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Transcript of Colonial Society in the 17th Century. Southern Families - 1600’s u Men outnumbered women. u Most...
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Colonial Society in the 17th Century
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Southern Families - 1600’s
Men outnumbered women.
Most immigrants died young.
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Family structure was weak.
Native born slowly acquired immunities and more women arrived.
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Population Growth
By the 1700’s Virginia was the largest colony with 59,000 people.
Maryland was third after Massachusetts.
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The Tobacco Economy Chesapeake land was excellent for growing tobacco.
Tobacco exports brought wealth to planters.
Prices decreased - so planters increased acreage of tobacco.
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Indentured Servants
the Indians were an unreliable work force - they died in such large numbers.
African slaves cost too much money.
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families grew too slowly to provide a natural population increase.
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Headright System person paying passage of servant got 50 acres - large plantations grew.
3/4 of immigrants to VA and MD were indentured servants.
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Conditions got worse for servants over time.
Fewer had the opportunities fo the earlier immigrants.
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Bacon’s Rebellion
Impoverished former servants wandered without land or work.
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1670 - Laws took away their franchise.
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1676 - Nathaniel Bacon leads an uprising against Governor Berkeley and the planters.
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Reasons for rebellion
Landless men pushed westward into the frontier.
Westward migration caused problems with the Indians.
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Governor Berkeley refused to intervene for the settlers.
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WHY?
Because Governor Berkeley controlled the monopoly on the fur trade with the Indians.
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The Outcome
Berkeley is chased from Jamestown and the town burned.
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Bacon dies of smallpox - 20 rebels are hung.
Rebellion ends.
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Consequences.
Ignites conflict between frontiersmen and the Tidewater Aristocracy.
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Led to an increase in reliance on African slaves who could be more easily controlled.
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Colonial Slavery
1619 - first slaves brought to Virginia by the Dutch.
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1670 - only 7% of the southern population was black.
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Most colonists could not afford slaves.
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1670’s and `80s.
1676 - Bacon’s Rebellion. 1680’s - wages increased in England.
Planters feared the poor whites.
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Blacks outnumbered whites as servants by the late 1680s.
1698 - The Royal African Company lost its monopoly on the slave trade.
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Newport, Rhode Island and Charleston, South Carolina became major slave ports.
The trade in African slaves increased dramatically by the 1700’s.
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The Slave Trade 10 million or more Africans were captured by Slave Traders.
About 400,000 black slaves were sold in North America.
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The Middle Passage
Most African-Americans were brought to this country from the west coast of Africa.
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They were branded and herded into the foul cargo holds of slave ships and in many cases one out every five died enroute.
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The survivors were forced to give up their names, their families, their tribes , their language and their religion.
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By 1750, African slaves made up nearly half of Virginia’s population.
A few slaves eventually gained their freedom and made their way into white society.
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Slave Codes
Laws made slaves chattel for life.
Slave marriages were not recognized.
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Many states outlawed teaching slaves to read and write.
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African influence in American Culture
words, dances, styles of rhythm.
Bongo drums, banjos.
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Slave Revolts
The few that occurred were brutally put down.
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The Southern Social Structure Concentration of property and wealth saw the creation of a “hierarchy of wealth” over time.
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Social Structure
The Great Planters = American “gentlemen” - for example the FFV’s of Virginia.
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Small Farmers = “middlin’ “ or “yeomen” farmers with few acres and few slaves. It was the largest social group.
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Landless whites = most of them former indentured servants.
Indentured servants.Black slaves.
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South was predominantly rural.
few cities developed in the south.
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Large plantations were separated by distance and connected by waterways.
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Small farms had few acres and little access to major streams.
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The hinterland and mountain valleys were slowly occupied by log cabins surrounded by stumps and threatened by Indian raids.
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The Appalachian mountains became the geographic goal of the adventurous poor.
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Many Scots-Irish migrated to the frontier.
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New England Societybetter climate made for longer life spans.
New Englanders tended to migrate as family units.
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New England population began to grow by natural increase.
people married early and had lots of children.
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Many women died in childbirth but most survived as many as 10 pregnancies and had as many as eight surviving children.
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Large families, longer life spans and extended family groups made for a very strong and stable social structure.
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New England Towns
New England life centered around small towns and villages.
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Towns laid out around a central “commons” with a meeting hall and church.
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communities tended to be very tight (tightly controlled?) and the leaders exhibited a high degree of moral concern.
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New towns were chartered by Colonial authorities and land was distributed by the town fathers - “proprietors.”
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Importance of Education.
Towns of more than 50 people had to provide elementary education.
1636 - Harvard University was founded.
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Virginia, on the other hand, did not establish William and Mary College until 1693.
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The Roots of Democracy.
New England town meetings became a “school of political liberty.”
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The decreasing control of the Puritan churches over everyday life increased the level of democracy.
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More Trouble in ParadiseFears that the Puritans were losing the initial religious zeal led to the preaching of “Jeremiad” sermons warning the congregations about the loss of piety.
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The Halfway CovenantChurch leaders became concerned about the lack of new conversions.
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They announced the “Halfway Covenant” in 1662.
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Congregationalists now allowed non-elect to be members of the church, thereby increasing the level of participation.
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Women now made up a larger proportion of Puritan congregations.
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The resulting social upheavals led to a weakening of the clergy.
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The Salem Witch Trials.Adolescent girls claimed to have been bewitched by older women.
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1692 - a witch hunt began in Salem - 20 people (and 2 dogs) were put to death.
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Leading clergy, like Cotton Mather, defended the hysteria and subsequent punishments.
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after the passions had subsided, comments and actions by the clergy led to a weakening of their power and influence.
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Witch trials, such as Salem’s, were common in Europe and happened in other parts of the colonies.
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But the Salem trials are significant as an indicator of the troubles in New England society and for the subsequent weakening of the clergy.
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New England Life
Farming was the leading occupation of most colonists but was very difficult in New England.
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Soils were thin and rocky, the climate was cold in the winter and hot in the summer, and the growing season was short.
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New England remained the least ethnically diverse of the colonies and would later be a source of westward migration.
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The New England Economy
besides farming, other leading economic activities included trading, timber extraction, ship building, shipping and fishing.
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The Yankee
personal characteristics of the Puritans and New Englanders helped shape the “American Ideal.”
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Yankee ingenuity.Tough, hard-working, thrifty.
The Puritan Ethic.
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Everyday Life in the Colonies
Farming dominated all of the colonies
people worked from “no light to no light”
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Foreign observers always remarked about the sound of the ax - as land clearing was a constant occupation.
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Gender Division of LaborWomen’s work included -- cooking and preserving, spinning, weaving and sewing, child rearing and often working in the fields.
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Men’s jobs included -- hunting, farming, building and clearing land.
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Life styles
Americans typically lived much better and often longer lives than their European counterparts.
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Rise of the Middle Class richest and poorest of Europe did not come to America.
Nor, typically, did the weak, sick or cowardly.
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The New England and Middle Colonies developed less class distinctions.
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social differences did still exist, however, and gave rise to class conflicts, such as
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Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia
The Protestant minority’s uprising against the Catholic proprietors of Maryland.
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Leisler’s Rebellion in New York City.