Max(#P_x_run#)</CalcFormula> </Formula> <Formula> <ID>#MaxAvPPos#</ID> <Name>AAvPMax</Name> <GroupName>Max AvePressure</GroupName> <Unit>deg</Unit> <CalcFormula>MaxPos(#P_x_run#)</CalcFormula> </Formula>

CAUTIONTake care to add unique identifiers <ID> and as well define logic groups names <GroupName> and channel names <Name>.

10.4.4 MEP values based on running average pressureSimilar to the example above, only the variable #P_x_cur# must be exchanged inside the <CalcFormula> to #P_x_run#.

Standard formula inside the node <Formula>:

<CalcFormula>TD_MEP(#P_x_cur#, #V_x#, #TotalVolume#, 0)</CalcFormula> <CalcFormula>TD_MEP(#P_x_cur#, #V_x#, #TotalVolume#, 1)</CalcFormula> <CalcFormula>TD_MEP(#P_x_cur#, #V_x#, #TotalVolume#, 2)</CalcFormula>

Formula based on running average:

<CalcFormula>TD_MEP(#P_x_run#, #V_x#, #TotalVolume#, 0)</CalcFormula> <CalcFormula>TD_MEP(#P_x_run#, #V_x#, #TotalVolume#, 1)</CalcFormula> <CalcFormula>TD_MEP(#P_x_run#, #V_x#, #TotalVolume#, 2)</CalcFormula>

If both MEP calculation methods are needed, the complete <Formula> section must be added.

10.4.5 Max Value and position of additional channelsSimilar to the max pressure values, the calculation can be defined alos for the additional channels.

<Formula> <ID>#MaxAdd#</ID> <Name>MX</Name> <GroupName>Max Additional</GroupName> <CopyUnitFromInput>True</CopyUnitFromInput> <CalcFormula>Max(#Ax_x_cur#)</CalcFormula> </Formula> <Formula> <ID>#MaxAddPos#</ID> <Name>AMX</Name> <GroupName>Max Additional</GroupName> <Unit>deg</Unit> <CalcFormula>MaxPos(#Ax_x_cur#)</CalcFormula> </Formula>

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Combustion Analyser

10.4.6 Value at defined angle position of additional channelsThe two formulas below are adding the new group “Pos Additional” and calculates the value at -20° and 90°

<Formula> <ID>#Add-20#</ID> <Name>-20_</Name> <GroupName>Pos Additional</GroupName> <CopyUnitFromInput>True</CopyUnitFromInput> <CalcFormula>#Ax_x_cur#{-20}</CalcFormula> </Formula> <Formula> <ID>#Add90#</ID> <Name>A90_</Name> <GroupName>Pos Additional</GroupName> <CopyUnitFromInput>True</CopyUnitFromInput> <CalcFormula>#Ax_x_cur#{90}</CalcFormula> </Formula>

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Formulas

11 Formulas

11.1 Basic

11.1.1 DerivativeDerivative is the first derivation of the cylinder pressure of cylinder.

dpd Θ

[dp

° CA]=

pi+n−p i−n

2∗n∗R

i … measuring pointn … step sizeR … measurement resolution [deg]

11.1.2 Compression ratio

r C [-]=V S+V C

V C

rC … compression ratioVS … swept volumeVS … clearance volume

11.2 MEP values

11.2.1 IMEPgIMEPg(ross) is the indicated mean effective pressure over 360 degrees crank angle of the power stroke. It is defined as the work produced during the power stroke divided by the displaced volume.

IMEPg [bar]=∑i=k

n

pi∗(V i+1−V i−1)

2⋅V s

k … -180° n … +180°VS … engine swept volume

11.2.2 PMEPPMEP is the pump mean effective pressure over 360 degrees crank angle of the exhaust and intake pumping strokes of cylinder X. It is defined as the work produced during the pumping strokes divided by the displaced volume. It is definedonly for 4-stroke engines

PMEP [bar]=∑i=k

n

pi∗(V i+1−V i−1)

2⋅V s

k … +180°n … -180°VS … engine swept volume

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In general this is negative, except for turbo charged engines

11.2.3 IMEPnIMEPn is the net mean effective pressure. It is the sum of IMEPg and PMEP

IMEPn[bar] = IMEPg + PMEP

11.3 Zero point correctionPcorr is the result of zero point correction. The thermodynamic correction method is one of the type of correction.

11.3.1 Thermodynamic correctionThis method uses the ideal adiabatic compression assumption between to crank angles with a constant polytropic exponent. Therefore the absolute pressure value can be calculated from the pressure difference between two crank angles. Both crank angle points and the polytrophic exponent can be defined in the measurement settings.

PCorr [bar]=PCA_2−PCA_1

(V CA_1

V CA_2)

k

−1

k ...polytropic exponent (user input)CA_1... user input (default: -100° CA)CA_2... user input (default: -65° CA)V … volumeP … pressure

11.4 Thermodynamic

11.4.1 Heat release TQTQ shows the heating progress over the crank angle of cylinder X. For the calculation, the simplified procedure of the first law of thermodynamics is used. It yields the released energy per crank angle, disregarding the wall heat and blow-by losses. Start and stop crank angle position for the calculation can be defined in the Measurement settings setup.

TQi [kJ/m³/°CA]=1

κ−1⋅[κ⋅P i⋅(V i+1−V i-1)+V i⋅( P i+1−P i-1)]

i … measurement pointk ...polytropic exponent (user input)V … volumeP … pressure

11.4.2 Integrated heat release TITI is the integrated heating progress of cylinder X. It shows the summed value of TQ. Start and stop crank angle are the same as for TQ.

TI i [kJ/m³]=TQi+TI i-1

i … measurement point

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Formulas

11.4.3 TemperatureThe temperature inside the combustion is calculated based on the ideal gas law:

p⋅V=n⋅R⋅T →T=p⋅Vn⋅R

where n=mM

p … Pressure [pascal]V … Volume [m³]n … Amount of substance [mol]R … Gas constant ( 8,314 462 1 [J/(mol K)] )T … Temperature [Kelvin]M … Molar mass [grams per mole]m … Gas mass [grams]: Can be entered in the setup as fixed value or can be calculated

Gas mass=Intake pressure⋅V

R⋅Intake temperature⋅V e

Intake pressure … entered in setup or measured from the zero point corrected high pressure curve.Intake temperature … entered in setupVe … Volumetric efficiency entered in the setup from 0..1 (0.9 = 90% filled)

The temperature value is only valid around TDC.

11.5 Mechanic results

11.5.1 WorkWork yields the theoretical work of the engine.

Work [J]= IMEPn⋅V S

VS … swept volume

11.5.2 PowerPower yields the theoretical power of the engine.

Power [kW]=Work⋅N

1000⋅2⋅60... 4−stroke engine

Power [kW]=Work⋅N1000⋅60

... 2−stroke engine

N … engine speed in Rpm

11.5.3 TorqueTorque yields the theoretical torque of the engine.

Torque [Nm]=Work4⋅π

... 4-stroke engine

Torque [Nm]=Work2⋅π

... 2-stroke engine

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Appendix

12 Appendix

12.1 Documentation version historyRevision number: 244Last modified: Thu 29 Sep 2016, 17:41

VersionDate

[dd.mm.yyyy] Notes

1.0.0 28.05.2014 ☑ initial revision

1.0.1 - ☑ Correction of default names

1.0.2 22.01.2015 ☑ Orange Design

1.0.3 11.02.2015 ☑ Correction of Knocking and Heat Release formula

1.1.0 15.09.2016 ☑ Update functions for DEWESoft X2 SP7 and TestBed.dll 5.0☑ Adding chapter 4.6.3 Channel overview using advanced engine template☑ Chapter 7.2 Storing a defined number of cycles modified☑ Adding chapter 8.4 Consideration for iFile export☑ Chapter 9.2 Test bed reworked☑ Correction and adding additional examples at chapter 10.4 Examples

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