Colonialism and Development

7/25/2019 Colonialism and Development

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McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Compani

O v e r v i e w

Colonialism and Development


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2 Imperialism

Imperialism refers to a policy of extending rule of a nation or empire

over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies.

Colonialism refers to the political, social, economic, and cultural

domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an

extended period of time.

Imperialism is as old as the state.

odern colonialism began with the !ge of "iscovery during which

#uropean nations founded colonies throughout the $ew %orld.


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& 'ritish Colonialism

(he search for resources and new markets to increase profits fueled

'ritish colonialism.

(he first phase of 'ritish colonialism was concentrated in the $ew

%orld, west !frica, and India and came to a close with the !merican

)evolution.

"uring the second period of colonialism, 'ritain eventually controlled

most of India, !ustralia, $ew *ealand, Canada, and large portions of

eastern and southern !frica.

'ritish colonial efforts were +ustified by what ipling called -white

mans burden,/ which asserted that native peoples were not capable of

governing themselves and needed the white 'ritish colonialist to

provide and maintain order.


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0 rench Colonialism

rench colonialism was driven more by the state, the church , and the

military, rather than by business interests.

(he first phase of rench colonial efforts was focused in Canada, the

ouisiana (erritory, the Caribbean, and west !frica.

"uring the second phase of rench colonialism 31456 to %orld %ar

II7, the empire grew to include most of north !frica and Indochina.

(he ideological legitimi8ation for rench colonialism was mission

civilisatrice3similar to -white mans burden/79 to spread rench

culture, language, and religion throughout the colonies.

(he rench used two forms of colonial rule.

: Indirect rule refers to the rench practice of governing through native

political structures and leaders.

: "irect rule refers to the rench practice of imposing new governments

upon native populations.


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; Colonialism and Identity

#thnic and political distinctions around the world were severely

disrupted by colonialism.

or example, many of the modern political boundaries in west !frica

are based on linguistic, political, and economic contrasts that are the

result of #uropean colonial policies in the region.


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5 "evelopment

!n intervention philosophy is an ideological +ustification for

interference in the lives of natives, based upon the assumption that one

is in possession of a superior way of doing or thinking.

: 'ritish #mpire : white man?s burden.

: rench #mpire : mission civilisatrice.

: #conomic development plans : industriali8ation, moderni8ation,

westerni8ation, and individualism are desirable evolutionary advances that

will bring long@term benefits to natives.


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4 =roblems

=roblems !ssociated with $arrowly ocused Intervention and

"evelopment.

>ituations construed as problems resulting from an indigenous lifestyle

may in fact be a result of the world systems impact on that lifestyle.

(he systemic effects of development pro+ects may actually be harmful

3e.g., tax and rent increases in response to raised income7.

$arrowly focused experts are not as likely to be aware of the broad@

spectrum implications of development schemes.


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A (he 'ra8ilian >isal >cheme

In the 1A;6s, 'ra8ils government attempted to introducesisalas a

cash crop into the subsistence economy of theserto.

"evelopment increased dependence on the world economy, ruined the

local subsistence economy, and worsened local health and income

distribution.

>isal and Child labor

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10/15McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Compani

16 (he Breening of ava

%orldwide, the green revolution has increased food supplies and

reduced food prices.

Dowever, the emphasis on front capital and advanced technological

and chemical farming allowed the bureaucratic and economic elites of

ava to strengthen their positions at the expense of poorer farmers.

!nn >tolers analysis of the green revolutions impact on ava

suggested that it differentially affected such things as gender

stratification, depending on class.



11 #Euity

! commonly stated goal of development pro+ects is increased eEuity,

which means a reduction in poverty and a more even distribution of

wealth.

(his goal is freEuently thwarted by local elites acting to preserve or

enhance their positions.



12 (he (hird %orld (alks 'ack

!pplied anthropologists have been critici8ed for ethnocentrism in their

own approaches to development 3see the reference to Buillermo

'atalla7.

: (oo much focus on multiple and micro@causes while ignoring ma+or social

ineEualities.: #arly pro+ects were too psychologically oriented.

: (oo much focus on technological diffusion as the primary source of

change.

Fther critics have pointed out associations between anthropologists

and certain government agencies.



1& >trategies for Innovation

ottak describes his comparative analysis of sixty@eight development

pro+ects, wherein he determined that culturally compatible economic

development pro+ectswere twice as successful financially as the

incompatible ones.

Fverinnovation refers to development pro+ects that reEuire ma+orchanges on behalf of the target community

: =ro+ects that are guilty of overinnovation are generally not successful.

: (o avoid overinnovation, development pro+ects need to be sensitive to the

traditional culture and concerns of daily life in the target community.



10 Gnderdifferentiation

Gnderdifferentiation is the tendency to overlook cultural diversity and

view less@developed countries as alike.

any development pro+ects incorrectly assume that the nuclear family

is the basic unit of production and land ownership.

any development pro+ects also incorrectly assume that cooperatives

based on models from the former #astern bloc will be readily

incorporated by rural communities.


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1; (hird %orld odels

(he best models for economic development are to be found in the

target communities.

)ealistic development promotes change, not overinnovation, by

preserving local systems while making them work better.

(he alagasy example shows attention paid to local social forms

3descent organi8ation7 and environmental conditions 3e.g., taking

livestock from strains adapted to a similar environment7.

Colonialism and Development

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