Recent Advances in the Archaeology of East and Southeast Asia An International Conference

March 15-16, 2013 At the Assembly Room at the Madison Concourse Hotel

1 W. Dayton St. | Madison, WI 53703

Sponsored by the Department of Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Funded by the Henry Luce Foundation

Co-sponsored by the Center for Southeast Asian Studies and the Center for East Asian Studies

Center for Southeast Asian Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison

Department of Anthropology University of Wisconsin-Madison

Conference Presenters: Francis Allard, Liem Bui, James Burton, Alison Carter, Junko Habu, Mitch Hendrickson, Zhicun Jing, Laura Junker, J. Mark Kenoyer, Peter Lape, Qinglin Li, Li Liu, Ben Marwick, Lisa Niziolek, Hyung Il Pai, James Stoltman, Hiep Trinh, and Alice Yao Keynote speaker: Miriam Stark

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March 15th and 16th 2013 Venue: The Assembly Room at the Madison Concourse Hotel

Free and Open to the Public

• Conference Schedule 2

• Presenters and Abstracts – Keynote Address: Miriam Stark – Session A: Empire, Urbanism, and Monumentality

• Francis Allard 4 • Zhicun Jing 4 • James Burton 5 • Alice Yao 5

– Session B: Patterns of Trade and Conflict in Southeast Asia

• Laura Junker 6 • Lisa Niziolek 6 • Alison Carter 7 • Peter Lape 7

– Session C: Cultural Heritage

• Hyung Il Pai 8 • Bui Van Liem 8

– Session D: Technology: Stone, Ceramics and Iron

• J. Mark Kenoyer 9 • Mitch Hendrickson 9 • James Stoltman 10 • Qinglin Li 10

– Session E: Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways

• Ben Marwick 11 • Trinh Hoang Hiep 11 • Li Liu 12 • Junko Habu 12

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Friday March 15, 2013 9:15 am Opening remarks 9:30 am Opening address by Dr. Miriam Stark (University of Hawai’i)

Looking Forward by Studying the Past in East and Southeast Asia: The Next 50 Years

10:00 am - 12:00 pm Session A: Empire, Urbanism, and Monumentality 10:00-10:20 Francis Allard (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)

The Han empire’s southern borderlands: Perspectives from archaeology and history

10:25-10:45 Zhicun Jing (University of British Columbia)

Shang urbanism and the evolution of simplicity 10:50-11:10 James Burton (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

The use of isotopes in dental enamel to investigate human mobility in eastern China during the Shang Dynasty

11:15-11:35 Alice Yao (University of Chicago)

Monumentality in the Bronze Age of southwest China? 2:00 pm - 4:00 pm Session B: Patterns of Trade and Conflict in Southeast Asia 2:00-2:20 Laura Junker (University of Illinois at Chicago)

Conflictive trade, value and power relations in Philippine maritime trading polities of the 8th-19th century Philippines

2:25-2:45 Lisa Niziolek (Field Museum, Chicago)

Early Trade along the maritime Silk Road in East and Southeast Asia: A view from the Java Sea Wreck

2:50-3:10 Alison Carter (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

Glass Artifacts at Angkor: Evidence for exchange? 3:15-3:35 Peter Lape (University of Washington)

Causes of incipient warfare in protohistoric island Southeast Asia 4:20 pm - 5:40 pm Session C: Cultural Heritage 4:20-4:40 Hyung Il Pai (University of California, Santa Barbara)

Gateway to Korea: Colonialism, nationalism, and reconstructing ruins as tourist landmarks (1905-2012)

4:45-5:25 Bui Van Liem (Vietnam Institute of Archaeology)

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New achievements in Vietnamese archaeological research for cultural heritage

Saturday March 16, 2013 10:25 am - 12:30 pm Session D: Technology: Stone, Ceramics, and Iron 10:25-10:45 J. Mark Kenoyer (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

Stone beads from Anyang and Houma: New perspectives on Shang and Zhou ornament traditions

10:50-11:10 Mitch Hendrickson (University of Illinois at Chicago)

Dating the end of industry? Assessing the history of iron production within the Angkorian period center of Preah Khan of Kompong Svay, Cambodia.

11:15-11:35 James Stoltman (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

New insights into the composition of ceramic molds, models, and cores associated with the production of Chinese bronzes

11:40-12:00 Qinglin Li (Wuhan University, China)

Technics of earthen water pipes from the Yinxu Site, remains of a capital of the late Shang Dynasty

2:00 pm - 4:00 pm Session E: Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways 2:00-2:20 Ben Marwick (University of Washington)

The Hoabinhian of Southeast Asia and its relationship to global Pleistocene lithic technologies

2:25-2:45 Trinh Hoang Hiep (Vietnam Institute of Archaeology)

Da But culture in Vietnam 2:50-3:10 Li Liu (Stanford University)

Rethinking Neolithization in North China: Microscopic analyses of plant processing on grinding stones

3:15-3:35 Junko Habo (University of California, Berkeley)

Jomon Food Diversity and Long-Term Sustainability: Lessons from Prehistoric Japan

4:00 Closing Remarks

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Session A: Empire, Urbanism, and Monumentality Francis Allard (Indiana University of Pennsylvania) The Han Empire’s southern borderlands: Perspectives from archaeology and history Over the span of three years (113 – 110 BCE), Han Wudi’s military campaigns resulted in the dramatic expansion of the Han Empire, whose southern arc extended from present-day Yunnan to northern Vietnam and Fujian. Looking back from our modern viewpoint, this early expansion appears to have been both rapid and successful, a notion, which to some accounts for the southern arc’s assumed stability over the following two thousand years. This paper reveals how archaeology and history force us to reconsider this simplified image of the southern region’s incorporation into the empire. In fact, a closer look at the Han period texts themselves reveals the process to have been halting and incomplete, while more recent historical accounts further underscore the need to distinguish between the political, cultural and administrative boundaries of expanding empires. Following a review of some of these historical sources, this paper discusses features of the archaeological landscape at the Han Empire’s southern periphery. Together, this archaeological and historical data allow us to characterize the southern periphery of the Han polity – and the process of incorporation into the empire - as dynamic, uneven, and incomplete. Zhicun Jing (University of British Columbia) Shang urbanism and the evolution of simplicity Increasing archaeological and inscriptional data clearly suggest that the early phases of the occupation at Yinxu (the “ruins of Yin”, the capital of last nine Shang kings) show much more variability and diversity in forms and styles of artifacts and architectures than the later phases, possibly suggesting a high degree of heterogeneity of material culture and population in the beginning of urbanization at Yinxu, and a tendency of becoming more and more simplified, standardized, and legible toward the end of the dynasty. The process of simplification was the most striking in ceramics that were becoming less diverse in form, style, and manufacturing technology from the beginning to the end of the dynasty. During the late phases, more and more crude facsimiles, known in later historical texts as "spirit objects", were mass-produced for the use in most graves. The evolution of simplicity in material culture and social practice also has the support from some divinatory practices as recorded in oracle bone inscriptions. After the reign of Wu Ding (the first king of late Shang dynasty), divination became more systematic, more formalized, and less comprehensive, in association with a more routinized administration and regularized cultic and political practice. In this paper, we argue that the Shang city at Yinxu was intentionally and actively created to serve the needs and interests of socially and culturally differentiated groups that may have originally come from local communities and/or distant territories and spoken different dialects or even languages, particularly during the beginning phase

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of urbanization, with a more standardized dialect and writing toward the end of the dynasty.

Session A: Empire, Urbanism, and Monumentality James Burton (University of Wisconsin-Madison) The use of isotopes in dental enamel to investigate human mobility in eastern China during the Shang Dynasty As part of a more extensive study of population dynamics in China during the second millennium B.C., we did a pilot study of individuals from an elite tomb, M54, in the royal district of the Yinxu site, Anyang China. Because dental enamel develops during childhood and retains the chemical and isotopic signature of place of birth, analyses of isotopes of strontium, oxygen, and carbon in enamel can reveal immigrants at an archaeological site and place constraints on their possible places of birth. The range of exotic 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicates that the elite burial and associated retainers came from multiple locations; carbon and oxygen isotopes suggest some origins quite far south. The Tomb M54 data are consistent with the perspective that some of the important individuals at Yinxu and their retainers were from multiple locations outside the Yellow River region. Alice Yao (University of Chicago) Monumentality in the Bronze Age of southwest China? Current understandings of Bronze Age political formations in highland Yunnan rest on burial sequences postdating 500 BC. While the wealth of material culture and glimpses of political life depicted in the burial assemblage argue for a society with institutional forms of authority, how societies such as the “Dian” and Yelang came into being remain unclear. While archaeological data are currently inadequate to probe the macro-scale processes driving regional development, I examine the mortuary activity from the first half of the Bronze Age in the Qujing alluvial basin (~900 BC). By looking at how certain practices became conventionalized in the funerary ritual, I explore the different memories that might have been at stake for three different communities and how these exigencies might have incidentally led to the emergence of monumental practices.

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Session B: Patterns of Trade and Conflict in Southeast Asia Laura Junker (University of Illinois at Chicago) Conflictive trade, value and power relations in Philippine maritime trading polities of the 8th-19th century Philippines In a study of “conflictive” or “hot” trade, historical sources, archaeological evidence, and ethnographic work are combined to examine the long-term history of trade and social dynamics between pre-modern Philippine maritime trading polities, their foreign trade partners outside the archipelago, and culturally distinct interior groups enmeshed in local exchange systems, including small-scale swidden farming societies and mobile foragers. In previous studies of pre- European island Southeast Asian maritime and riverine trade, researchers have emphasized a largely economic “exchange value” and top-down approach in which, if they considered social contexts of exchange at all, power differentials were viewed as created by elites in urban production centers, and flowing uni-dimensionally from these power centers in a “frictionless” manner through increasingly disenfranchised local chieftains, tribal populations and small-scale foraging groups. What this view has masked are all the complexities of power relations and the “multiple histories” coming out of interweaving the historical and archaeological narratives of the many players in the Philippine trade networks of the 8th-19th centuries. In advancing a multi- scalar and multi-vocal alternative framework, archaeological evidence from the Tanjay Region is to provide a more intimate portrait of local exchanges and social relations embedded in these maritime trade networks on a “micro-scale”. Lisa Niziolek (Field Museum, Chicago) Early Trade along the maritime Silk Road in East and Southeast Asia: A view from the Java Sea Wreck Although much historical work has been done on early trading networks in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean regions, few published projects have utilized the rich contributions that underwater archaeology can make to the study of such relationships and their intricacies. In this paper, I will use the 13th century Java Sea Shipwreck as a starting point to examine pre-modern maritime exchange networks—ranging from local to transregional—and the production of trade items in East and Southeast Asia during the early second millennium A.D. This Indonesian ship was found off the coast of Java in the late 1980s by fishermen and was excavated in 1996. Included in the vessel’s cargo are high-fired ceramics and iron from China and earthenware, aromatic resin, and ivory from Southeast Asia. Also present are items likely used by the crew and merchants onboard, such as sharpening stones, scale bars and weights, glass, and other sundries. Not only does the ship’s cargo attest to the massive scale on which the production and exchange of material goods took place, it also presents intriguing possibilities regarding the people involved in early mass production and global trading networks that were part of the Maritime Silk Road.

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Session B: Patterns of Trade and Conflict in Southeast Asia Alison Carter (University of Wisconsin-Madison) Glass Artifacts at Angkor: Evidence for exchange? Although glass beads were found in large quantities in Southeast Asia during the Iron Age and into the first millennium AD, glass artifacts from the Angkorian period (8-14th century AD) are less common and have not been as well researched. A small number of glass beads and objects have also been found in excavations at Angkorian period sites and a study of these objects can help elucidate trading patterns during this period. This paper will explore glass beads and artifacts from the 9th century royal palace site of Prei Monti, and a small number of other glass beads from excavations in the Angkor region by the Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient (EFEO) and beads found at a recent excavation of an Angkorian stone sculpture workshop dating from the 13th century. Results from these studies will be compared with published data from contemporary glass artifact collections from elsewhere in Southeast Asia. This preliminary study of Angkorian period glass objects will help scholars understand how these artifacts were being traded within the Angkor Empire and Southeast Asia more broadly. Peter Lape (University of Washington) Causes of incipient warfare in protohistoric island Southeast Asia Recent research on the archaeology of fortifications in Timor Leste and the wider Island Southeast Asia region have focused on debates about the major causal factors for incipient and ongoing group conflict. Inherent in this debate are underlying tensions about environmental determinism, chronological uncertainty and disjunctions between textual and archaeological evidence. These tensions show up (both explicitly and implicitly) in similar debates across the Pacific and globally. This paper explores the role of model building as one way out of the possible morass of scholarly attitudes and positions that threaten to derail healthy debate and advancement of research on this topic. The primary case studies used to explore these issues are the fortified settlements of Timor Leste, which first appear about AD 1300. The paper will focus specifically on issues of food production in mixed agricultural/gathering economies and its role in mediating/fomenting group conflict, risk tolerance strategies in the context of new research on human mnemonic chronology of environmental change, and the role of landscape in the investment and execution of group conflict.

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Session C: Cultural Heritage

Hyung Il Pai (University of California, Santa Barbara) Gateway to Korea: Colonialism, nationalism, and reconstructing ruins as tourist landmarks (1905-2012) This paper traces the transformation of South Gate as the oldest architectural monument symbolizing the antiquity, beauty and patrimony of Seoul, the 600 year-old dynastic capital. Using the case study of Korea's number one national treasure, the paper investigates the aesthetic, political, and economic agendas of the producers and promoters of heritage knowledge. Due to time constraints, here we will focus on visual archives dating back to the 1890s when the earliest mass produced photographs taken by stereo-view companies, local studios, and diplomats were subsequently recycled in newspapers, postcards, and guidebooks, giving foreigners their first glimpse into the customs and manners of the «Hermit Kingdom». Beginning in 1917, the fifteen volume series titled, Album of Korean Antiquities compiled by Tokyo Imperial University trained architects/archaeologists were instrumental in the creation of a colonial inventory/ ranking order of protected remains and treasures (1933) which was inherited by the Office of Cultural Properties (1961-present). Finally, the paper dissects the latest reconstruction reports published by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage staff who carried out the first systematic excavation and conservation project in order to salvage the gate's building materials from the ruins of an arson fire in 2008. The conclusion contextualizes the tragedy of South-Gate in the framework of century old efforts to preserve the «authenticity» of the cultural landscape of fortress cities from urban encroachment, transportation industry, environmental damage, and tourist development. Bui Van Liem (Vietnam Institute of Archaeology) New achievements in Vietnamese archaeological research for cultural heritage Scattered throughout the modern-day country of Vietnam are archaeological sites and artifacts from the prehistoric through the historic period, located in varied terrains and environments, from mountains, to midland plains, to islands. In recent years, archaeology in Vietnam has been marked by important new research achievements. Notably, research has contributed to assessments of the cultural and historic value of the monuments and various sites, which has been the basis for identifying, protecting and promoting the values of cultural heritage. Increasingly, this domain has become the concern of many governments in the international community. This article presents the results of new research by Vietnamese archaeologists in recent years, and how projects have contributed to the management of cultural heritage for various sites. Such sites include those newly inscribed with UNESCO World Heritage status, such as the Thang Long - Hanoi Imperial Citadel and the Ho Citadel. Beyond these achievements, challenges remain in the archeology of Vietnam from its prehistory to

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history, and ongoing research can provide the important first steps in raising awareness, clarifying issues, and suggesting new areas of further study.

Session D: Technology: Stone, Ceramics, and Iron

J. Mark Kenoyer (University of Wisconsin-Madison) Stone beads from Anyang and Houma: New perspectives on Shang and Zhou ornament traditions Recent studies of carnelian and jade beads from elite burials at the sites of Anyang and Houma provide new insights into the nature of lapidary traditions of the Shang (circa 1600-1050 BCE) and Zhou Periods (circa 1046-256 BCE). This paper will examine the evidence for raw material resource acquisition during the two periods and compare the manufacturing processes used to produce carnelian and jade (nephrite) beads. Preliminary studies of archaeological beads indicate the use of multiple source areas and distinctive production techniques that appear to change over time. The methods used for analysis will be discussed and suggestions for future studies outlined. Initial studies reveal the production of beads using a variety of stones, such as carnelian, nephrite and other colored rocks using both local and non-local manufacturing traditions. These patterns suggest that both Shang and Zhou elites were linked to relatively expansive trade networks and incorporated many non-local styles of beads into their traditional and ritual ornaments. The role of specialized bead making in the emergence of early state society will also be discussed and compared with evidence from other early state societies in South Asia and West Asia. Mitch Hendrickson (University of Illinois at Chicago) Dating the end of industry? Assessing the history of iron production within the Angkorian period center of Preah Khan of Kompong Svay, Cambodia. Dating the end of industry? Assessing the history of iron production within the Angkorian period centre of Preah Khan of Kompong Svay, Cambodia Iron was a key material in the expansion of the medieval Khmer Empire, which spread across mainland Southeast Asia from the capital of Angkor (9th to 15th centuries A.D.). The Industries of Angkor Project (INDAP) represents the first rigorous investigation of the procurement, production and distribution of iron. Currently, Preah Khan of Kompong Svay (Preah Khan) is the only Angkorian period city with evidence of iron smelting inside its enclosure walls with over thirty iron slag concentrations recorded by INDAP. The assumption has been that Preah Khan was producing iron to meet the peak building and political requirements of the Khmer elite at Angkor between the 11th and 13th centuries. This paper explores the use of AMS dating in-slag charcoals from surface collections to assess ‘terminal’ iron production at individual sites and across the entire city. Our results show, contrary to the initial hypothesis, that only two sites appear to have stopped producing within the peak of the Angkorian period while the remaining slag concentrations were last used in the Post-Angkorian era (15th to 18th centuries A.D.), providing the first evidence of metal production in this little known period of Cambodian history.

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Session D: Technology: Stone, Ceramics, and Iron

James Stoltman (University of Wisconsin-Madison) New insights into the composition of ceramic molds, models, and cores associated with the production of Chinese bronzes The findings of petrographic and SEM analyses of thin sections of ceramic molds, models, and cores essential for the production of bronzes are described for two of China’s most famous Bronze Age sites, Yinxu and Houma. Counter to the view that these artifacts were made from unaltered loess, they have been revealed to be far more compositionally complex, the result of several steps in the processing of the local loess. Depending upon the function of each of these artifacts, at least two of three procedural steps were employed in their manufacture: levigation, the selective addition of sand temper, and the addition lime. The evidence for each of these steps and the reasons for them are described. Qinglin Li (Wuhan University, China) Technics of earthen water pipes from the Yinxu Site, remains of a capital of the late Shang Dynasty Lots of earthen water pipes were excavated from the Yinxu site (14th-11th century B.C., where the remains of the late Shang dynasty capital are located), Anyang, Henan Province, China. These earthen water pipes were used as underground drainpipes, and they are one of the earliest examples of drainpipes in China known so far. Here, some technologies such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), dilatometric method (DIL), and others, were used to study the technics of these earthen water pipes. For comparison, some ordinary pottery samples excavated from the Yinxu site were analyzed at the same time. The results show that chemical compositions of earthen water pipes are different from those of potteries, which means that the raw material of earthen water pipes is different from that of potteries. Meanwhile, the firing temperature of water pipes is higher than that of potteries, and other physical properties such as density and porosity of water pipes are better than those of potteries also. So, it is concluded that earthen water pipes and potteries were fired in different kilns, and water pipes were fired in a higher temperature because of their special purpose.

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Session E: Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways Ben Marwick (University of Washington) The Hoabinhian of Southeast Asia and its relationship to global Pleistocene lithic technologies The Hoabinhian is a distinctive Pleistocene stone artefact technology of mainland and island Southeast Asia. Its relationships to key patterns of technological change both at a global scale and in adjacent regions such as East Asia, South Asia and Australia are currently poorly understood. These key patterns are important indicators of evolutionary and demographic change in human prehistory so our understanding of the Hoabinhian may be substantially enhanced by examining these relationships. In this paper I present new evidence of ancient Hoabinhian technology from Northwest Thailand and examine connections between Hoabinhian technology and the innovation of other important Pleistocene technological processes such as radial core geometry, bifacial flake reduction and ground edge tools. I present some claims about the evolutionary significance of the Hoabinhian and recommend future research priorities. Trinh Hoang Hiep (Vietnam Institute of Archaeology) Da But culture in Vietnam The earliest signs of pottery usage in southern China and mainland Southeast Asia have been subject to much debate, with recent evidence indicating pottery older than 12,000 BP. The presently available data from northern Vietnam lacks information about types of pottery with thick, plain surfaces, and to date no pottery predating the Da But culture has been found, although future research may show otherwise. Presently, the full Neolithic artifact assemblages of Vietnam, which includes pottery and polished axes-adzes, Cai Beo and Da But culture assemblages, show continuity from the Bacsonian period. Da But Culture sites are distributed in provinces of the Red River Delta. It is possible that pottery from the earliest cultural period of Da But (c. 7000-5000 BP) represents the oldest type in Vietnam. The cord-marked pottery assemblage with retaining partly polished axe was confirmed in the lower part of the upper layer above the marine transgression with dates, which can be considered contemporaneous with the Da But type assemblages. With roots in the Hoa Binh culture, the Da But cultural materials has implications for cultural development and change from the Neolithic into the early Metal Age.

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Session E: Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways Li Liu (Stanford University) Rethinking Neolithization in North China: Microscopic analyses of plant processing on grinding stones Residue and usewear analyses on grinding stones (slabs and handstones) found in late Paleolithic and early Neolithic sites of North China provide a great opportunity to reconstruct the ways food changed from mobile hunting-gathering society to sedentary farming community. It has long been believed that grinding stones were associated primarily with processing domesticated millet, as an indicator of agricultural development. However, several recent research projects directed at starch remains and usewear patterns on grinding stones have shed new light on the tools’ function. The results show that Paleolithic and Neolithic peoples processed various plants with these tools, including tubers, beans, nuts, and cereals. Exploitation of wild millet can be traced back to 23,000 cal. BP, more than 13,000 years before its domestication. Several species of tuber and acorn made up significant amounts of staple food during the early Neolithic, when millet domestication was already underway. These new data helps us to better understand the process of Neolithization in North China. Junko Habo (University of California, Berkeley) Jomon Food Diversity and Long-Term Sustainability: Lessons from Prehistoric Japan This paper focuses on the mechanisms of settlement growth and decline in complex hunter- gatherer societies of prehistoric Japan. Early and Middle Jomon (ca. 6000-4000 years ago) archaeological data from northern Japan indicate that the loss of food diversity and an expansion of the scale of society may have negatively affected long-term sustainability of prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies. Through an examination of this case study, it is argued that archaeology is critical in our understanding of long-term human-environmental interactions.