College of Engineering Discovery with Purpose August 23, 2011 Introduction to Wind Energy James...

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose www.engineering.iastate.edu

August 23, 2011

Introduction to Wind Energy

James McCalley ([email protected])ENGR 340,

Wind Energy, System Design and Delivery


BookkeepingField trip:•Meet in alley just next (south side) to Coover Hall at 4:55 pm Tuesday. We will leave at 5:00 sharp so do not be late.

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Homework•Read chapters 1-2 of DOE20by2020 report (by today)•Read chapter 4 of DOE20by2020 report by Tuesday•Continue reading Wind Intro notes from course website (they have been updated).


Overview• Preliminary energy concepts• Background on US wind

power growth• Policy issues for wind energy• Wind energy in context• Grand challenge questions

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Some preliminaries• Power: MW=1341HP.• Energy: MWhr=3.413MMbtu (106btu); 1btu=1055joules• E=P×T• Run 1.5 MW turbine at 1.5 MW for 2 hrs: 3 MWhrs.• Run 1.5 MW turbine at 0.5 MW for 2 hrs: 1MWhrs

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Power, P Time, T Energy, ECapacity, Prated

T

P(t)dtE0

Time, t

Power, P(t)1.5 MW

8760

8760

0

ratedP

P(t)dt

CF

• If P varies with t: • Capacity factor:

A lawnmower engine is 3HP (2.2kW or 0.0022 MW).Typical car engine is 200 HP (150kw or 0.15MW).Typical home demands 1.2kW at any given moment, on avg. 1MW=106watts106w/1200w=833 homes powered by a MW.Ames peak demand is about 126MW.The US has 1,121,000MW of power plant capacity.

1 gallon gasoline=0.0334MWhr; Typical home uses 11000kWhrs=11MWhrs in 1 year (about 1.2kW×8760hrs).1 ton coal=6MWhrs.

Actual annual energy production as a percentage of annual energy production at Prated


Background on Wind Energy in US

US Generation mix

Wind & renewables are 3.6% by energy.

Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 5


Background on Wind Energy in USU.S. Annual & CumulativeWind Power Capacity Growth


But what happened in 2010?



2010 is different!

Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report 7



Percentage of New Capacity Additions.


N. GASWIND



U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State

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Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report

10 of top 14 are in the interior of the nation




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10 of top 14 are in the interior of the nation




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Source: AWEA 2011 First Quarter Market Report



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Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2010



Market share of total 2008 wind installations




Ownership by company and by regulated utility




Wind plant size


College of EngineeringBackground on Wind Energy in US

29 states, differing in % (10-40), timing (latest is 2030), eligible technologies/resources (all include wind)

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State renewable portfolio standard

State renewable portfolio goal

Solar water heating eligible *† Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables

Includes non-renewable alternative resources

WA: 15% by 2020*

CA: 33% by 2020

☼ NV: 25% by 2025*

☼ AZ: 15% by 2025

☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)

10% by 2020 (co-ops)

HI: 40% by 2030

☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement

TX: 5,880 MW by 2015

UT: 20% by 2025*

☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)

10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*

MT: 15% by 2015

ND: 10% by 2015

SD: 10% by 2015

IA: 105 MW

MN: 25% by 2025(Xcel: 30% by 2020)

☼ MO: 15% by 2021

WI: Varies by utility;

10% by 2015 goal

MI: 10% + 1,100 MW by 2015*

☼ OH: 25% by 2025†

ME: 30% by 2000New RE: 10% by 2017

☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025☼ MA: 15% by

2020+ 1% annual increase(Class I Renewables)RI: 16% by 2020

CT: 23% by 2020

☼ NY: 24% by 2013

☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021

☼ PA: 18% by 2020†

☼ MD: 20% by 2022

☼ DE: 20% by 2019*

☼ DC: 20% by 2020

VA: 15% by 2025*

☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)

10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)

VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by

2012; (2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017

29 states & DC have an RPS

6 states have goals

KS: 20% by 2020

☼ OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)*

5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)

☼ IL: 25% by 2025

WV: 25% by 2025*†



Tax incentives

• Federal Incentives:• Renewed incentives Feb 2009 through 12/31/12, via ARRA• 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour PTC or 30% investment tax credit (ITC)

• State incentives:• IA: 1.5¢/kWhr for small wind, 1¢/kWhr for large wind• Various other including sales & property tax reductions

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Background on Wind Energy in USClimate bill

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Waxman-Markey Energy & Climate Bill (House, passed)

Kerry-Graham Climate Bill (Senate)

2012 renewables target 6% of electric energy renewableIn separate bill (Bingaman)

2020 renewables target 20%

2012 Emissions target Cuts by 3% (2005 baseline)

2013 Emissions target Cuts by 4.25% (2005 baseline)

2020 Emissions target Cuts by 17% (2005 baseline) Cuts by 20% (2005 baseline)

2030 Emissions target Cuts by 42% (2005 baseline) 42% (2005 baseline)

2050 Emissions target Cuts by 83% (2005 baseline) 83% (2005 baseline)

Emissions reductions are “economy wide” but there was interest to focus on utilities first, and perhaps only.



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Solar, 0.09

Nuclear, 8.45

Hydro, 2.45

Wind, 0.51

Geothermal0.35

Natural Gas 23.84

Coal22.42

Biomass 3.88

Petroleum37.13

26.33

8.58

27.39

20.9

Unused Energy

(Losses)57.07

Electric Generation

39.97

12.68

Used Energy42.15

Residential

11.48

Commercial

8.58

Industrial23.94

Trans-portation

27.86

8.45

6.82

20.54

6.95

LightDuty: 17.12QFreight: 7.55QAviation: 3.19Q 20


US ENERGY USE IS ABOUT 70% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION

US CO2 EMISSIONS* IS ABOUT 71% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION

GREENING ELECTRIC & ELECTRIFYING TRANSPORTATION SOLVES THE EMISSIONS PROBLEM

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* Anthropogenic


Solar, 1.0

Nuclear,15

Hydro, 2.95

Wind, 8.1

Geothermal 3.04

Natural Gas 23.84

Old Coal10.42

Biomass 3.88

Petroleum15.13

26.33

8.58

24.5

8.5

Unused Energy (Losse

s)43.0

Electric Generation

49.72

12.68

Used Energy42.15

Residential

11.48

Commercial

8.58

Industrial23.94

Trans-portation

15.5

15

6.82

20.54

6.95

INCREASE Non-GHG

12Q to 30Q

USE

11Q E

lectric for transportation

4.5Q

IGCC, 2.26

RE

DU

CE

CO

AL

22Q

TO

10Q

REDUCE PETROLEUM 37Q15Q LightDuty: 8.56QFreight: 3.75QAviation: 3.19Q


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Technolgy

ForecastedNERC, 2018

Hi Eff&RenewableUCS (NEMS),

2030

Hi IGCC/CCSNAE, 2035

Hi WindISU, 2035

∆GW Overnight cost

Trillion $


Trillion $


Trillion $


Trillion $

Con Solar 20.4 0.102 238 1.195 - 0 65.5 0.329

PV solar - 0 174 1.051 - 0 58.9 0.356

Nuclear 14.8 0.049 4.4 0.015 100 0.332 60.9 0.202

Wind onshore

229 0.440 670 1.288 350 0.673 630 1.211

Wind offshore

- 0 62 0.239 - 0 80 0.307

Geothrml 0.4 .002 31.8 0.127 - 0 106 0.424

Coal convntnl

19 0.039 red 0 red 0 red 0

IGCC+seq - 0 7 0.024 400 1.400 29.5 0.103

NGCC 107 0.103 - 0 - 0 - 0

Biomass - 0 157 0.591 - 0 - 0

TOTALS 389 0.735 1344 4.516 850 2.405 1031 2.930


Grand Challenge Question For Energy:

What investments should be made, how much, when, and where, at the national level, over the next 40 years, to achieve a sustainable, low cost, and resilient energy & transportation system?

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NUCLEAR

GEOTHERMALSOLAR

WindBIOMASS

CLEAN-FOSSIL

Where, when, how much of each, & how to interconnect?


Grand Challenges For Wind:1. Move wind energy from

where it is harvested to where it can be used

2. Develop economically-attractive methods to accommodate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid.

3. Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment and maintenance costs, increase operating revenues).

4. Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, aesthetics, and impact on agriculture.

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Wind vs. people

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How to address grand challenges

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#1. Move wind energy from where it is harvested to where it can be used.• Transmission

• Eastern interconnection Midwest to East coast• National Superhighways at 765 kV AC and/or 600/800 kV DC

• Right of way (rail, interstate highwys, existing transmission)• Cost allocation• Organizational nightmare

• Conductor technologies: overhead/underground, materials

• Bulk storage



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#2. Develop economically-attractive methods to accom-modate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid.• Variability:

• Increase gas turbines• Wind turbine control• Load control• Storage (pumped hydro, compressed air, flywheels, batteries, others)• Increase geodiversity

• Uncertainty:• Decrease it: improve forecasting uncertainty• Handle it better: Develop UC decisions that are more robust to wind pwr uncertainty



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#3. Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment/maint costs, increase operating revenues).• Investment: Improve manufacturing/supply chain processes, construction, collection circuit layout, interconnection cost, land lease, and financing• Operating & maintenance:

• Improve monitoring/evaluation for health assessment/prediction/life-ext• Decrease maintenance costs (gearbox machines and direct-drive)

• Enhance energy extraction from wind per unit land area• Improved turbine siting• Inter-turbine and inter-farm control• Increased efficiency of drive-train/generator/converters• Lighter, stronger materials and improved control of rotor blades• Taller turbines


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Wind turbine down-time distribution



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#4. Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, visual/audible, impact on agriculture.• Migratory birds and bats: mainly a siting issue for birds. Bat-kill is more frequent.•Agriculture: Agronomists indicate wind turbines may help!• Visual: a sociological issue

These issues have not been significant yet. Today, in Iowa, there are ~2600 turbines, with capacity 3700 MW. At 2 MW/turbine, a growth to 60 GW would require 30000 turbines, and assuming turbines are located only on cropland having class 3 or better winds (about 1/6 of the state), this means these regions would see, on average, one turbine every 144 acres.

College of Engineering1. What is a wind plant? Towers, Rotors, Gens, Blades

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Manu-facturer

Capacity Hub Height Rotor Diameter

Gen type Weight (s-tons)

Nacelle Rotor Tower

0.5 MW 50 m 40 m

Vestas 0.85 MW 44 m, 49 m, 55 m, 65 m, 74 m

52m DFIG/Asynch 22 10 45/50/60/75/95, wrt to hub hgt

GE (1.5sle) 1.5 MW 61-100 m 70.5-77 m DFIG 50 31

Vestas 1.65 MW 70,80 m 82 m Asynch water cooled 57(52) 47 (43) 138 (105/125)

Vestas 1.8-2.0 MW 80m, 95,105m 90m DFIG/ Asynch 68 38 150/200/225

Enercon 2.0 MW 82 m Synchronous 66 43 232

Gamesa (G90) 2.0 MW 67-100m 89.6m DFIG 65 48.9 153-286

Suzlon 2.1 MW 79m 88 m Asynch

Siemens (82-VS) 2.3 MW 70, 80 m 101 m Asynch 82 54 82-282

Clipper 2.5 MW 80m 89-100m 4xPMSG 113 209

GE (2.5xl) 2.5 MW 75-100m 100 m PMSG 85 52.4 241

Vestas 3.0 MW 80, 105m 90m DFIG/Asynch 70 41 160/285

Acciona 3.0 MW 100-120m 100-116m DFIG 118 66 850/1150

GE (3.6sl) 3.6 MW Site specific 104 m DFIG 185 83

Siemens (107-vs) 3.6 MW 80-90m 107m Asynch 125 95 255

Gamesa 4.5 MW 128 m

REpower (Suzlon) 5.0 MW 100–120 m Onshore90–100 m Offshore

126 m DFIG/Asynch 290 120

Enercon 6.0 MW 135 m 126 m Electrical excited SG 329 176 2500

Clipper 7.5 MW 120m 150m

College of Engineering Discovery with Purpose August 23, 2011 Introduction to Wind Energy James...

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