Colonization and Settlement of America

Reasons for Exploration

• Expanding populations—needed more space• Trade increased – merchants wanted access to Asia

– spices, silk, porcelain• Three G’s—in this order• 1. Gold *any riches (gold, silver, resources) Most

important to most explorers• 2. God *to convert natives• 3. Glory *to make a name for themselves• First European explorers to reach the Americas were

Vikings – Leif Eriksson – Canada – around 1000 A.D.

• Christopher Columbus – Caribbean - 1492 A.D. • Spain is first European country to permanently

colonize the New World• Amerigo Vespucci—first European to map North and

South America (1501)• Giovanni da Verrazzano – first European to reach

North Carolina (1524) • Natives were treated poorly – Plantation System –

used for agricultural (sugar cane) and mining work (gold and silver)

• Columbian Exchange – movement of stuff (animals, plants, diseases, religions, knowledge, technology, culture, resources etc.) between Old World and New World

• Old World – Europe/Africa/Asia• New World – North and South America

Columbian Exchange Chart

• 1. Create your own chart

• 2. Five categories of stuff

• 3. List three historical examples for each category, then three modern examples

• 4. List where the example came from and where it went to.

• 5. For each category, explain how one historical example and one modern example impacted people.

Smallpox Victim

Native populations were devastated by disease

Christopher Columbus

Leif Eriksson sights land

Amerigo Vespucci

Locations • English focused on the Atlantic Coastline of North America

• Reasons for Colonizing• 1. Interested in room for

expanding population - unwanted

• 2. Agriculture• 3. Protestant

Reformation – Religious Freedom

• 4. Mercantilism• Late entering American

colonization due to issues at home

How does geography impact how and where people live?

Roanoke Voyages

• English made 3 voyages to the Outer Banks of North Carolina (1584, 1585, 1587); organized by Sir Walter Raleigh (NC capital named for him)

• 1st voyage—named land Virginia (Queen Elizabeth) – Amadas/Barlowe, Manteo/Wanchese

• 2nd voyage—found Chesapeake Bay, attempt to create military settlement, ended in violence with local natives – Ralph Lane - Jerkwad

• 3rd voyage—The Lost Colony—a colony of men, women, and children led by John White; do not know what happened to them

Jamestown• 1st permanent English settlement – Virginia in

1607 – established for profit – Virginia Company• John Smith (military leader), John Rolfe (tobacco

– made the colony successful), Pocahontas (married Rolfe, not Smith)

• Colony almost did not survive – bad location• 1609-1610 – Starving Time – only 60 of 215

survive – colony survived because new colonists came each year.

• 1619 (a big year): House of Burgess (1st representative assembly), English women arrive, Africans brought as Indentured Servants

Why was Jamestown successful while Roanoke was not?

John Smith

John Rolfe marries Pocahontas

Pocahontas

Colonies developed different identities according to climate and charter

The New England Colonies

• Massachusetts• Rhode Island• Connecticut• New Hampshire

The Middle Colonies

• New York • Delaware• New Jersey• Pennsylvania

The Southern Colonies

• Virginia• Maryland• North Carolina• South Carolina• Georgia

English Colonies

• Split into three regions

• New England (MA, NH,RI,CN) – settled by many people seeking religious freedom –- Economy was based on fishing, lumbering, and shipbuilding

• Middle Colonies (NY, NJ,PA,DE) ––More of a mix coming for religious freedom and economic opportunities – more diverse backgrounds – farming and trade

13 Colonies• Southern Colonies –(MD, VA,

NC, SC, GA) mostly came for economic opportunities

• Economy was based on agriculture – Tobacco, Cotton, Rice, Indigo

• Georgia – place for debtors and poor to live

What caused each region to develop differently than the

others?

What prediction can you make for the future

development of each region?(Use Concepts)

Immigrant Groups of the 13 colonies

• New England• Pilgrims - Settled in

Massachusetts in 1620 – Plymouth

• Puritans - Settled in Massachusetts in 1630 – Boston

• Wanted religious freedom

• Middle Colonies

• Catholics

• Quakers –William Penn

• More tolerant and diverse

Carolina

• Settled by members of the other colonies. Original settlers English. Granted a private company in 1663 and divided into two colonies in 1711.

• Great place to grow indigo, rice, and tobacco.

• Name came from the Latin word carolus, meaning “Charles.”

• Officially became a state on November 21, 1789.

• Lords Proprietors – 8 noble supporters of Charles II, awarded Carolina in return for their support – 1663

• 1706 – Bath – first NC town

• 1710 – New Bern founded – became 1st capital of NC

• Three regions

• 1. Coastal Plain in east – first region settled by Europeans

• 2. Piedmont in central

• 3. Mountains in west

New Immigration• NC becomes royal colony in 1728.• New settlers• 1. Scots-Irish – settled in east• 2. Highland Scots – settled in east• 3. Germans and Moravians –settled in Piedmont –

backcountry• Great Wagon Road – main route to travel through

backcountry• Moravians – name their land Wachovia• 1766 – establish the towns of Bethabara and Salem• 4. Africans – brought as slaves – fewer than many other

southern colonies

Great Wagon Road

• Were the reasons why people immigrated to the 13 colonies similar to the reasons why people immigrate to America today?

Economy/Social Structure• Economy – North Carolina was mostly

agricultural.• Cash Crops – Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo• Naval Stores – tar, pitch, turpentine• Trade was difficult due to NC’s lack of roads and

difficult waterways.Mercantilism – the colonies existed for the economic benefit of England

• Social Classes• 1. Gentry – rich planters, doctors, lawyers• 2. Artisans – craftsmen – blacksmith, cobblers• 3. Small Farmers – Yeomen – biggest group

• 4. Indentured Servants – poor people who bought their passage to America with their service.

• 5. Slaves/Indians• Triangle Trade – three-part voyage• A. Europe to Africa – manufactured trade goods• B. Africa to America (Middle Passage)- slaves• C. America to Europe – raw materials (lumber,

cotton, tobacco) • Growing conflict between Eastern and Western

NC over taxes and political power.

Triangle Trade

Early Government in the Colonies• Magna Carta – Even the King had to obey the

law• English Bill of Rights – limited King’s power;

gave representative government (Parliament) more power

• Representative Government – the people elect representatives to speak for them in government

• Mayflower Compact – first attempt at self-government in the English colonies

• Town meetings – first form of American government in which all free men could participate

• House of Burgess – first representative government in America

• Proprietary colony – privately-owned colony

• Royal colony – government-run colony

• Which common theme did each of these government examples have that led to the colonists’ desire for independence?