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UNITED STATES HISTORYINTENSIVE REVIEW
for theSouth Carolina
United States History and the ConstitutionEnd of Course (EOC) Exam
Wren High SchoolMay 15, 2012
DAY ONE
Table of Contents
Standard 1P. 2-9
Standard 2P. 10-14
Standard 3P. 15-20
Standard 4P. 20-25
SESSION ONEColonial America and the American Revolution
Standard 1.1Comparing and Contrasting British North America
NEW ENGLAND
MIDDLE COLONIES
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Key Colonies Massachusetts, Rhode Island
New York, Pennsylvania Maryland, Virginia, Carolina, Georgia
Key Figures Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Jonathon Edwards
William Penn John Smith, John Rolfe, Lord Baltimore, James Oglethorpe
Why Settle? Commerce“Religious Freedoms”
Agriculture (staple crops)Religious Tolerance
Agriculture (Cash Crops)
Economic Activity
Fishing, Shipbuilding, Timber, Distilling Rum
Staple Crops(Wheat, Corn)
Cash Crops (Tobacco, Rice, Indigo)
Predominant Religion(s)
Congregational (Puritan) Baptists (Rhode Island)
Church of England (NY)Quakers (PA)
Church Of England Catholic (Maryland)
Religious Outlook
Fanatical Tolerant Casual
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Standard 1.2 Conflict between the British Parliament and the Colonial Legislatures
Magna Carta English Bill of Rights
When it happened? 1225 1689
What did it do? No Man could be punished except through the law
Gave Basic Freedoms
How should it affect the colonies
Should have the same rights as British
subjects in England
These Freedoms should be Guaranteed
to the Colonist
How did it affect the colonies
Had separate harsher rules and unfair
punishments
Faced unfair Taxation,Didn’t have the
freedom to petition the monarch with no
fear of retribution
Parliament Taxes the Colonies
1754-1763 French and Indian War
1763 Proclamation of 1763 ____________________________________________________
1764 Sugar Act ____________________________________________________
1765 Stamp Act ______________________________________ Internal Tax
1767 Townshend Acts ____________________________________________________
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The Road to Revolution1770 Boston Massacre ____________________________________________________
1773 Boston Tea Party ____________________________________________________
1774 Intolerable Acts ____________________________________________________
1. Boston Port Closed ____________________________________________________
2. Massachusetts Under Martial Law ________________________________________________
3. British troops to be tried in Britain ____________________________________________
4. Boston Forced to Quarter Troops___________________________________________________
5. Quebec’s Borders extended ____________________________________________________
The Revolutionary War1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord Siege of Boston
1776 January Publication of Common Sense
July Declaration of Independence
December Publication of The Crisis Battle of Trenton
1777 Battle of Saratoga Turning PointTreaty of Alliance with France
1781 Siege of Yorktown ____________________________________________________
1783 Treaty of Paris ____________________________________________________
Standard 1.3Impact of the Declaration of Independence and Revolutionary War on establishing the
ideals of a Democratic RepublicThe Declaration’s ideas eventually formed the groundwork for the United States Constitution. Helped ignite debate over other issues
regarding The Rights and Freedoms of citizens. Over the centuries the Declaration of Independence has served as the foundation on which
countless crusades for Social Justice and reform have been based.
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What impact did the Declaration of independence and the Revolutionary war have on France?
Inspiration for the French Revolution
Standard 1.4Dissatisfaction with the Articles of
Confederation/Constructing the ConstitutionThe Articles of Confederation
The first plan of government for the United States was the Articles of Confederation which were drafted in 1776. The Articles were replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.
The Articles vs. the ConstitutionArticles of Confederation“A Firm League of Friendship”
U.S. Constitution“A More Perfect Union”
Representation 1 Per State Population/EqualTaxation Collected by the States Collected by Congress
Powers of Congress
Permission from the states Congress can Tax
Amendments Agreed upon by all states 2/3 of Congress + 3/4 of States
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The Constitutional Convention
May-September, 1787 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
For what purpose? Fix problems with the articles of Confederation.
Conflict and Compromise at the Constitutional Convention
Virginia PlanNumber of Representatives based on number of free inhabitants. Large State Plan
New Jersey PlanOne Vote Per State. Small State Plan
Great (Connecticut)
Compromise
Bicameral Congress, Senate Two Representatives, and House of Representatives based on population
3/5 (“Not So Great”)
Compromise
Three Fifths of the slave population would count toward the number of representatives for each state. The Southern States liked this.
Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement to not tax trade for 20 years In return to regulate the slave trade after that time.
Electoral College
Elects the President
Electors = Representatives + Senators
Amendments 2 / 3 OF Congress + 3 / 4OF THE States
Standard 1.5Principles of the Constitution
Federalism – power is divided between the Federal government and the State governments.
Ordered Government Shays Rebellion (1786)
Representative Government (Republicanism)
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Separation of Powers
Judicial Branch Executive Branch Legislative BranchChecks on President:
Declare actions unconstitutional
Checks on Congress: Veto Checks on President: Override Veto
Checks on Congress: Declare laws
Unconstitutional
Checks on Supreme Court: Appoints Federal
Judges
Checks on Supreme Court: Establish lower
federal courts
In addition to separation of powers, the Framers proposed a system of checks and balances in order to make sure that the members of one branch of government did not become too powerful or corrupt.
Examples:Veto, Treaty Ratification, Judicial Nomination and Confirmation
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Standard 1.6Two Party System, Democratic-Republicans
and Federalist
The First Two-Party SystemWhat was each party’s stance on each of these issues?
FEDERALISTS
(Jeffersonian)
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS
Alexander Hamilton
John Adams LeadersThomas JeffersonJames Madison
Strong CENTRAL Gov. Federalism Strong STATE Governments
LOOSE Construction Constitution STRICT Construction
Government assistance for economic development Economy Laissez-faire
Yes National Bank No
Yes Protective Tariff No
Yes Federal Assumption of State War Debts
No
Cities/Commercial Interest Supporters Farmers
Washington’s Farewell Address: 1. Political Parties
Washington urged Americans to avoid 2. Entangling Alliances
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Standard 1.7
John Marshall, Marbury V. Madison
The Adams AdministrationAlien and Sedition Acts (1798) Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)
WHO? Federalist Madison and Jefferson
WHAT?Deport Aliens, Crime to publish false, scandalous, malicious writing against the government
Constitution is a compact between the states, Protested the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Before leaving office, John Adams appointed several midnight judges, who would serve life terms and be able to undermine Jefferson’s Republican administration from the bench. These included John Marshall who Adams appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Marbury v. Madison established the principle of Judicial Review which says that the Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution. This differed from Thomas Jefferson’s belief that the Congress interprets the Constitution.
John Marshall vs. Thomas Jefferson
John Marshall(Federalist)
Thomas Jefferson(Democratic Republican)
Strong Central Government Federalism Weak Central
GovernmentPro National Bank Anti
Pro-Merchant Economic Development? Pro-Agriculture
Loose Strict / Loose Construction Strict
Supreme Court Who Interprets the Constitution?
Congresss
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STANDARD 2Movement West
Standard 2.1Impact of Westward Movement on Democracy
Louisiana Purchase / Lewis and Clark Expedition1803 – Jefferson purchased Louisiana from France. He sent Lewis and Clark to
explore the Purchase (WIN) and to find a Water Passage(FAIL).
Indian Removal / Trail of TearsTERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS TIMELINE
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Standard 2.2Explain the Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
NO MORE…
Describe how this political cartoon represents the Monroe
Doctrine’s affect on the world.Uncle Sam Putting his hat labeled the Monroe Doctrine on America to
claim it for himself. We see other European figures that are on the Eastern Hemisphere watching America. Left the United States in control
of the Western Hemisphere
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Manifest Destiny
John Gast, American Progress (1872)
Explain the cartoon above in reference to Manifest Destiny.Gods will to move west. Angel laying telegraph wire toward the west. Divine Right
to move west.
Whose Will was it that America had the Right to expand West? Gods
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Texas Revolution
The Republic of Texas (1836-1846)
Problems with Annexation: 1. Added a new Slave State
2. War with Mexico
Standard 2.3Sectionalism and Economic Development
NORTH
Industry
SOUTH
13
Agriculture
WEST
Agriculture, Railroads, Mining
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Standard 2.4Antebellum Reform and Sectionalism
Antebellum means “Before the War.” In U.S. History, antebellum describes the
period between 18__ and the start of the Civil War in 1861.
SECTIONALISM
NORTH SOUTH WEST
EconomyIndustry Agriculture Ranching, Mining,
Railroads
Political LeadersWhig Party, Business Owners
John C. Calhoun, The Democrats, Plantation Owners
Democrats and Cattle Owners
Political IssuesNo Slavery Yes Slavery Few Slaves
ANTEBELLUM REFORM MOVEMENTS
Movement Key Figures Information
Second Great Awakening
Charles Grandison Finney
Religious movement
Abolitionism
John Brown, William Lloyd garrison, David walker, Fredrick Douglas, Nat turner, Sarah Grimke
Outlaw slavery
Temperance Prohibit drinking alcohol
Women’s Rights
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott
Seneca falls convention
Antebellum reform movements were strongest in the North, but did not catch on in the more traditionally-minded South.
The more aggressively Northerners criticized the institution of slavery, the more 15
the South Defended it.Standard 3.1
Events Leading to the Civil War
1820 Missouri Compromise
1824 The “Corrupt” Bargain (Clay and Adams)
1828 Tariff of Abominations
1828-1833 Nullification Crisis
1831 The Liberator published
William Lloyd Garrison
1836 Texas Republic
1845 Texas Annexed
1846-1848 Mexican American War
Wilmont Proviso Banned Slavery in any land gained from Mexico
Abolitionism vs. Free SoilAbolitionism Free Soil
Wanted to free the slaves
Geographic Base: North
Did not want slavery in the west because it was competition
Geographic Base: West
Compromise of 1850
1. Texas and New Mexico Split
2. California Accepted as a Free State
3. Fugitive Slave Act
4. South Refuses the Wilmont Proviso
5. Slave Trade Banned in Washington D.C.16
Monroe
J.Q. Adams
Jackson
Van Buren
Tyler
Polk
TaylorFillmore
The Great Triumvirateon compromising
Webster Mass.
Clay K.Y.
Calhoun S.C.
36°30′Clay’s American System
1. A Tariff
2. A National Bank
3. Federal Subsidies
WHO LOSES?
Southern Plantation Owners
The Crisis of the 1850s
The 1830s vs. the 1850s
1830s 1850sNullification Crisis
States Rights South against A National North
Angered the North.
Fugitive Slave Law especially
1852 Uncle Toms Cabin published IMPACT: Horrors of Slavery unveiled
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
Republican Party Founded PLATFORM: Not to extend Slavery
1856 “Bleeding Kansas”
Notable abolitionist involved: John Brown
1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford
1. Slaves are property
2. No Citizenship for Slaves
3. Nullified Missouri compromise
1859 John Brown’s Harper’s Ferry Raid
1860 Lincoln Elected President
1. The Confederacy: South secedes (12/1860-2/1861)
States:
South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas
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Pierce
Buchanan
Lincoln
2. Fort Sumter attacked (4/1861)
3. Lincoln’s Response: Send troops into the South.
4. The Confederate States of America-South secedes (April-June/1861)
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Standard 3.2 Course of the Civil War,
The Civil War (aka, “The War Between the States”)
United States of America (USA)“The North” or “The Union”
Confederate States of America (CSA)“The South” or “The Rebels”
Strategies Blockade the South Take Washington D.C. To end the war
Strengths Industry, supplies, Navy Highly trained officers, experienced with weapons
Weaknesses Not highly trained population No industry, Blockaded
Leaders Lincoln, Grant, Sherman Davis, Lee, Stonewall Jackson
Turing PointsDecisive Battles of the Civil War
Battle Year Victor SignificanceUnion Confed.
1st Bull Run 1861 X 1st Major Battle, Shows determination of military
Antietam 1862 X 1st battle on Northern Soil. Bloodiest Battle
Vicksburg 1863 X North wins control of Mississippi
Gettysburg 1863 X South’s Last attempt at foreign aid
Appomottox 1865 X South Surrenders
The Emancipation Proclamation
EFFECTIVE DATE: January 1, 1863
Which slaves were freed by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation? In states that left the Union
How many slaves were freed on January 1, 1863? None
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What value did it have, then? Made the purpose of the union to free the slaves.
By what authority did Lincoln free these slaves? War powers Authority.
Lincoln defined the proclamation as a “necessary War measure.”
Why didn’t Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation sooner? Needed a significant victory for the North
Lincoln and the Civil War
Lincoln’s primary goal in fighting the Civil War was to Preserve the Union. To this goal, he added the emancipation of slaves as it became clear that the war would be a long and bitter conflict.
Standard 3.3Effects of Reconstruction
Reconstruction
By what process will the Southern states be brought back into the Union?
“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds… to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations. “
-- Abraham LincolnSecond Inaugural Address
Presidential Reconstruction
10% Plan – Lincoln’s plan to allow Southern states back into the Union quickly and easily
Lincoln’s assassination by John Wilkes Booth in 1865 hardened Northern attitudes toward the defeated South. Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson, attempted to continue Lincoln’s generous plans for Reconstruction, but encountered resistance from Congress. Northern
Republicans also resented Southern states’ efforts to impose Black Codes, which denied basic rights of
citizenship to African-Americans.
Radical RepublicansGoals of the Radical Republicans: 1. Punish the South
2. Give former slaves full citizenship rights
Presidential Reconstruction (1863-1867)
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction (1867-1877)
10% PlanQuick and easy transition Bring the Country back together
Punish the SouthTreat them like a conquered enemy
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President Johnson vetoed Reconstruction Acts that were passed by the Radical Republicans in 1867, but
his vetoes were overridden by a 2/3 vote of Congress. The Radical Republicans Impeached President Johnson over disagreements about Reconstruction plans. Johnson avoided being removed from office
by majority vote.
Standard 3.4Effects of Reconstruction
Reconstruction AmendmentsPresidential Reconstruction Radical Reconstruction
13th Amendment (1865) 14th Amendment (1868) 15th Amendment (1870)Abolished Slavery
1.Gave Equal Rights to all freed men2. Outlawed Discrimination
Voting eligible for all males regardless of race.
Reconstruction in the South
Radical Republicans divided the South (except for Tennessee, which ratified the 13 th Amendment voluntarily) into five Military districts. Radical Republicans believed that the defeated South should be
treated like “Conquered provinces.”
Freedmen’s Bureau: Provide aid for freedmen and poor whites
Carpetbaggers ScalawagsMoved From North To South Southern Whites that supported
Reconstruction/Republican Party
The Ku Klux Klan committed acts of violence and intimidation against “carpetbaggers,” “scalawags,” and freedmen.
Compromise of 1877: Pulled troops out of the south and allowed the Redeemers to take over.
Jim Crow – enforced segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Separate, but Equal
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Standard 3.5Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells
List the Methods that each of these Activist used in their battle for Civil Rights
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B Du Bois Ida B. Wells
Slow Baby StepsCompromise
Atlanta Compromise
Immediate equalityNiagara Movement
NAACP
Better ConditionsAnti-Lynching
Movement
Standard 4Standard 4.1
Impact of Government Policy and Construction of the Railroads on the Native American Peoples
The Dawes Severalty ActAdopted by Congress in 1887
Made as an attempt to Assimilate Native Americans.Allowed Native Americans to sign up for Land.
Government took control of all unclaimed lands.
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Standards 4.2/4.3Capitalism, Railroads, Big Business through Monopolies
The Gilded Age
Gilded Age: Coated with goldImpact of the Railroads:1. Transcontinental Railroad 2. Monopolies 3. Easier access of goods/shippingAdvantages of Corporations1. Rise of new markets 2. Rise of national market 3. New Industries Big Businesses: Andrew Carnegie John RockefellerBusiness Steel Oil
Vertical Integration Horizontal IntegrationControlling all aspects of Buying out the competitionProduction
Tactics used: Sold Railroads to buy Steel Industry Oil Monopoly
Social Darwinism: Belief that people are prosperous or poor because they are meant to be.Sherman Antitrust: Made Monopolies IllegalRobber Barons:
Governmental Actions that produced Industrial Growth1. Government support 2. Cheap labor
3. Resources 4. Railroads
Labor Unions v. Big BusinessWhat were the problems of the labor force?
1. Not strong enough 2.Didnt boost the economy 3. No government support
The two major Labor Unions of the era were Industrial era 1920’s-30’sWeapons of Labor Weapons of Business1. Strikes 1.Strike Breakers2. Boycotts 2. Government assistance3. Unions 3. They affected the National Market
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Labor Strikes Railroad Strike of 1877 Haymarket Strike Pullman Strike
CausesWages Cut Radicals Set off Bomb
Workers Strike, Pullman Closed Plant
Results Sent troops in to stop strike. Set Precedent
Turned Public against knights of labor
Sent troops to put down strike
Which side did the government take? The side of business
Mother Jones and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory brought public attention to child labor and unsafe working conditions.
President Roosevelt changed the government’s stance on labor unions when he supported the use of strikes by labor unions.
Standard 4.4Populist Movement
Problems of the Farmers1. Over Production 2. Falling Prices3. Farms Mortgaged 4. Shipping Cost
Farmers Movements
1. Greenbacks 2. Republican PartyBimetallism Gold Standard
Was the Populist Party successful? It was successful in gaining farmers support but not enough to win election.
Election of 1896“Farmers v. Big Business”
Farmers supported the Populist and Democratic Candidate, William Jennings Bryan in the Election of 1896. This candidate gave a very important speech called The Cross of Gold , which argued for Bimetallism.Big Business supported the Republican Party candidate, McKinley , and his Front Porch Campaign. He won the election because he received the support of the workers that feared the inflationary (soft money) policies of Populist Party.
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Standard 4.5Immigration, Ethnic Neighborhoods, and Political Machines
Ethnic Neighborhoods and Immigrant PovertyIn most cases, immigrants were too poor to move beyond coastal cities, leading to the rise of densely populated ethnic neighborhoods. Immigrants relied on political machines, led by party bosses, to help them find jobs. The political machines relied on immigrant votes to keep themselves in power.
Muckrakers, such as Jacob Riis, author of How the Other Half Lives, exposed the poor conditions in urban tenements (low-rent apartments) and sweatshops, where immigrants performed cheap labor.
Although most immigrants stayed in coastal cities, such as NYC, many went to Chicago and other cities in the Midwest where low-paying, undesirable jobs (e.g., meatpacking) were available. Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, exposed the wretched working conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry.Native born Americans tended to resent the “New Immigrants” for several reasons:
1. They didn’t understand English.
2. Their home countries lacked traditions of Democratic government.
3. Their religions (Catholicism, Judaism, Buddhism) were largely alien to native born Americans.
4. They provided a steady supply of Cheap Labor, which undermined efforts by labor unions to get better wages.
Catholicism and cheap labor were also reasons why people resented the Irish immigrants during the antebellum period. However, the Irish did speak English and had traditions of republican government, so no efforts were made by Congress to limit Irish immigration during the nineteenth century.
25
Migration of African Americans to the North and WestWhere they went Why they went What they
encountered
North
Industry Jobs Discrimination
West
Agriculture Discrimination but better than the north
and south
Political Machines
Key Figures: Boss Tweed
Key groups: Tammany Hall, New York’s Democratic Political Machine
Examples of Corruption: Grafting, Tammany Ring Scandal, the credit mobilliers
What strategies did political machines use to gain votes from Immigrants? Give them work and housing to gain votes
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Standard 4.6Progressive Movement
Progressiveness- Social Activism, Reforms, End Corruption in Politics
Carrie Chapman
Catt
Alice Paul Jane Addams
Theodore Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson
Progressive Theory
Women’s Suffrage
Woman’s Suffrage
Social Gospel
Movement
Protection of
Customers
“New Freedom”
Activism Accomplished
Founder of the League of Women Voters, andPresident of
National American Woman Suffrage
Association
Lobbied for 19th
Amendment
Hull House, First
settlement house in
U.S.
Square Deal Tariff Reforms, Anti-trust
act, Banking Reform
27