COLUMBIA off-grid market 12 pages v3 - The … · Rainforest region shared with Venezuela, Brazil,...

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Alliance for Rural Electrification

THE COLOMBIA OFF-GRID MARKETThe ARE Market Briefs Series

THE COLOMBIA OFF-GRID MARKETIN 12 PAGES

Players and Business Opportunities

The ARE Market BriefsSeries

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Summary

Renewable Energies Overview

Hydropower

Hydropower has been and will continue to be a pivotal renewable energy source for Colombia, as it is the country’s primary generation source (the country is fourth in Latin America and the Caribbean in hydroelectric generation). Currently, small hydro plays a significant role in national clean power generation, representing 519 MW of the country’s total installed capacity.

Wind Energy

Colombia is one of the windiest countries in South America, although it only fulfills approximately 0.4% of the country’s potential at present. The La Guajira peninsula is one of the best sites on the continent; if the entire wind potential of nearly 18 GW were to be developed, the country’s entire electricity demand would be fulfilled.

Solar Energy

The proximity to the equator makes Colombia an excellent source of solar energy. The northern coast is, apart from being the windiest, also the sunniest, and there the potential is up to 6 kWh/m2/day, year-round (as a comparison, Helsinki is 0,2 kWh/m2/day in Winter and around 5 kWh/m2/day in summer).

Geothermal Energy

Colombia has identified at least three regions in the country with high geothermal potential, all of them situated close to volcanoes (Chiles-Cerro Negro, Azufral volcano in Nariño, Sierra Nevada National Park, and Paipa-Iza Boyaca).

Biomass

Agriculture is a key sector in Colombia’s economy. The large quantity of agricultural residues produced by this industry significantly enhances the country’s biomass generation potential. The most suitable places for generating this form of energy are the Departments of Santander and Norte de Santander, the Llanos Orientales and the Caribbean coast.

Colombia’s large untapped potential for rural electrification is coupled with the government’s willingness and support to expand the renewable energy sector. A large portion of Colombia’s territory is located outside the National Interconnected System, and as grid extension to rural areas is often prohibitively expensive, decentralised and off-grid solutions based on biomass, geothermal, hydro, solar and wind energy present a viable alternative to energy provided by the national grid. These solutions, combined with the significant willingness to pay in rural areas, result in a very promising future towards full electricity access in Colombia.

No portion of this document may be reproduced, scanned into an electronic system, distributed, publicly displayed or used as the basis of derivative works without the prior written common consent of ARE and BREG. For more information on terms of use, please contact Marcus Wiemann (mailto: [email protected]) or Dimitry Gershenson (mailto: [email protected]).

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1. Introduction

Colombia’s geography is characterised by its main natural regions: the Andes mountain range region shared with Ecuador and Venezuela; the Pacific coastal region shared with Panama and Ecuador; the Caribbean coastal region shared with Venezuela and Panama; the Llanos (plains) shared with Venezuela; the Amazon Rainforest region shared with Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador.

The Republic of Colombia is divided into 32 Departments; the poorest populations are in the Departments of Boyacá, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Huila, Nariño, Sucre and Tolima. In recent years, economic growth has been impressive, reaching 8.2% in 2007, 6.6% in 2011, and 5.9% in 2012. According to the World Bank, in 2012 its GDP amounted to US$ 369.6 billion. It is one of the fastest growing economies in Latin America due to its respectable property rights, 3.4% inflation, and US$ 13.2 billion inflow of FDI.

The Government of Colombia is highly supportive of expanding energy access, investing in renewable energy production, and facilitating the participation of private firms in the nation’s energy industry. Colombia is a member of the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE), which promotes regional cooperation and integration between countries for sustainable energy development in Latin America and the Caribbean. In Colombia about 70% of electricity is provided by hydropower plants, while the electricity from other renewable sources was only 0.4% of total installed capacity in 2009.

Off-grid and mini-grid solutions are a very promising option to satisfy the demand and need for energy access throughout the country, as grid extension is often prohibitively expensive (especially in the Andean territories) and nearly unfeasible on the technical level.

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Colombia indicators (Table 1)

Surface (km2) 1,138,910 CIA World Factbook

Population (absolute numbers) 47,704,427 World Bank

Population density (people per sq.km) 40.6 Tradingeconomics.com

Share of urban population 33,529,388 (74.5%) Tradingeconomics.com

Share of rural population 11,476,475 (25.5%) Tradingeconomics.com

GDP (in bn $) US$ 366 (2012) CIA World Factbook

GDP per capita ($) $11,000 (2012) CIA World Factbook

GDP real annual growth rate (%) 4% (2012) CIA World Factbook

Rank in Human development Index (Total 186) 91 Human Development Reports

Rank Ease of doing Business (Total 183) 42 World Bank

Share of ODA in GDP (% of GNI) 0.3 World Bank

Consumption of electricity per capita kWh/month 30 International Bank for Reconstruction

Indicator Figure Source of information

(ranked 110 in the world)

(ranked 110 in the world)

(0.3 also 2003-2007)

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2. Framework

The Colombian electricity sector has benefited from political and economic stability as well as market-oriented reforms. The state monopoly over power generation, transmission and distribution was broken following the industry’s deregulation in the mid-1990s. The Regulatory Commission for Energy and Gas (Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas) was established in 1993 to oversee both public and private energy firms as well as to define tariff structures.

In 1994, the government enacted Laws 142 and 143 that still provide the current framework for the electricity sector. Law 142 established the provision of electricity, telecommunications, water, sewage, and bottled gas distribution as essential public services that may be provided by both public and private entities. Law 143 targets greater private sector involvement in the power sector through the unbundling of generation, transmission and distribution. Finally, Decree 1124 from 2008, which rules the Law 1099 of 2006, further delineated the mechanisms to present plans, programmes and projects to obtain funding for electricity projects.

The National Council of Economic and Social Policy (Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social or Conpes) has published plans to manage the electrification of the off-grid zones. For example, Plan Colombia has focused on the Pacific coast of the country, Orinoquía and the Amazon, in accordance with the Law 855 of 2003.

Whereas about 66% of the country’s area is located in Non-Interconnected Zones (ZNI), the National Interconnected System (SIN) covers approximately 87% of the population. In the ZNI, installed capacity for power generation is 118 MW, of which 108.5 MW correspond to diesel plants and the remaining 9.5 MW to SHP and photovoltaic systems.

The Colombian government has three state funds (see below) specifically designed to promote energy infrastructure projects in rural and urban areas. All of these can be used to develop renewable energy projects. The resources are directly allocated stated funds, subject to evaluation and allocation criteria from the state.

The first state fund is the “Financial Support Fund for the Electrification of non-interconnected Zones (FAZNI)”. It finances non-conventional power generation projects (RE), local electricity distribution, the interconnection of rural grids and the rehabilitation of existing infrastructure in non-interconnected areas. Law 855 of 18 December 2003 defines the locations that are considered non-interconnected zones and sets priorities in allocating FAZNI resources. One of the recent large financed projects under this program was the “Sistema de Transmisión Nacional (STN-LAC)” for US$ 66.944 million financed in 2012.

The second state fund is the “Financial Support Fund for Energy Provision of Interconnected Zones (FAER)”. This fund allows local authorities, together with the support of electricity providers, to become developers of priority investment plans, programmes and projects for the construction and installation of new electrical infrastructure. The aim of FAER is to expand coverage and ensure the satisfaction of energy demand in interconnected rural areas, according to the coverage expansion plans structured by each network operator.

The third state fund is the “National Royalties Fund (FNR)”, which is endowed mainly with royalties from the exploitation of mining and energy resources in the country. The fund supplements the National Development Plan (for energy policy) by funding government projects.

Sistema Interconectado Nacional (SIN) – On Grid 3.5% 6.5%

Zonas No Interconectadas (ZNI) – Off-grid 20% ** 30%

Colombia’s national renewable energy targets (Table 2)

Connection Status RE target 2015 * RE target 2020 *

* Figures do not include large hydro power.

** 20% is made up of 8% present capacity and 12% from wind, biomass, SHP and solar energy.

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Ministry of Mines and Energy - Ministerio de Minas y Energía

Institute of Planning and Promotion of Energy Solutions (IPSE) - Instituto de Planificación y Promoción de Soluciones Energéticas

Mining and Energy Planning Unit (UPME) - Unidad de Planeación Minero-Energética

Regulatory Commission for Energy and Gas (CREG) - Comision de Regulación de energía y gas

Superintendent of Public Services (Superservicios) - Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios

XM - Markets Experts

Planning Advisory Committee of Transmission (CAPT), National Operation Council (CON), Advisory Committee for Coordination and Follow Country Energy Situation (CACSSE)

Institute of Industrial Promotion (IFI) - Instituto de Fomento Industrial

National Center for cleaner production and environmental technologies (CNPMLTA) - Centro nacional de produccion mas limpia y tecnologias ambientales

ISAGEN

Foreign Trade Bank of Colombia (Bancoldex) - Banco de Comercio Exterior de Colombia

Colombian Office for Climate Change Mitigation - Oficina Colombiana para la Mitigación del Cambio Climátic

Ministry of the Environment - Ministero de Medio Ambiente

Energy Authorities in Colombia (Table 3)

Institution Role

Electricity sector management and policy

- Provides structural energy solutions in rural communities.- Technical and financial evaluation of energy projects in the rural sector.- Monitoring and follow-up of the provision of the electric service in the Non Interconnected Zones.

- Planning.- Responsible for electricity demand projections and the generation and transmission expansion plan.- Offers funds for the implementation of electrification projects in off-grid areas with a focus on renewable energy sources.

Electricity sector regulation

Surveillance

System Operation and Market Administration

Technical Consulting

Offers funds for the industrial sector.

- Non-profit organisation. - Energy efficiency and cleaner production programs, training, technical assistance, technology transfer, advice on policy and regulation and management of financial resources.

State power generation company

Offers funds for the entrepreneurial sector development.

Elaborated the Roadmap for the clean development mechanism (Plan de trabajo para el mecanismo de desarrollo limpio, July 2002) for projects for the off-grid areas electrification, together with IPSE.

Manages national environment issues.

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Program for Rational and Efficient Use of Energy and Other Forms of Non-Conventional Energy (Resolution 180919)

National Energy Plan 2006-2025

Standardization Program of Electrical Networks

Tax exemptions and incentives for ethanol producers (Law 788)

Law 697 on the promotion of the efficient and rational use of energy and alternative energies

Decision 536 (OLADE)

Policy and Regulation in Colombia (Table 4)

Title Year Status Description

2010

2007

2003

2002

2001

2002

In Force

Superseded

In Force

In Force

In Force

The Indicative Action Plan 2010-2015 seeks to promote the rational and efficient use of energy and to encourage the participation of non-conventional forms of energy in the national grid and in non-connected regions. The RE (non-conventional energy sources - FNCE) related parts of the plan state the 2015 and 2020 targets for RE. The target for national grid-connected regions is 3.5% and 6.5% and for non-connected regions is 20% and 30% for 2015 and 2020 respectively.

The National Energy Plan proposes energy policies that could be adopted by the Ministry of Mines and Energy and other agents. The objective of these policies is to meet the energy demand at efficient prices.

The renewable energy (Non-Conventional Sources of Energy) related part of this plan discusses the status and potential of various RE technologies in Colombia. It also identifies strategies for increasing the share of RE in grid connected, non-connected and transport sector.

The Standardization Program of Electrical networks aims for technical improvement and standardization of power grids and facilities in rural or urban conditions. This program provides funding for projects: many calls for projects have been completed since the inception in 2003.

As part of a wider tax reform, ethanol destined for blending with gasoline for motor vehicles was exempted from the global tax on gasoline. Ethanol, as a fuel, was exempted from VAT. According to Article 18 of the law, the sale of electricity generated from wind, biomass and agricultural residue was exempted from income tax (after fulfillment of some conditions).

This law declared the Rational and Efficient Use of Energy a matter of social, public and national interest, fundamental to ensure the full and timely energy supply, the competitiveness of the Colombian economy and consumer protection. It promotes the sustainable use of non-conventional energy, such as (but not limited to) solar panels, gas generators, wind turbines, and heaters (art. 10). It created the Program to Develop Rational and Efficient Use of Energy and Non-conventional Forms of Energy (PROURE) to improve energy efficiency across the energy supply chain in the context of sustainable development and in compliance with current environmental and renewable natural resource regulations.This law indicates that the Ministry of Mines and Energy is responsible for promoting, organising, securing and monitoring development programs and the efficient use of energy. Formulation of policies, strategies and instruments to promote renewable energy in off-grid zones (art. 9).

Agreement among Colombia, Ecuador and Peru to foster electricity exchanges. Colombia expects increased electricity demand from neighbouring countries.

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Electrificadora Santander SA ESP

(“ESSA”)

Energía del Pacífico S.A. E.S.P

(“EPSA”)

Central Hidroeléctrica de Caldas S.A. E.S.P.

(“Chec”)

-

-

-

Main Electricity Companies in Colombia (Table 5)

Generation companies Transmission Distribution


(“ESSA”)


(“EPSA”)

-

Empresa de Energía de Bogotá

(“EEB”)

-

-


(“ESSA”)


(“EPSA”)

Central Hidroeléctrica de Caldas S.A.

E.S.P. (“Chec”)

-

Empresa de Energía del Quindío S.A.

E.S.P. (“EDEQ ”)

Empresa De Energía De Boyacá S.A.

E.S.P (“EBSA”)

Latin American Energy Organization(OLADE) - www.olade.org

APROTEC - www.aprotec.com.co

TETRATECH - www.tetratech.com

FNCE Programme - www.upme.gov.co

URE Programme - www.minminas.gov.co

Inter-American Development Bank - www.iadb.org

Key Donors and NGOs active in the electricity sector of Colombia (Table 6)

Name Role

Political and technical support organisation for regional and sub-regional energy integration. Promotes agreements between its Member Countries for sustainable development obtained from the different sources of energy.

Specialised in developing projects for the use of Clean and Renewable Sources of Energy (photovoltaic, wind, micro hydro and solar).

Provides technical studies, planning, engineering, design and construction management services on environmental, energy, infrastructure, and natural resources.

Promotes Non-Conventional energy sources.

Promote the efficient and rational use of energy.

Supports and invests in Colombia RE programmes by providing loans to the national government for project and policy development..

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3. Demand for Electricity

Colombia’s energy demand in 2012 was 59.366 TWh. That year its peak power load was 9.504 MW, which implies a peak power demand growth of 6.58%. In 2011, its total electricity net consumption was 50.251 TWh.

In 2010, oil and its products accounted for 56% of energy demanded and 19% of electricity produced. The transport sector is the largest consumer of energy (37%), followed by industry sectors (24%) and households (22%).

The region containing the most municipalities situated within the Non Interconnected Zones (NIZ) is the Department of Chocó (28,6%). Despite its necessity of power, the region has a low installed capacity (13.4% of total capacity of NIZ) while the Amazon represents 20.8% of the total installed capacity and has only a 2.2% of municipalities within the NIZ. Caquetá is third for the number of municipalities within the NIZ, and is the department with the highest average energy costs in the nation.

Regarding rural electricity demand, Colombia has already made strong efforts to reach out to its 46.3

million citizens. A large portion of Colombia’s territory (66% of the country’s area) is located outside the SIN, namely in the non-interconnected zones (ZNI). The SIN covers approximately 87% of the population. Electric power coverage is 93% in urban areas and 55% in rural areas. Approximately 2.3 million people live outside electricity networks.

The Colombian grid is highly reliable, as the last major blackout occurred in 1991. This is largely due to the substantial oil and gas backup generation to complement the variability in hydropower due to wet and dry seasons.

Although the demand for off-grid energy is substantial, the feasibility of satisfying this demand is challenging. A considerable proportion of Colombia’s population lives in rural areas, with some regions even having as few as two people per km². Consequently, a mix of rural electrification approaches will have to be considered in order to substantially increase energy access. Relevant technologies include micro-grids, solar, wind and small hydro.

‘Comisión de Regulación de

Energíay Gas’

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4. Supply of Electricity

Colombia is a country with a wide range of primary energy sources that ensure the supply of domestic demand. It is also a net exporter of energy. In 2011 its total electricity installed capacity was 14.466 GW, its total renewable electricity installed capacity 9.778 GW and its total non-hydro renewable electricity installed capacity 0.060 GW.

For 2013, the Mining and Energy Planning Unit (UPME) notes a total generation capacity of 14,555.7 MW, of which 64% hydro, 31% thermal, 4.6% smaller installations including SHP and wind (<= 20 MW) and 0.4% cogeneration.

Colombia has excellent insolation, as well as areas with significant potential for wind energy, and also a considerable amount of agro-industrial waste that can be used as biomass. Despite this, the RE potential in this country is far from being exploited.

Renewable energy can be developed under two scenarios in Colombia. The first one is the electricity market in which renewable technologies are regulated by the same conditions that apply for other technologies (large, medium or small scale generation). Renewable energy plants are considered as small plants by the power dispatch rules. The alternative is to supply of energy in rural areas that are located in Colombia’s non- interconnected zones.

Colombia’s regulatory framework for the power sector combines market-led growth with government planning and oversight. The state continues to play a role in energy planning to ensure electricity supply for the growing population but the electricity framework is largely market driven, and providers can either build new power plants independently or compete in government-run spot market auctions to provide the cheapest fuel source. Distributors can buy power from generators on the spot market or through long-term contracts.

Hydropower

Thermal

Small plants

Cogeneration

Total

Composition of the Energy Generation 2011-2012 (Table 7)

Resource 2011 (GWH) 2012 (GWH) % Variation (%)

45.583

9.384

3.337

317

58.620

44.924

11.506

3.213

347

59.989

74,9%

19,2%

5,4%

0,6%

100%

-1,4%

22,6%

-3,7%

9,4%

2%

Production Capacity of Registered Generation Projects (Figure 1)

11.00010.0009.0008.0007.0006.0005.0004.0003.0002.0001.000

0

Hydroelectric Thermoelectric Carbon Thermoelectric Gas Other

Fuente: Unidad de Planeacion Minero Energética

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Colombia Energy Potential (Figure 2)

Oil Reserves

Gas Reserves

Hydro Power

Coal

Ethanol

Biodiesel

Wind

CURRENT POTENTIAL GROWTH

2.0 billion barrels

5.8 Tcf

9,400 MW

85 million tons/year

7 billion tons reserves

1.3 million liters/day132,000 has of Sugar Cane

506,000 tons/year168,200 has of Africn Palm

19.5 MW

11 billion barrels

5-35 additional Tcf

90,000 MW

130 million tons/year

7 billion tons reserves

1.5 million has

1 million has

5,000 MW

5x

2-7x

10x

1.5x

10x

8x

19.5 MW

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5. Expansion plans

Colombia has a considerable number of projects in the pipeline, specifically with regard to generation. These include two projects aiming to add a capacity of 228 million litres of bioethanol per year by the end of 2013, two projects to add 20 MW of small hydro capacity by the end of 2014 and an additional 11 such projects to add 102 MW have been announced.

Six projects have been announced to add 34 MW of biomass-fired capacity as well as one project to add 2.7

MW of marine capacity.

The Colombian expansion plans for 2012-2025 and 2013-2027 include numerous infrastructure projects that often require the construction of substations and circuit lines. These include the projects Caracoli, Monteria, Suria, 2nd Circuit Bolívar Cartagena, Guayabal, Tuluni, La Loma, Ituango, Porce III, 1st and 2nd Eastern Area, Carribean Coast and Southwest Area.

Schedule

The numbers correspond to project execution time Blue: Public Calls – selection Light orange: Execution

PROJECTS s o n d e f m a m j j a s o n d e f m a m j j a s o n d e f m a m j j a s o n d

1 2nd transformer 500/230 kV in Copey subestation 21

2 2nd C Bolívar - Cartagena 220 kV 30 3 Project Tuluní 230 kV 20 4 Project Suria 230 kV 30

5 Project Caracolí 220 k V 30

6 Project Montería 220 kV 30

7 Project Guayabal 220 kV 30

8 Project La Loma 500 kV 30

9 1 st Eastern Area Reinforcement 500 kV 42 ?

10 Project: Ituango 500 kV Connection of the Ituango hydroelectric plant

49 ? 11 Caribbean Coast Reinforcement

500 kV 49 ?

12 Southwest Area Reinforcement 500 kV

49 ? 13 Río Córdoba 230 kV (*) 28

2014 2015 2016 2013

Schedule of mentioned projects (Figure 3)

UPME, Unidad de Planeacion Minero Energetica

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Annex 1 : References

Under consideration of the feedback received from ARE members and partners active in the rural electrification markets of Peru this paper is also reflecting facts and figures from the following sources: Bhattacharyya, S. (2013): Rural Electrification through Decentralised Off-grid Systems in Developing Countries.

CIA World Factbook

Energy Recipes (2006): Colombian country study: Part B – Energy and Policy. http://www.energyrecipes.org/reports/reports/Colombia%20-%20Part%20B%20-%20Energy%20and%20policy%20-%20060210.pdf (28/04/2014).

Inter-American Development Bank (2013): Colombia Promotes Clean Energy Technology and Efficiency with IDB Support. http://www.iadb.org/en/news/news-releases/2013-09-23/clean-energy-technology-and-efficiency-in-colombia,10578.html (28/04/2014).

IEA/IRENA: Joint Policies and Measures Database. http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Colombia (28/04/2014).

IRENA, “Colombia Country Profile”, 2010, http://www.irena.org/REmaps/CountryProfiles/Latin%20America/Colombia.pdf (28/04/2014).

International Monetary Fund, http://www.imf.org/external/country/COL/index.htm (28/04/2014).

LYNCH, R.: An Energy Overview of Colombia, Fossil Energy International.

OLADE, UNIDO (2011): Colombia - Final Report - Product 1: Renewable Technological Base Line - Product 2: State of Art, Observatory of Renewable Energy in Latin America and the Caribbean. http://www.renenergyobservatory.org/uploads/media/Colombia_Productos_1_y_2__Eng__01.pdf (28/04/2014). OLADE, UNIDO (2011): Colombia - Final Report - Product 3: Financial Mechanisms, Observatory of Renewable Energy in Latin America and the Caribbean. http://www.renenergyobservatory.org/uploads/media/Colombia_Producto_3__Eng__01.pdf (28/04/2014).

Twenergy (2013): La energía solar en Colombia. http://twenergy.com/energia-solar/la-energia-solar-en-colombia-916 (28/04/2014).

Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME): Colombian Electric Power System: New Projects - Latest Investment Opportunities. http://www.upme.gov.co/Presentaciones/2013/Presentacion%20JAPON%20

UPME%20Nuevo%20Logo.pdf (28/04/2014).

Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME), Ministerio de Minas y Energía: Proyección de Demanda de Energía Eléctrica y Potencia Máxima, revised March 2010.

Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, Industriales Etsii UPCT : Evaluación de la energía solar fotovoltaica como solución a la dependencia energética de zonas rurales de Colombia. http://repositorio.bib.upct.es/dspace/bitstream/10317/3780/1/tfm285.pdf (28/04/2014).

U.S. Energy Information Administration, Human Development Reports, International Bank for Reconstruction, Ministerio de Minas y Energía, National Hydrocarbons Agency, Planning unit of the Biofuels Federation Corpoema, tradingeconomics.com: various data and information.

Viscidi, L. (2010): Colombia’s energy renaissance, Working Paper of the Americas Society/Council of the America Energy Action Group.

World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/country/colombia (28/04/2014).

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Alliance for Rural ElectrificationRue d’ Arlon 69-711040 BrusselsBelgium Phone : +32 2 709 55 42E-mail: [email protected]

www.ruralelec.org

COLOMBIA OFF-GRID MARKETPublication date: April 2014

About the Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE): ARE is an international business association focusing on the promotion and the development of off-grid stand-alone and

mini-grid renewable energy solutions for rural electrification in developing countries.

For more information: www.ruralelec.org

About Berkely Rural Energy Group (BREG): As part of the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory (RAEL) of the University of California, Berkeley, BREG was established (1) to conduct interdisciplinary research in the field of rural energy development; (2) to provide expertise in energy development and dissemination to foundations, NGOs and companies who are interested in enabling remote

energy access in developing country communities; (3) to provide a ‘go to’ entity to better network the Bay Area intellectual community that focuses on energy access in developing countries.

Facebook: AllianceforRuralElectrification Twitter: @RuralElec Linkedin: Alliance for Rural Electrification

No portion of this document may be reproduced, scanned into an electronic system, distributed, publicly displayed or used as the basis of derivative works without the prior written common con-sent of ARE and BREG. For more infor-mation on terms of use, please contact Marcus Wiemann (mailto: [email protected]) or Dimitry Gershenson (mailto: [email protected]).

Photo credits : Google images; Worldfinance100; Scientific American, et al.

Phot

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: Goo

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imag

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COLUMBIA off-grid market 12 pages v3 - The … · Rainforest region shared with Venezuela, Brazil,...

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