Colonel Christopher T. Mayer, U.S. Army
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Transcript of Colonel Christopher T. Mayer, U.S. Army
Privatizing Privatizing PeacekeepingPeacekeeping::
The Growing Prominence of The Growing Prominence of Private Security Companies Private Security Companies
in Conflict and Crisisin Conflict and Crisis
Colonel Christopher T. Mayer, U.S. ArmyColonel Christopher T. Mayer, U.S. Army
NOTE: This presentation was given to the 74NOTE: This presentation was given to the 74thth UN Civil-Military UN Civil-Military Officer’s Staff Course in Accra, Ghana in September 2007Officer’s Staff Course in Accra, Ghana in September 2007
Private Military CompanyPrivate Military Company
A corporate body that specializes in providing military A corporate body that specializes in providing military skills to legitimate governments. Such skills may skills to legitimate governments. Such skills may include training, planning, analysis of intelligence, include training, planning, analysis of intelligence, operational support, and technical support.operational support, and technical support.
Also: Private Military Firms, Privatized Military Also: Private Military Firms, Privatized Military Companies, Private Military Corporations, and similar Companies, Private Military Corporations, and similar
Private Security CompanyPrivate Security Company
Armed Contractors, whose mission set is limited to providing defensive Armed Contractors, whose mission set is limited to providing defensive
protection for personnel, facilities, and (more rarely) materiel. PSCs have protection for personnel, facilities, and (more rarely) materiel. PSCs have
limited armament and do not engage in combat (battles and engagements.)limited armament and do not engage in combat (battles and engagements.)
PSCs Protect People, Places, and Things from Criminal and other unlawful PSCs Protect People, Places, and Things from Criminal and other unlawful
violence in areas where the rule of law has been compromisedviolence in areas where the rule of law has been compromised
Humanitarian Relief OrganizationHumanitarian Relief Organization
A group that provides or supports relief A group that provides or supports relief
assistance to mortally endangered populations. assistance to mortally endangered populations.
This includes nongovernmental organizations, This includes nongovernmental organizations,
UN agencies, Red Cross organizations, UN agencies, Red Cross organizations,
international organizations, and some elements international organizations, and some elements
of donor agencies. of donor agencies.
Complex ContingenciesComplex Contingencies
Any military operation (other than large scale Any military operation (other than large scale
combat) executed in conjunction with a combat) executed in conjunction with a
humanitarian assistance operationhumanitarian assistance operation
The Operational EnvironmentThe Operational Environment PSC/PMCs typically operate in environments where Rule of Law is PSC/PMCs typically operate in environments where Rule of Law is
compromisedcompromised
““Host Nation” governments my not have effective legislation, Host Nation” governments my not have effective legislation, police, judicial, or penitentiary capabilitypolice, judicial, or penitentiary capability
Applies to oversight of the legitimate use of force as well as to Applies to oversight of the legitimate use of force as well as to criminal activity and other unlawful violencecriminal activity and other unlawful violence
Challenge is to use PSCs in a way that supports, rather than Challenge is to use PSCs in a way that supports, rather than undermines legitimacy of the government and rule of lawundermines legitimacy of the government and rule of law
Demands realistic application of host nation government Demands realistic application of host nation government authorityauthority
War or Disaster
Intervention StabilizationStabilization RecoveryRecoveryHumanitarian ReliefHumanitarian Relief
“Reconstruction Under Fire”
Non-combat roles in support of Military Non-combat roles in support of Military OperationsOperations
PMCs act as economy of force to INDIRECTLY PMCs act as economy of force to INDIRECTLY support stability, security, reconstruction and support stability, security, reconstruction and transition operationstransition operations
Security for Personnel, Materiel, and FacilitiesSecurity for Personnel, Materiel, and Facilities
Staff AssistanceStaff Assistance
Civil AffairsCivil Affairs
Support for Humanitarian Relief Support for Humanitarian Relief OrganizationsOrganizations
Direct protection for personnel and materielDirect protection for personnel and materiel
IntelligenceIntelligence
Coordination and LiaisonCoordination and Liaison
Local populationLocal population
““Arm’s Length” Cooperation with MilitaryArm’s Length” Cooperation with Military
PMCs Present Real RisksPMCs Present Real Risks
LegitimacyLegitimacy
SecuritySecurity
Unity of EffortUnity of Effort
PMCs can undermine LegitimacyPMCs can undermine Legitimacy
PMCs have not always been on the side of the angelsPMCs have not always been on the side of the angels
Illegitimate use of PMCsIllegitimate use of PMCs
Violations of International Humanitarian LawViolations of International Humanitarian Law
Violations of Anti-Mercenary International AgreementsViolations of Anti-Mercenary International Agreements
The very use of a PMC can undermine legitimacy of the The very use of a PMC can undermine legitimacy of the efforteffort
PMCs can compromise SecurityPMCs can compromise Security
Hostile InfiltrationHostile Infiltration
Direct and indirect pressureDirect and indirect pressure
IntimidationIntimidation
Challenges for Unity of EffortChallenges for Unity of Effort
Parallel or divergent operations and objectivesParallel or divergent operations and objectives
““Stovepipe” employmentStovepipe” employment
Lack of interoperabilityLack of interoperability
With MilitaryWith Military
With Other PMCsWith Other PMCs
The Commercial Nature of PMCsThe Commercial Nature of PMCs
US/Coalition Military*
Other US/Coalition
Gov’t*
Host Nation Gov’t
HROPvt Sector/ Commercial
* Includes contractors accompanying the force
ABC Protection Ltd
DEF LLC DEF LLC
ABC P Ltd
HIJ AG
XYZ Corp.
Roles and Missions Complexity
Risk ManagementRisk Management
PlanningPlanning
ObjectiveObjective: Begin with the End in Mind: Begin with the End in Mind
What are the obstacles to successWhat are the obstacles to success
Combat?Combat?
Terrorism?Terrorism?
Criminal activity?Criminal activity?
What resources do you have to counter those risksWhat resources do you have to counter those risks
What specifically do you want that resource to accomplish?What specifically do you want that resource to accomplish?
What does that resource need to successfully operate?What does that resource need to successfully operate?
Support for LegitimacySupport for Legitimacy
Reinforces Neutrality of HROReinforces Neutrality of HRO
Promotes Information OperationsPromotes Information Operations
Civil Affairs ProgramCivil Affairs Program
Respect Host Nation SovereigntyRespect Host Nation Sovereignty
Support for SecuritySupport for Security
PSC Code of Conduct and EthicsPSC Code of Conduct and Ethics
Effective and VettingEffective and Vetting
Effective InterviewingEffective Interviewing
Continuous Follow-upContinuous Follow-up
Support for Unity of EffortSupport for Unity of Effort
PSC Steering CommitteePSC Steering Committee
Open Architecture C4Open Architecture C4
Mandatory CooperationMandatory Cooperation
With the MilitaryWith the Military
With other PMCsWith other PMCs
ROC/CMOC ModelROC/CMOC Model
AccountabilityAccountability
The fundamental perceived difference between The fundamental perceived difference between government and contractor operationsgovernment and contractor operations
Accountability ExistsAccountability Exists
Host Nation LawHost Nation Law
International Tort LawInternational Tort Law
Accountability of Corporate Officers for NegligenceAccountability of Corporate Officers for Negligence
MEJAMEJA
Employers must operate with transparency and support Employers must operate with transparency and support for the lawfor the law
Establishment and Enforcement of Establishment and Enforcement of Industry StandardsIndustry Standards
Governmental Bodies and the PMC Community is moving Governmental Bodies and the PMC Community is moving towards regulation and certificationtowards regulation and certification
US DOD regulation of PSCs is extensiveUS DOD regulation of PSCs is extensive
Planners should incorporate suitable standards into their Planners should incorporate suitable standards into their contract award processcontract award process
Standards should address these issues in any request for Standards should address these issues in any request for proposals:proposals:
Contractor history (legitimacy)Contractor history (legitimacy)
Personnel vetting (security)Personnel vetting (security)
interoperability (unity of effort)interoperability (unity of effort)
ConclusionConclusion
Private Military Companies will continue to play a critical role in Private Military Companies will continue to play a critical role in complex contingencies and other crisescomplex contingencies and other crises
PMCs offer a wide variety of critical enablers to regular military PMCs offer a wide variety of critical enablers to regular military forces and Humanitarian Relief Organizationsforces and Humanitarian Relief Organizations
There is significant risk associated with PMCsThere is significant risk associated with PMCs
PMC employment requires competent program management to PMC employment requires competent program management to exploit their capabilities while mitigating riskexploit their capabilities while mitigating risk
Closing ThoughtsClosing Thoughts
PSC/PMCs typically operate in an environment where PSC/PMCs typically operate in an environment where Rule of Law has been compromisedRule of Law has been compromised
Armed contractors must operate in a manner that Armed contractors must operate in a manner that promotes Rule of Lawpromotes Rule of Law
Armed contractors must operate in a manner that Armed contractors must operate in a manner that promotes the legitimacy of the civil governmentpromotes the legitimacy of the civil government
These “MUST” items are all possible and practical, but These “MUST” items are all possible and practical, but are not being universally appliedare not being universally applied