Collinson_A History of Farming Systems Research_0851994059

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Ef/!t~f,~rg~lniz,~tio oi the Uriitc~d N,~tionsconcerning th(, Ie,gal status ot ,iny cocrntry, territory, city or ,lrcv or of its ,luthoritic~,, or concerning thc tlclirnit,ition of i t s frontiers or l)ountl,lrics. I hc des~griatroris'de~ve~lopcti' ,ind 'ticvclop~ng' cconomlcs are ~ntendeti tor statistic,~l (onvenlencc ,ind tlo not nc,c t~ss,lr~ly express , Ijutlgrnient about the \t,lge re,lchecl I)y a p,irt~cul,ir country, tc,rritor\i or are~i 1 1 1 the development processThe, vicws cxpresscti licrein arc thosc ot the autliors an(l do not necessarily represent thosc of the Foocl ,inti Agriculture C)rg,~nir,ltion of the United Nations.

All rights reserved. N o part of this puhlic,ltion may bc reproduced in any form or IN ,iny means, electronic-,111y, nicchanic,llly, hy photocopying, recording or other\ \ is?, without the prior perniis5ion o i FAO.

T\ [ m e t I)\ Columns Des~gn Ltd, Kc,ltl~ng Printed and bound In the UK bv Ridtllcs Ltcl, Cu~ldtord and K~ng'sLynn

Contents

Contributors' Biographies ;\bbreviations and Acronyms

viX

xii('1iaptc.r 1 Introduction Ilrlki, ('ollrrraorr I';\R'I' I: FSK - IINI)ERS'I'ANI)IN(;I:AKMI;r- I le i \ al\o a past I're\ident of tlie ~ \ s s o c i ~ r l i o ~ l . ;rgc~co~i.lis~~.~cl~~ lur-ing multi-;rge~icyc'omrnl1nily-l1;1sc(1 ri;rtu~-al / , ~ r t t i i I ;clr1or1ii:1li~(i I-csourcc m;~rlagcriicntinili;rti\es. James Olukosi. Jalncs is a profc.ssor of / ~ 1 t r 1 r f / ; S I , ~ ; I I I ( ~ I iirfric~:~.coli~.t~i~ .\gric~~rltur:~I l l ~ i s l i t ~ ~ ofl c l~II~-III (11 ~ l i c ;1r1clc~:111 l : c ~ i ~ r ~ !C'O\lll:S;\N gi~~i~ I SO, 1 0 5 207, 2 h L ) - 2 7 0 c'o~islr;iil~I\ rc~sc*;irc.li 10 3 coi~struclivisl p;iradigiir 326, 32; ( ' o ~ ~ s ~ t l t i i l(:roir~) ivc 011 I ~ t I c ~ i - t l ; i t i o :\gric.i~lli~r;ll t~i~l l 22 3 , 4 0 7 sc~ilpc!sc:llc 111' ~ I l ~ o g r i l l l l l l 2 l l1 ~ 0 2' I s t r u c r ~ i ~ -2 c1 X 2 14. 2 ' i~pcr;itittg 1I 2 1 2 for Ol'l< 2 I L), 1 senii-arid licliya 1 $ 7 ~xirticipt~tor pIt11it y l > ~ - c ~ ~ !l'I1l3~ c l i i ~ g ;(>I 1r;iining 2 30 cottoll ;14 scici1ti\ts 32 'I., < i t.. i ~ ~ i t ~34, i t r ;5-36, 4 0 4 country '.h. ~ .. . c~cterislics i i 4 10- 4 1 I plall'i~rmfor l:Sli itnpletnent;ition 41 h C'l:,Yl'S;\ 2 6 5

credit progrtrmrnes 1 5 crisi\ situations, problems 329-3 30 crop(s) Aildean 2h9-270 motlclling 2 physiology 4 3 polcntial 7 v:irielic. ant1 I';trl~lerprekrcncc. 1 3 5 yiclcl i i ~ l p r o v c n ~ c r ~ 329 ls crop in~l>rovcrncrtl 35 I h . I Oh-1 0 7 strategy lor p;~rlicip;itory plan1 breeding (1'1'1%) 3 55 crol) ~ I I ; I ~ I ; I ~ ~ I I I ~ * ~ I ~ ol,l:s 107-I I 0 opliriiuili 1 1 X rrscrcir~iitiit( g' I l l 23 25I cro~111itlg systct~is 2y i ~ g r o t ~ i ~ 3i lI ~ Ilr;~tlliclcl's cot~lrib~~tio 2r8 r c.oi~cc[)lu;~l li-anlcworl~ 20-27. 42. 4 3 el(~\,clopn~ct~t 44 8 . j.40 i ~ ~ o ~ l c ~346 l l i ~$ ~4g Ol'l(s I OX I'lall I'ucbl;~.Llexico 2 6 2 ' i. l I2 rcsciircll 2. 1 ('rol)[)iiig S~slctris hcs1\vorl,, ;\si:t 2Xh ('rolil~ing S~Y~CIIISI ' r o g r i ~ i n t i ~ c I02 clll~Lll-;ll e~clllllgy 30 I ('ullurc k111c1 , \ g r i c l i l I ~ ~ (:roup r~ 30s

I lcciaioll Support S y ~ l c ~ m l is ~ /\gric~illtrr;il r 'I'c.cli~iology (I)SS/Z'I') 12 1 ~ l ~ ~ c i \ i ~ ~ t ~ - t ~ il~olistic i i I , i t i g viciv , 302 c l c ~ t ~ ~ o i i s l r ; ~ tIll i i ~nl corttc,t~l 2') 1-194 cco~~ornisls ;lgro~lor~~ rel;~tionships isl 11 1 rcscarctl 1 I 6-1 1 7 ccor!~sl'~n ecology 4 1 l ~ c ~ ~ i ~ ()I:!< c l o rf ,~~~~c 2l 17-2 ir~g I8 1117 ctluci~lio~ ~ cl'licicncy. g c ~ l d c ; r~ n ; ~ l y s i \ 72 7 3 l;b1l3l7 L>III~~~SIII 10 1-107. 307 loss, \h~otllcll (>X clllplo\~lllcltt .~ iVX. c ~ n ~ ~ c ~ ~ t ' r 10. . r nS ~Ic ~ l 4 0 I .4 1 I gcllder ;~n;~lysis7 1 lti] I 7 I l;llclosllrc~sl;cllct (I cllviro~lll~crtl c l ( ~ g r ; ~ ( l ; ~ l i5 oI ~~ 1llilll;lgelllc~lll O X [)l;llll l~rcccllllg I 0 7 3 s u s t ; ~ i ~ ~ ; ~ h i l5 ilv C I I ~ ~ ~ O I ~ I I I ~ * I I ~ i~lIl~ ~ p i ~01' c l 0I:I; I 2 I I 1 2 c'quily gctlticr ;111;1lyhis 7 1 [ ~ ~ l i isrues cy 4(1 I l l h ~ o p i i iXq i ~ ~ a l i t ~ ~ l i o ~ ~ ilc)2, ~ l i zI;Oh, ~t~ 197. o~~ 1 [),S cslllllollistciry 30 1 cv;1lt1;tti1i11, l':~r~iirv: ~ s r c s s ~ l i c4 ~0 ~i ~t c3volulionism 10 1 arid c\~;tluation cx~)crimcrll;~l elcsig~l I agrorlorny 11 1. 1 I 4 1 l ( i l l f;trn~crs'liclrls 3 I 3 3 l h experilr~cnl;~l utlits (1:II). Sc11cg;11 178-1 X 3 I ~ ~ p c r i m ~ r l t a t;III(I i o n Ir1I11r1nitliori Service .\('(ISI:I cul711rt crops, produc~ivit\l 59-00 cxlel~silic;~tion. Ilali 1X i exlcrlsiorl 87-88 agents 1 3 . 14 for Intc,r~l;tlional I)cvelopmcrlt ('onsorli~1111 (CII)) 1 4 5 cxperimcrlt;~l units ([:I sl i n Sc,r~cg;~l1XO. 1 8 1 farmer p;rrtici[~atory rescarch (I?I'K-1:) h 1 farming systems-based 1 4 2 1 4 3 1:rarlcc. 1 7 3 I'SK-E h 8 gcnder analysis 70-7 l projects i n 1,atin i\rnerica 2 6 4 ownership o l OFR process 8 8

rcscarcl~ lirlhagc. 4 14 Ser~eg;~l 1 7 9 1 80. 1 8 2 1 IS!\ 1 1')- 144 cutension service (70. 4 0 8 1h0 i n l ~ r n l a t i oc.xch;~npe l~ lillhage 1 55 ol~-l;rrrn lealing 1 1 7 ~ 1~ 81 regional org;~lrix;~lionl h 5 - I h h rcscarcl~ l o c ; ~ l i o ~ tl(10. 107

farrntxr(s)C'oirtiri~rc~tl I ~ r m production economics 175-1 76 participatory plant breeding 11'1'131 374. 355. k~rm typologies 1 7 4 359-360 greet1 l i l ~ v s 1 7 3 particip;rtory research l1~1'15. X I . l\ls';~rcl~ Iirrlrring. ccologic;~ltlirl~c~r~siorrs :OH gCrrdcr a ~ ~ t ~ l y s hi s i h C ) .7 0 I';lrrrri~~ Systcnl g Supporl I'rojccl (I'SSI') 0 8 c.l'licic~~cy72-7 3 I ~ I ~ I I I ~sys1c111s II~ (3, 2 0 4 c.rripo\vc,rrrl~riI 7 3 c ' o n r p o ~ ~i~~tcr;rcliorl\ ~nl 318 I?) ccluily 7 3 dcvClop~nc~ (I:SI)) lt 1 if,. LC)O. 3211 lYllclr~ solvi~~ tccIrnolog~cs g 101 I:irrrt~ir~g Svstcr~rs 'I'r;rirri~~g l'rogr:~~ ll;~ r~drv pr;~clices.'l';~rlxatlia 1(1 l ~ ) ~ t l r o g r ; ~ ~ 11ni1. ~l~ic clc-liniliot~ ;~l 38') ll\IV\l< .2(>5.1 f > 6 i~rcortlc loss. WOIIICII flX I N I l , \ I ' ( , \ g r i c ~ ~ l l ~ ~I)c*vc~loptncr1I r;~l It~slil~~ ('l1ilc,! tc. 145. 1-17, 14s-1.19 In(lvx 01' / \ ( ~ c ~ e ~ ) l i I ~2 i lI ity IIIC~I;I. r:11111'ecl ~ : I ~ I Y I ~ I I ~ 35X indigcxnouslknowlc~tlgc~ ( I l i l 1 14. I I i 84, I I 2 ~ t l l l l g e l l l l ~lcclllllc;ll ls l\llo~~lcllg (l'I,l ; ~ l i x : ~ t i t4 ~11-4 ~~ 1 3 ti~itt~;~gcn process ~ c t ~ l 4 8 49, 5 0 \ourccs l 5 5-1 50 illforln;~liontc.clir~ology 102. 4 I 4 it~lr;~slr~~ct bottlcrrcchs ur;~l 3.24- 1 L i i t i ~ ~ o v ; ~ t i I:SI< o n . f;~ilurc, 1.18 l?Yl'), 182 public service t r ; ~ d ~ t i o 1 l~ TO SIZI) dep;~rtn~crlt1 71-1 75 I ~ ~ s l i lI'ri~liqilis ut de Kechcrclic Scienliliqklc pour Ic I)cvcl~1ppc~rnc111 c.11 C'oopcr:~tio~~ s(,izOI,197. lc)S, 1 l ~ l - - 2 I l S 1r;ii11ing 2 1 I 2 $ 2 lIg;ir~tl;~ lc)4--Ic)5, lLJf3, leJL) rvc;~h Ill') Z;~niI>i;i 1 9 5 ~ lcJf>,107. IL),S, lcJcJ,208-2 I 4 Z~r~~habw ILJh, e 1');. I' ) S . 1 OCJ i t i s t i t ~ l i i ~ i4 s I II I .I II h3 11~1l'li-rI f > collcc[)t If1 glol>;ll Icvcl 4 l 5 l>klt>llc 41 I i t ~ I e g r ; ~ l pcsi t ~ d III;III;I~~IIIC~II~ ( l l ' k f ) I I)or;tiion rvith 1);Irtticr inslit~11cs L 3 5, L 30. 137 c \ p c ~ r i c ~ ~ I~ cl* i ; ~ lr l ~ i lL ~ 3C) g lit,ltl s111cIy~I;III lor I%r;lzil 2 j ( ~ licld study reporls 1-10 I'ulldilrg 2 4 1 g0;11\ 2 14 i~tip;~c ol t prtrgr;~n~~n 1 c 39-140 ~ ill-servicc~ training 2 3 i intcreliscipli11i11-y tc;~ms 1 4 0 opcr;~ttor~;~l vtr;~lc.gy 2 14-2 37 origins 2 34 r c s e t ~ r cp l~ l i i ~ ~ l ~ i r ~ gcycle do~~ 2b 3h-2 l ~ 37 l r r m s of rcl'crcrice 2 3 5.L 3h I r a i ~ ~ i programrnc ng 1 1 4 241 1nlrrnatiori;il C'or~sortiutil l'or / \ g r i c ~ ~ l t u l -Syaletnh ;~l i \ p p l i c a t i o n lICSt\) 2 50 Inlern;~tion;rl I)cveloprncr~l Kesearcli C'crrlcr of c. ;ll c l i l l ; l l ~ ; l \ c ~ 402 I:II\,~~oIII~I~-II~ LI~III:I~~IIICIII~ ' o l l ; ~ I ~ o r ; ~ l i v r (11r lIIC.\\ 1 1 1! i~~il~lrrl~c~~ ; r i i ~ t1 l1 l, g 77, 211 I logic I I 2 \i,i, f l l \ i ~< l c l o ~ ~ ~ l l l t l ~ ~ ~ o c l ~ l1l7 i ,~ 3x7r g 38s i l 2 I I1.1 1 7 L 3 : ~ ~ o c l ~ ~ c t i 44--45 vity \I;rbiliIy 4S ,i~,icIe,~ir~c III\IIIIIIIOII\ 21X-2 30 sustairiabilily 45-40 ,I i l l C'l\l\l\ I 127 c i l \ l \ 2 ;i1 c,1-01> ~II:~II:I~~~IIIC~II rc\c>;~rclr iC'LIlT1') L 311-2 j I clot~or\ L 3 I con\cntion;~l111clhodsi n crop i n r p r o v c ~ n r ~ r l I:a\l i r r ~ c \O~IIII~~I-II l .\I'ricii l h 4 35-3h r \ o l ~ ~ l l oIl l1 h 2LS cotton 4 0 4 l u l u r r of 2 32-2;; Ocpartment of Ilcscarcli ancl'l'rilining il)IY1'1 l('11A progr;lrunlc\ 134-14 1 201-202

idcntilication 3 7 3

institution;rlixi~tic~~i 198. 2 1 3 -2 1 4

+

432

Index

training C'orrtirt~rcd in-country call system 227--228 in-service L 3 5

village studies 8 9 l\>ZI'SKN 280-182 izatcr conservation 30; ma~lagcrncllt f> 3 \v;~lcr c : ~ t c t i m c ~area lt 384-385 hydrological I'ullclioning 385-38f1 modelling fol- c ~ ~ h c r c m;~n;~gement nt 380 'ltxrroir' 386 tvalcr q~r;rlity 382, i X 3 . 384 actiotl-rcsearcli 3x1,-387 ni;~~l;~gcmcrrI area 184 mineral ~ v ; ~ l c produclic~n r 3x2, i X : . 384 t ~ ~ o d t ~ l 385. l i ~ ~ 380-388 g rc~sc;~rcl $88-389 ~ sclil typc3s 3 X i hp;lli;~l org;~rliz;~tio~r of h r n i i r l g ;~ctivilies 3X4LXh w';llcr r c % o ' u revs r t ~ l ~ : ~ l ~ i l i l 3(15-3(,(, ;~lio~~ v;~r~:~li1 oI~4 l \v;rlc~-sl~etl-lr\~t~l syslcrlls 1.2 \zrcscdc.c~~ltrol rcsci1rcI1 2 I 0 ~vrllar', gclldcr ;~n;~lvsis T3 \2'csl :\lric.;~. \k),\I:SIililyO