COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGsanesakki.weebly.com/uploads/5/4/7/9/54793365/ec2404... · 2018. 8. 31. ·...

EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Sir.C.V.Raman Nagar, Tirunelveli-12

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Subject Code: EC-76

“ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN LAB”

Name : ……………………………………

Reg No : ……………………………………

Branch : ……………………………………

Year & Semester : ……………………………………

EC-76 ESD LAB MANUAL

©Einstein College of Engineering

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Exp.No Name of the experiment Page No

1 DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

2 DESIGN OF AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR 3 DESIGN OF PROCESS CONTROL TIMER 4 i) DESIGN OF AM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR ii) DESIGN OF FM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR 5 DESIGN OF WIRELESS DATA MODEM 6 PCB LAYOUT DESIGN USING CAD TOOL 7 MICROCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEMS DESIGN 8 DSP BASED SYSTEM DESIGN 9 PSUEDO RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATOR 10 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT DESIGN



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INDEX

EX.No DATE NAME OF EXPERIMENT PAGE No MARKS INITIAL



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Ex. No.1 DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER AIM: To design, construct and test an instrumentation amplifier using IC 741 and vary its gain from 1 to 100. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity 1 Operational Amplifier IC 741 4 2 Resistor 10k

1k 150

10 4 1

3 DRB

1

4 Bread Board &Connecting wires

As required

5 Dual Power Supply 1 6 Rheostat

(0-100) 1

7 Ammeter

(0-250)µA 1

8 Multimeter

1

THEORY: INSTUMENTATION AMPLIFIER: Instrumentation amplifier is generally required in any measurement system using electrical transducers to enhance signal levels often in low voltage less than mV. Also it is required to provide impedance matching and isolation. When the desired input rides over a common mode signal special amplifier are needed so that difference signals get amplified to an acceptable level while the common mode signals get attenuated. The physical quantities can be converted into electrical quantities by using transducer. The output of the transducer needs to be amplified to get the meter readings. This amplification is done by using instrumentation amplifier. The output of instrumentation amplifier drives of indicator or display system. The important features of an instrumentation amplifier are high gain accuracy, high CMRR, high gain stability with low temperature co-efficient, low dc offset, low output impedance. Low input impedance may load the signal source heavily. Therefore high resistance buffer is used preceding each input to avoid this loading effect. For V1 =V2 under common mode condition. If V’

2 =V2 and V’1 =V1 both the operational amplifiers act as voltage

follower. If V1 V2 the circuit has differential gain by the formula VO/ (V2-V1)=1+(2R/R‘).



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BRIDGE CIRCUIT:

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:



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DESIGN: Output voltage VO = (1 + ( 2R / R‘)) (V2 -V1) Differential gain Ad = VO / (V2 - V1) = 1 + (2R / R‘) Choose R = 10kΩ For Ad max = 100 100 = 1 + (20k/R‘)

R’ = 20K --------- 99 R’ max = 200Ω. For Ad min = 10 10 = 1 + (20k/R‘)

R’ min = 2.2KΩ. IL = I1+I2

I1 = (V-(V0/2)) / R I2 = (V0-(V0/2)) / R IL = (V-(V0/2) + (V0-(V0/2)) / R = (V-V0+V0) / R = V/R IL is independent of RL. If R is constant then IL V PROCEDURE: 1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The bridge circuit was balanced by varying 100Ω Rheostat. 3. The output voltage V1 and V2 of balanced circuit were given as input to the op-amp A1 and A2. 4. Varying the resistance R1 the bridge circuit the voltage V1 and V2 were varied. 5. Varying the R’ the output voltage was measured then the differential gain was calculated using formula, =20 log (VO/(V2 -V1)).



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V to I CONVERTER:

PIN DIAGRAM:



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MODEL GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Displacement from initial place (cm)

Output Voltage (volt)

Output Current (mA)

Gain = (VO / (V2 -V1))

Gain = 20 log (VO / (V2 -V1)) in dB



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RESULT: Thus the physical quantities are converted into electrical quantities and by using electrical quantities instrumentation amplifier was designed, constructed and outputs were verified.



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

PIN DETAILS: AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:



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Ex.No.2 AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR

AIM: (i)To design, construct and test a AC voltage regulator using SCR. (ii)To design, construct and test a DC voltage regulator using SCR. APPARATUS REQUIRED: AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR: S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Transformer 230V/12V 1

2 SCR 2P4M 2

3 Diode BY 127 2

4 Resistor 100 k 12 k

2 1

5 Bread Board 1

6 Connecting Wires As required

7 CRO 1

8 DRB 1 DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR: S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity 1 Transformer 230V/24V 1 2 SCR TYN 604 1 3 Diode 1N4001 4

4 Resistor 10 k 2 5 Bread Board 1

6 Connecting Wires As required 7 CRO 1

8 DRB 2

9 IC 7812 1

10 Capacitors 1000µf 1

100µf 1



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MODEL GRAPH: AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:




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THEORY: The SCR is switched ON and OFF to regulate the output voltage in AC and DC voltage regulator. AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR: If the SCR is connected to AC supply and load, the power flow can be controlled by varying the RMS value of AC voltage applied to the load and this type of power circuit is caused as AC voltage regulator. Applications of AC voltage regulator are in heating on load transformers for changing light controls, speed controls and polyphase controls, induction motors and AC magnet controls for power transfer. Two types of power control are normally used. (1) ON-OFF control (2) Polyphase Angle control AC regulators are those converter which converts fixed ac voltage directly to variable ac voltage of the same frequency. The load voltage is regulated by controlling the firing angle of SCRs. AC voltage controllers are thyristor based devices. The most common circuit is the inverse parallel SCR pair in which two isolated gate signals are applied. Each of the two SCRs are triggered at alternate half cycles of the supply and the load voltage is part of input sine wave. The SCR is an unidirectional device like diode, it allows current flow in only one direction but unlike diode, it has built-in feature to switch ON and OFF. The switching of SCR is controlled by gate and biasing condition. This switching property of SCR allows to control the ON periods thus controlling average power delivered to the load. In this circuit SCR1 is forward biased during positive half cycle and SCR2 is forward biased during negative half cycle. SCR1 is triggered at the firing angle ωt=α and supply voltage is impressed on the load resistance(RL). It conducts from the remaining positive half cycle, turning OFF when the anode voltage becomes zero at ωt=π. SCR2 is triggered at the firing angle ωt=α+π and conducts till ωt=2π. Hence the load is alternating in polarity and is part of sine wave. The firing angle of both SCRs is controlled by gate circuit. The conduction period of SCR is controlled by varying gate signals within specified values of maximum and minimum gate currents. For gate triggering, a signal is applied between the gate and cathode of the device. AC sources are normally used as gate signals. This provides proper isolation between power. DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR: If SCR’s are used to convert an AC voltage into DC voltage then they are known as DC voltage regulators. Eg. Battery changes for high current capacity batteries in DC voltage control only phase control is used. The transformer is used to step down the voltage from 230V to 24V. This is given as input to bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier converts incoming ac signal to unidirectional wave. Therefore we get full wave rectifier output at the output of bridge rectifier. This is given as input to SCR. The gate of SCR is triggered with firing angle of α. During positive half cycle, diode D1 and D2 conducts and during negative half cycle, diode D3 and D4 conducts. The full wave rectified output is given to capacitive



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filter. The output of capacitor is dc that it eliminates ripple contents of bridge rectifier output. The dc input is given to regulator IC. The unregulated output must be 2V greater than regulated output voltage. The load current may vary from 0 to rated maximum output current. The output voltage is regulated dc. TABULAR COLUMN: AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR: DRB 1 value(KΩ) Amplitude (V) TON(ms)

DRB 2 value(KΩ) Amplitude (V) TOFF(ms)

DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR: DRB value(KΩ) Amplitude (V) TON(ms)

Resistance RL(KΩ) Output (V)



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DESIGN: AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR: Triggering circuit for SCR: 12 V ac is rectified by diode BY 127. SCR 2P4M is used to trigger. Let the current be 1mA. R=V/I=12V/1mA=12KΩ. DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR: Triggering circuit for SCR: 24 V ac is rectified by diode 1N4001. SCR TYN604 is used to trigger. Let the current be 1mA. R=V/I=12V/1mA=12KΩ. PROCEDURE: AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. The supply is given by means of step down transformer. 3. Anode terminal of SCR1 is connected to the anode terminal of diode, is connected to cathode of SCR1 by means of resistor as the load. 4. Hence the voltage regulation is verified at load terminal. DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR: 1. Connect the two terminals at the top of bridge rectifier. 2. The positive terminal of the bridge rectifier is connected to one terminal at the load and at the other terminal to anode terminal of SCR. 3. The pin 15 connected from the power supply to the load. 4. Then the DC voltage regulation is checked and verified. RESULT: Thus both AC and DC voltage regulators were designed, constructed and the output waveforms were drawn.



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:



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Ex.No.3 SEQUENTIAL TIMER

AIM: To design sequential timer to switch ON and OFF at least three delays in a particular sequence using IC 555 timer. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity 1 IC 555 3 2 Bread Board 1 3 Resistors 33k 3 100k 3 220 3 4 RPS 1 5 Connecting wires As required 6 Capacitors 10f 3 0.01f 6 7 LED 3

THEORY:

Sequential timer is the simplest form of the process control timer in which many timing operations carried out sequentially one by one. Each timing operation is kept in active condition for a predefined amount of time and then goes to off condition. Similarly the controller activates all the operations as per the defined timings. This type of sequential controller is required for injection moulding machine, back sealing experiments where it required to activate solenoids, relays other activating mechanism for a predefined time sequentially one by one. Sequential timer is used for control process. The timer IC 555 is operated in monostable mode. The mode monostable multivibrator circuit is useful for generating single output pulse of adjustable data form in response to a trigger signal. The width of the output pulse depends only on external component connected to the op-amp. The output of first multivibrator is given to the trigger input of the second one. Similarly it is connected in sequential order. The time period of each timer determine the triggering period of LED.



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PIN DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

OBSERVATION: LED 1 ON Time = LED 2 ON Time = LED 3 ON Time =



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DESIGN: This relay should be energised for 1 sec. ON Time TH=1.1*R*C Here we design for 1 sec. By choosing the value of R=100k The value of C approximated to C=10f Similarly we have RA=RB=RC=R=100k CA=CB=CC=C=10f PROCEDURE: 1. The circuit connections were given as shown in circuit diagram. 2. The triggering is given to pin 2 of timer 1. 3. When the trigger pulse is given the LED glows one by one sequentially. RESULT: Thus the circuits for sequential timer was designed, constructed and outputs were verified.



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FSK MODULATOR:



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Ex.No.4 WIRELESS DATA MODEM AIM: To design, construct and test wireless data modem using FSK modulator(555) and FSK demodulator (565). APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY: FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING: A digital-to-analog modulation technique. Data is transmitted by shifting between two close frequencies with ones represented by one frequency and zeroes by the other.

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals. The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. A modem converts the binary data from a computer to FSK for transmission over telephone lines, cables, optical fiber, or wireless media. The modem also converts incoming FSK signals to digital low and high states, which the computer can “understand”.

Whenever the message or information signal rides over the carrier it is called modulation. In electrical sense the operation of riding over the amplitude of carrier means to alter the amplitude of carrier. This is called amplitude modulation of the carrier. Thus the message signal becomes the modulating signal and it is transmitted by variations in the amplitude of the carrier. The transmission media suffers three major problems A. Attenuation B. Distortion C. Noise

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Transistor BC557 1 2 IC 555 , 565 , 741 Each one

3 Resistors 58K

47K 1K 10K 600

1 2 1 5 2

4 Capacitors 0.01f , 0.1f 0.02f

2 5

5 AFO & CRO 1 6 RPS & Dual RPS 1 7 Bread board & Connecting wires As required



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FSK DEMODULATOR:



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Due to these inherent problems, it is very difficult to have wide range of frequency in the signals that are transmitted. Therefore to transmit data over wireless medium, it is necessary to use a modulator which restore the number of frequency in the transmitted signal by employing digital modulation techniques like ASK, FSK or PSK. Also Binary PSK with non-coherent detection can also be employed. A modem is a device that takes the digital electrical pulses from a terminal or computer and converts them into continuous analog signal that is used for transmission. The binary FSK technique is employed for modulating the digital signals. IC 555 timer and transistor acting as switch, when the device acts as transformer. PLL IC 565 can be used for demodulator. It consists of phase detection LPF amplifier. DESIGN: FSK MODULATOR: ON time TH=0.693RBC OFF time TL=0.693(RA+RB)C Total time T=TH+TL=0.693(RA+2RB)C 1 f1=-------------------------- (1) 0.69(RA+2RB) C1

1 f2=------------------------------------ (2) 0.69(RA+2RB) C 1C2 ----------- C1+C2

Duty cycle D=ON time/Total time=(RB)/(RA+2RB)=0.3 RB= 0.3RA+0.6RB RB=0.75RA Let f1= 1050 Hz, f2= 1250 Hz, C1=0.01µf From (1) 1 1050=--------------------------------- 0.69(RA+2*0.75RA) 0.01µf

1 =--------------------------------- 0.69*2.5RA*0.01µf

RA=55.2K

RB=0.75RA RB=41.4K



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PIN DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:



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From (2) 1 1250=------------------------------------------------ 0.69(55.2K+2(41.4K)) 0.01µf*C2 ---------------- 0.01µf+C2

0.01µf+C2 C2 =----------------------------------- 0.69(138K)1250*0.01µf 0.01µf+C2 C2 =--------------- 1.19 1.19C2 - C2 = 0.01µf 0.19C2 = 0.01µf C2 = 52.63 nf FSK DEMODULATOR: Upper cut off frequency of RC ladder circuit fH=1/(2RC) Assume R2=R3=R4=R C2=C3=C4=C fH=(key in frequency+2 maximum frequency)/2 =(150+2(1250))/2=1325Hz Let C=0.02µf then R=1/(2CfH)=1/(2*1325Hz*0.02µf )=7K f0=0.3/(R1C1) f0=(f1+f2)/2=(1050+1250)/2=1150Hz Let C1=0.01µf R1=0.3/(1150*0.01µf)=26K

flock=8f0/10=(8*1150)/10=920Hz

fcapture should be less than flock.

Choose fcapture =400Hz

fcapture =(1/2)(2*flock)/(R0C0) R0=internal resistance=3.6K C0=(2flock)/(42fcapture

2R0)=920/(2(400)2*3.6K)=254nf



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OBSERVATION:

INPUT:

Amplitude = V

ON time TH = ms

OFF time TL= ms

Frequency f = Hz

FSK MODULATOR:

For positive half cycle

Amplitude = V

ON time TH = ms

OFF time TL= ms

Frequency f = Hz

For negative half cycle

Amplitude = V

ON time TH = ms

OFF time TL= ms

Frequency f = Hz

FSK DEMODULATOR:

Amplitude = V

ON time TH = ms

OFF time TL= ms

Frequency f = Hz



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PROCEDURE: FSK MODULATOR:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The digital input was applied at the input of FSK modulator. 3. The square wave output was noted in astable mode by CRO.

FSK DEMODULATOR:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The FSK modulated output is given as a input in the demodulation

circuit. 3. The output of the demodulator gives a modulating signal by using

voltage comparator was noted.

RESULT: Thus the circuit for wireless data modem using FSK modulator (555) and demodulator (NE 656) were designed, constructed and outputs were verified.



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM:



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Ex.No.5 PCB LAYOUT DESIGN USING CAD AIM:

To design Component/Board layout, PCB layout of the given circuit using AutoCAD 2000.

PROCEDURE:

1. Double click on AutoCAD 2000 or ACAD. 2. Ensure that you select metric (i.e. you are telling AutoCAD that you will be drawing in metres and millimetres NOT feet and inches) in the dialog box. 3. AutoCAD will now create a new drawing file named drawing1.dwg. 4. Select various electronic components from FileOpenAutoCAD folderSample folderDesign Center folderAnalog Integrated Circuits& Basic Electronics& CMOS Integrated Circuits. 5. Thus Component/Board layout is drawn by various AutoCAD commands. 6. Then PCB layout is drawn by various AutoCAD commands.

COMPONENT/BOARD LAYOUT: PCB LAYOUT: RESULT: Thus the Component/Board layout, PCB layout of the given circuit using AutoCAD 2000 was designed.



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APPENDIX

AUTOCAD COMMANDS “CAD is a abbreviation of Computer Aided Design and the term “Auto” indicates the company Name AutoDesk Inc., U.S., developed the Package AutoCAD. Starting AutoCAD: First, your computer should have Windows XP or Win 2000 Operating System.When u switch ON your computer, the Operating System is automatically loaded. Youcan start AutoCad by double clicking on AutoCAD icon on desktop of a computer. DONUT: Draws filled circles and rings. Command: Donut or Do Specify inside diameter of donut<10.0000>:Enter your value Specify outside diameter of donut<20.0000>:Enter your value Specify center of donut or <exit>:Click any point as center point

VIEWRES: Sets the resolutions for objects in current view port. Command:viewers Do u want fast zooms[yes/no]<Y>: Press enter(fast zooms is no longer a functioning option of this command and remains for script compatibility only) Enter circle zoom present(1 – 20000 )<current>: Enter an integer from 1 – 20000 or press Enter The model is regenerated. VIEWRES controls the appearance of circles, arcs, ellipses and splines using short vectors. The greater the no of vectors the smoother the appearance of circle or arc. For eg if u create a very small circle and then zoom in it might to appear to be polygon. Using VIEWRES to increase the zoom percentage and regenerate the drawing updates and smoothes the circle appearance. Decreasing the zoom percentage has the opposite effect. Before VIEWRES After VIEWRES

VIEWRES at 15 VIEWRES at 500

AutoCAD is a popular program because it can be customized to suit an individual's needs. The toolbars are a good example of this. You can have the toolbars you use most often on the screen all the time. You can easily make them go away so that you have more drawing space. You can also customize them so you have the



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most common commands on one toolbar. For example, the dimensioning toolbar is one that you will not want taking up space on your screen while drawing, but is very handy when you're dimensioning your drawing.

Opening AutoCAD Open up AutoCAD, you should be greeted with a screen asking if you want to open an existing drawing or start from scratch. (Dependant on your version of AutoCAD, the screen will be slightly different - The image shown below is for AutoCAD 2002).

Select 'Create Drawings', then 'Start from Scratch'. Ensure that you select metric (i.e you are telling AutoCAD that you will be drawing in metres and millimetres NOT feet and inches).

AutoCAD will now create a new drawing file named drawing1.dwg. AutoCAD will default to 'model space'. For now it is sufficient to say that model space is the blank space where all the drawing is carried out. Paperspace (now called Layout space since AutoCAD 2000) isn't really required until we are ready to plot (print) the drawing. Toolbars There are many toolbars available in AutoCAD. Go to View > Toolbars from the drop down menu to see them all. For now make sure that the following toolbars are checked: Draw - Contains AutoCADs most common drawing tools Modify - Contains all of the common editing commands such as erase, copy etc. Object Properties - Contains 'layer' information as well as object colours and line style options. (Covered Later). Standard Toolbar - Contains open & save options as well as zoom & pan options.



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Object Snap - AutoCAD's intelligent drawing aid - joins lines at specific points. (Covered later). Arrange the icons to where is comfortable for you (A typical layout is shown below): The Command Line The command line appears at the bottom of the AutoCAD screen (as shown above) and displays the commands entered. Commands can be entered into the command line in text format, or by using the icons or drop down menus. 'Old School' Cad users tend to type each command into the command line, as was required with older versions of AutoCAD. It is much quicker to familiarise yourself with the tool bars and drop down menus. There are times however when commands need to be typed into the command line, these will be covered later.

Drawing Technique - AutoCAD's Co-ordinate system Just before we start drawing, one more important point. AutoCAD works on a co-ordinate system. When drawing, we can be very precise and specify an exact point in space where a line should begin or end. The 2D co-ordinates system is based on the horizontal and vertical axis named x and y. (This is shown in the bottom left of the AutoCAD drawing area, the X Y icon is called the UCS).



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Title Bar - This will show you what program you are running and what the current filename is.

Pull-down menus - These are the standard pull-down menus through which you can access almost all commands.

Main toolbar - This has most of the standard Windows icons, as well as the most common AutoCAD commands.

Property toolbar - This toolbar gives a way to quickly modify an object's properties, such as layer and linetype.

Floating toolbar - This is a toolbar that can be moved around the screen, or 'docked' as the main toolbar is.

Drawing space - This is where you draw. You have an almost infinite area to draw and this is just a 'section' of the entire space.

Scrollbars - These work like in other windows programs. You can also use the PAN command to move around your drawing.

WCS Icon - This is here to show you which direction positive X and positive Y go. The W means you're in the World Co-ordinate System. (It can be changed to a User Co-ordinate System.)

Status Bar Tray Icons - These icons give you updates on items like reference files program updates and print status.

Command line - When you type a command, you will see it here. AutoCAD uses this space to 'prompt' you for information. It will give you a lot of information and tell you where you are in the command. Watch this line while learning.

Status bar - This allows to see and change different modes of drawing such as Ortho, Osnaps, Grid, Otrack, etc.

Tool Palette - Collection of tools in one area that can be organized into common catagories.

Command Keystroke Icon Menu Result

Properties PROPERTIES

Modify > Properties

Displays the properties of the object in the Properties Palette



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Command Description Options

COPY or CP

Draws a copy of selected objects using two methods -- "base point" method, or "displacement" method.

M Allows multiple copies to be made of an object

BASE Specifies origin of current drawing for subsequent insertion into another drawing -- is normally set to point 0,0,0

can be transparent

DONUT or DOUGHNUT

Draws filled rings with specified inside and outside diameters

ERASE or E Erases selected entities from the drawing

EXPLODE Separates a block, dimension or hatch pattern into its constituent entities or makes a polyline into a series of straight lines. In the case of a block that is exploded, if it was originally drawn on the 0 layer, it returns to that layer, regardless of the layer it was inserted on, and it loses its referential connection to the original block. In the case of a dimension or hatch pattern that has been exploded, their parts go back to the 0 layer, and are assigned the logical color (BYBLOCK) regardless of the layer they were drawn on. In the case of an exploded polyline, it loses any width it may have had.

LINE or L Draws straight lines <RET> In reply to From Point: prompt, line begins at end of previous line or arc C In reply to To point: prompt, closes the polygon back to first "From Point"

U In reply to To point: prompt, undoes last line segment

MOVE or M Moves designated entities to another location

NEW Creates a new drawing. When selected from a menu or typed in at the Command: prompt, this command brings up a dialogue box which allows setting a name for the new drawing by typing the name in the box, selection of a "prototype" drawing or typing a name of the new drawing and then an = sign and then the name of a drawing to be used as a prototype.

OFFSET Creates a new line, polyline arc or circle parallel to the <number> specifies



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entity and at a specified distance from it. offset distance

T "Through" allows specification of a point through which the offset line, polyline, arc or circle is to pass

OPEN Opens an existing drawing

ORTHO Constrains drawing so that only lines aligned with the grid can be drawn -- usually means only horizontal or vertical lines, however, if the crosshairs are rotated through the "Snap" "Rotate" command sequence, the lines drawn are constrained to being parallel with the crosshair rotation. Constraint can be overridden by snapping to a point or by entering exact coordinates for endpoints.

can be transparent

OSNAP Enables points to be precisely located on reference points of existing objects. This is the so-called "Running Mode" of OSNAP, which sets selection method to run continuously until set to NON (none) or until overridden by selecting another "Interrupt Mode" OSNAP method from the cursor menu. Combinations of OSNAP methods can be used by selecting a series of options separated by commas. For instance, if you want ot always pick either endpoints or intersection points when locating endpoints of lines, you would issue the command as follows: OSNAP <RET> END,INT <RET>

can be transparent CEN CENter of arc or circle END closest ENDpoint of arc or line INS INSertion point of Text or Block INT INTersection of line, arc, or circle MID MIDpoint of line, arc, rectangle side, or polygon side NEA NEArest point selected by aperture on line, polyline, arc, or circle NOD NODe (another name for a Point) NON NONe -- used when a "Running OSNAP" is on to temporarily turn off



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OSNAP selection PER PERpendicular point to line, arc or circle -- when used with an arc or circle it will draw a line to the surface of the arc or circle heading toward the center point QUA QUAdrant point of arc or circle (top, bottom, right or left side) QUI QUIck mode -- this is a modifier to one of the other OSNAP options -- it will find the first point that meets the requirements, not necessarily the closest point to the aperture. TAN TANgent point to arc or circle

QSAVE Saves the current drawing "Quickly" without requesting a filename (as long as file has already been given a name)

QUIT Exits AutoCAD -- if the current drawing has not been Saveds in its current state, a dialogue box will appear asking if you want to Save the drawing, Discard the changes, or Cancel the Exit command

SNAP Specified a round-off interval for point entry so that entities can be placed at precise locations

can be transparent <number> sets snap alignment resolution

ON aligns designated points

OFF does not align designatged points A sets aspect ratio (differing X and Y spacing)



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R Rotates the snap grid and crosshairs, and turns on SNAP after, if not already turned on

S Selects either Standard (rectangular) or Isometric Snap grid

TEXT Draws text characters of any size with selected styles

J Prompts for justification options S Lists or selects text style A Aligns text between two points, with style-specified width factor, AutoCAD computes approximate height proportional to length of text line C Centers text horizontally about a defined point F Fits text between two points, with specified height, AutoCAD computes approximate width factor to fill the distance between the two points M Centers text horizontally and vertically about a defined point R Right-justifies text BL Bottom Left justification BC Bottom Center justification BR Bottom Right justification ML Middle Left justification MC Middle Center justification MR Middle Right justification TL Top Left justification TC Top Center justification TR Top Right justification

VIEWRES Allows you to control the precision and speed of circle and arc drawing on the monitor by specifying the number of sides in a circle. Acts like an AutoCAD variable. Recommend that it be set to 2000.



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ZOOM Enlarges or reduces the display magnification of the drawing, without changing the actual size of the entities

can be transparent <number> multiplier from original magnification

<number X> multiplier from current magnification

<number XP>multiplier of magnification relative to paper space -- used for plotting to get right plot scale in each viewport

A ("All") fills limits of drawing to screen

C ("Center") makes picked point the center of the screen

D ("Dynamic") makes an adjustible rectangular lens appear on the screen which is capable of being made smaller or larger and moved to different positions over the drawing and once set by the user, the drawing will quickly zoom to the location and magnification set for the lens. This sub-command is no longer useful because all computers have very fast zooms naturally now.

E ("Extents") makes the farthest edges of the actual visible drawing fill up the graphics screen

L ("Lower-Left") makes the point picked become shoved to the lower-left corner of the graphics screen

P ("Previous") zooms back to whatever the last zoom, previous to the current zoom was -- AutoCAD stores about 10 of these, so you can



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walk backward in zoom magnification 10 times

V ("Virtual Screen") makes the largest area available to the graphics card fill the graphics screen -- this varies with the quantity of graphics RAM that your graphics card has

W ("Window") asks you to pick the lower left corner and the upper right corner of a zoom window and then fits that window to the graphics screen



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Ex.No.6 MICROCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEMS DESIGN

AIM:

To design microcontroller based system for simple applications like security systems combination lock etc. using 89c series flash micro controller. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. PC with windows operating system, RIDE IDE software, WINISP software

2. 8051 microcontroller 3. RS 232C Serial Cable 4. Home Security System

PROCEDURE:

1. Use RS 232C Serial Cable to connect 8051 microcontroller through serial port.

2. Set the DIP switch as follows DIP switch1: RS 232 DIP switch2: PGM for Programming Flash mode, EXE for execution Mode DIP switch3: INT

3. Write the ALP program (text document) in notepad, save as ASM language (ASM format) in Micro 51.

4. Set the DIP switch2 in PGM for Programming Flash. 5. Run WINISP. 6. Set the parameter for the following fields in WINISP window A CHIP: P89C51RD2 B PORT: Select Serial port connected to RS 232C Serial Cable C OSC: 12MHz 7. If flash is not blanked, perform erase operation. 8. Load hexa file containing the object code to be programmed into flash from Micro 51 by clicking load file.

9. Program the flash by clicking program part. 10. Set the DIP switch2 in EXE for execution mode. 11. Enter the password in Home Security System. 12. If a valid password is given, door will open.

RESULT:

Thus microcontroller based system for simple applications like security systems combination lock etc. using 89c series flash micro controller was designed and executed.



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PROGRAM: $include(reg51xa.inc) org 0000h; IOCONT equ 0ffc0h ; DCONT equ 0ffc4h ;address assign for lcd data line CONTR1 equ 0ff0fh ;Control register of the 8255_1. Port1A equ 0ff0ch ;Port A Port1B equ 0ff0dh ;Port B Port1C equ 0ff0eh ;Port C Contr equ 0ff13h ;Control register of the 8255_2. PortA equ 0ff10h ;Port A. PortB equ 0ff11h ;Port B. PortC equ 0ff12h ;Port C. call Bussy_check ; call lcd_IOCONT ; mov A,#38h ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; 5*7 matrix lcd init. call Bussy_check ; call lcd_IOCONT ; mov A,#80h ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; starting location . call Bussy_check ; call lcd_IOCONT ; mov A,#04h ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; Set cursor move direction. call Bussy_check ; call lcd_IOCONT ; mov A,#0Eh ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; enable display,cursor ,cursor blining call Bussy_check ; call lcd_IOCONT ; mov A,#01 ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; clear display.



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mov dptr,#MYDATA ; mov r7,#80h ;1st line data display mov r3,#16 ; r3 load display characters length lcall display ;call display routine mov dptr,#MYDATA1 ; mov r7,#0c0h ;2nd line data display mov r3,#16 ; r3 load display characters length lcall display ; call display routine call delay ; call delay ; call delay routine mov r4,#3 ;this value initialise for no time wrong password access jump_start:call Bussy_check ; call lcd_IOCONT ; mov A,#01 ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; clear display. mov dptr,#MYDATA2 ; mov r7,#80h ;1st line data display mov r3,#9 ; r3 load display characters length lcall display ; ;~~~~~~ ;4*4 matrix key read ;8255_1 Assign Port A and Port C are output port and port B is input port key_start:mov dptr,#CONTR1 ;Dptr load Control register address. mov A,#83h ;Acc load 83hex. movx @dptr,A ;Dptr point to Acc . mov r2,#06 ;no of character use in password. mov dptr,#4000h ;dptr contain address of 4000h.;this address location continiously contain password character. back_keystart:mov r0,dpl ;dpl contain lower byte of dptr. mov r1,dph ;dph contain higher byte of dptr. dec r2 ;decrement r2 value. mov a,r2 ;Acc load r2. jnz getdata ;Acc!=0 load another char. ljmp end1 ;If Acc==0 goto password compare. getdata:mov A,#00 ;Acc load 0. mov dptr,#Port1A ;PortA init. movx @dptr,A ;Port1A load 0. continue:mov dptr,#Port1B ;key Read continiously checking movx A,@dptr ;Acc load dptr point to the value. anl A,#0fh ;logical operation of Acc and 0f. cjne A,#0fh,key_Next ;if Acc!=0x0f read char sjmp continue ;if Acc==0x0f key continiously checking ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;ROW 1 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;



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key_Next:mov a,#0eh ;Acc load 0x0e.0x0e is 4th row of key pad. mov dptr,#Port1A ;dptr load port1A address. movx @dptr,A ;dptr point to Acc.Port1A load Acc value. mov dptr,#Port1B ;dptr contain Port1B address. movx A,@dptr ;Acc load dptr point to the value. anl A,#0fh ;AND operation for Acc and 0x0f. cjne A,#0fh,ctrow1 ;compare Acc and 0x0fh sjmp row1 ;Acc==0x0f go to row1.if Acc!=0x0f go to ctrow1. ctrow1:cjne A,#0eh,Next30 ;compare to colomn wise key. mov A,#30h ;Acc load 0x30.0x30 ASCII char is '0'; ljmp key_end ; Next30:cjne A,#0dh,Next31 ; mov A,#31h ;Acc load 0x31.0x31 ASCII char is '1'; ljmp key_end ; Next31:cjne A,#0bh,Next32 ; mov A,#32h ;Acc load 0x32.0x32 ASCII char is '2'; ljmp key_end ; Next32:cjne A,#07h,row1 ; mov A,#33h ;Acc load 0x33.0x33 ASCII char is '3'; ljmp key_end ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ROW 2 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; row1 : mov a,#0dh ;Acc load 0x0d.0x0d is 3rd row of key pad. mov dptr,#Port1A ; movx @dptr,A ; mov dptr,#Port1B ; movx A,@dptr ; anl A,#0fh ; cjne A,#0fh,ctrow2 ; sjmp row2 ; ctrow2:cjne A,#0eh,Next34 ; mov A,#34h ;Acc load 0x34.0x34 ASCII char is '4'; sjmp key_end ; Next34:cjne A,#0dh,Next35 ; mov A,#35h ;Acc load 0x35.0x35 ASCII char is '5'; sjmp key_end ; Next35:cjne A,#0bh,Next36 ; mov A,#36h ;Acc load 0x36.0x36 ASCII char is '6'; sjmp key_end ; Next36:cjne A,#07h,row2 ; mov A,#37h ;Acc load 0x37.0x37 ASCII char is '7'; sjmp key_end ;



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;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ROW 3 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; row2: mov a,#0bh ;Acc load 0x0b.0x0b is 2nd row of key pad. mov dptr,#Port1A ; movx @dptr,A ; mov dptr,#Port1B ; movx A,@dptr ; anl A,#0fh ; cjne A,#0fh,ctrow3 ; sjmp row3 ; ctrow3:cjne A,#0eh,Next38 ; mov A,#38h ;Acc load 0x38.0x38 ASCII char is '8'; sjmp key_end ; Next38:cjne A,#0dh,Next39 ; mov A,#39h ;Acc load 0x39.0x39 ASCII char is '9'; sjmp key_end ; Next39:cjne A,#0bh,Next41 ; mov A,#41h ;Acc load 0x41.0x41 ASCII char is 'A'; sjmp key_end ; Next41:cjne A,#07h,row3 ; mov A,#42h ;Acc load 0x42.0x42 ASCII char is 'B'; sjmp key_end ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ROW 4 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; row3: mov a,#07h ;Acc load 0x07.0x07 is 1st row of key pad. mov dptr,#Port1A ; movx @dptr,A ; mov dptr,#Port1B ; movx A,@dptr ; anl A,#0fh ; cjne A,#0fh,ctrow4 ; sjmp key_end ; ctrow4:cjne A,#0eh,Next43 ; mov A,#43h ;Acc load 0x43.0x43 ASCII char is 'C'; sjmp key_end ; Next43:cjne A,#0dh,Next44 ; mov A,#44h ;Acc load 0x44.0x44 ASCII char is 'D'; sjmp key_end ; Next44:cjne A,#0bh,Next45 ; mov A,#45h ;Acc load 0x45.0x45 ASCII char is 'E'; sjmp key_end ; Next45:cjne A,#07h,key_end ; mov A,#46h ;Acc load 0x46.0x46 ASCII char is 'F'; sjmp key_end ; key_end : mov r7,A ;



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call display2 ;display key read char. mov dpl,r0 ; mov dph,r1 ; mov A,r7 ; movx @dptr,A ;get char Store to Dptr .Dptr Base address 4000h. inc dptr ;Vary dptr.each char contion cotinious memory 4000hto4004h. lcall delay ;delay routine. jump:ljmp back_keystart ;if get another char goto back_key start. END1:lcall compare ;two string compare routine.; compare Enter password routine compare : mov r2,#5 ;r2 load count of char . mov dptr,#Password ;dptr contain base address of the Password. mov r3,#00 ;r3 load 0x00. equal:mov r0,dpl ;r0 contain lower byte of dptr. mov r1,dph ;r1 load higher byte of dptr. mov a,#00 ; Acc load 0x00; movc a,@a+dptr ;Acc contain code segment data. mov B,A ;B reg. load Acc. mov dptr,#4000h ;dptr contain address 4000h. inc r3 ; mov a,r3 ; sjmp jump2 ; incr: inc dptr ; jump2:djnz r3,incr ; mov r3,A ; mov A,#00 ; movx a,@dptr ; cjne A,B,NOT_equal ;compare Acc value And B reg.value. mov dpl,r0 ; mov dph,r1 ; inc dptr ; djnz r2,equal ; lcall step_motor ;Call step_motor routine . mov r4,#3 ; ljmp jump_start ; NOT_equal:djnz r4,busser_0ff ; mov A,#82h ; mov dptr,#CONTR1 ; movx @dptr,A ; mov A,#01 ; mov dptr,#Port1C ;minimum 3 times Put wrong password.after buffer is ON. movx @dptr,A ; lcall access_stop ;display Access denied.and system not access it when after reset. sjmp Re_start ; busser_0ff:call Bussy_check ; call lcd_IOCONT ; mov A,#01 ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; clear display.



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mov dptr,#MYDATA4 ; mov r7,#80h ;1st line data display mov r3,#16 ; r3 load display characters length lcall display ; mov dptr,#MYDATA5 ; mov r7,#0c0h ;2nd line data display mov r3,#16 ; r3 load display characters length lcall display ; lcall delay ; lcall delay ; ljmp jump_start ; Re_start:sjmp Re_start ; ;Access denied subroutine access_stop : call Bussy_check ; call lcd_IOCONT ; mov A,#01 ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; clear display. mov dptr,#MYDATA6 ; mov r7,#80h ;1st line data display mov r3,#16 ; r3 load display characters length lcall display ; ret ; ;Stepper motor routine ;stepper motor rotate clockwise and anticlockwise direction ;control register set 0x80 all Ports are output port. step_motor : mov A,#80h ; mov dptr,#Contr ;Control register address assign Dptr. movx @dptr,A ;all ports are output port. ;Stepper motor rotate forward direction mov r3,#0 ; back5:mov dptr,#Port1C ; movx A,@dptr ; jz forward_end ; mov dptr,#stepper ; mov r1,dpl ; mov r2,dph ; mov r0,#04h ; call rotate ;call rotate subroutine. inc r3 ; mov a,r3 ; cjne a,#13,back5 ; forward_end:call delay ; ;Stepper motor rotate reverse direction back_6:mov dptr,#reverse ; mov r1,dpl ;



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mov r0,#04h ; call rotate ;call rotate subroutine. djnz r3,back_6 ; ret ; ;door delay routine delay1 : mov r7,#01h ; back3:mov r6,#0A1h ; back1:mov r5,#0ffh ; next:djnz r5,next ; djnz r6,back1 ; djnz r7,back3 ; ret ; ;Steper motor rotate clockwise and anti clockwise direction. rotate : back_:mov a,#0h ; movc A,@A+dptr ; mov dptr,#PortA ; movx @dptr,A ; call delay1 ; inc r1 ; mov dpl,r1 ; mov dph,r2 ; djnz r0,back_ ; ret ; ;Bussy_check subroutine Bussy_check : mov A,#02 ; mov dptr,#IOCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; back:movx A,@dptr ; anl A,#80h ; cjne A,#00,back ; mov A,#00 ; mov dptr,#IOCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; ret ; ;lcd enable rotine lcd_IOCONT : mov A,#00 ; mov dptr,#IOCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; ret;



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;lcd display subroutine display : back4:mov A,r7 ; mov r0,dpl ; mov r1,dph ; call bussy_check ; call lcd_IOCONT ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; mov A,r7 ; movx @dptr,A ; mov dpl,r0 ; mov dph,r1 ; mov a,#0h ; movc A,@A+dptr ; mov r6,A ; call bussy_check ; mov A,#01 ; mov dptr,#IOCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; mov A,r6 ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; mov dpl,r0 ; mov dph,r1 ; inc r7 ; inc dptr ; djnz r3,back4 ; ret ; display2 :call bussy_check ; mov A,#01 ; mov dptr,#IOCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; mov A,#2ah ; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx @dptr,A ; ret ; ;delay routine delay: mov r7,#003h ; back_3:mov r6,#0ffh ; back_1:mov r5,#0ffh ; next_:djnz r5,next_ ; djnz r6,back_1 ; djnz r7,back_3 ; ret ;



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MYDATA :db " Vi Security " ; MYDATA1 :db " System "; MYDATA2 :db "Password: "; MYDATA3 :db 0eh,0dh,0bh,07h ; Password :db "00000"; reverse :db 0ah,06h,05h,09h ; ANTI CLOCKWISE DIRECTION stepper :db 09h,05h,06h,0ah ; CLOCKWISE DIRECTION MYDATA4 :db " checkyour "; MYDATA5 :db " Pass word "; MYDATA6 :db " Access Denied " ; end;



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: AMPLITUDE MODULATION:



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Ex. No.7 DESIGN OF AM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Date: AIM: To design AM signal using multiplier IC for the given carrier frequency and modulation index and demodulate APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity 1 IC MC1496 1 2 Bread Board 1 3 Resistors 51 k

k k 3,5,1,1

4k k k

2,2,1,1, 1

4 RPS 1 5 Connecting wires As required 6 Capacitors 10f 1 0.001f,0.1f,0.0

1f 1,2,1

7 FG 2 8 Diode IN 4001 1 PROCEDURE:

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram Give the modulating signal to pin no 10 through the FG. Give the carrier signal to pin no 10 through the capacitor of 0.1f using

another FG. Note down the AM signal at pin no 6. Choose the amplitude level of converter keeping frequency at constant depth

of modulation was calculated. Give AM signal to pin no 1 of demodulator circuit. Note down the demodulator signal at pin no 2 of IC 1496.



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: AMPLITUDE DEMODULATOR: MODEL GRAPH: TABULATION: THEORY:



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Modulation: It is the process in which the characteristics of high frequency carrier wave is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of other wave.

Amplitude Modulation: The amplitude of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous values of message signal is called amplitude modulation.The bandwidth of the AM is twice the bandwidth of the base band signal. The amplitude modulation wave also produces two sidebands(Upper and Lower). The extent of amplitude variation in AM about unmodulated carrier amplitude is measured in terms of a factor called modulation index defined as the ratio of modulating signal amplitude to carrier amplitude. This factor also known as depth of modulation, degree of modulation and modulation factor(ma). If ma<1 then the modulation is called under modulation, ma>1 then the modulation is called over modulation, ma=1 then the modulation is called critical modulation. AM Demodulation: It is the process of extracting the message signal by using a same carrier that was used for modulation from the modulated signal.

The most commonly used AM detector is simple diode detector. The

signal at the secondary is half wave rectified by diode D. This diode is the detector diode the resistance R is the load resistance to rectifier and C is the filter capacitor. In the positive half cycle of the AM signal diode conducts and current flows through R, where as in negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and no current flows. Therefore only positive half of the AM signal appears across R. Capacitor reconstructs the original modulating signal and high frequency carrier is removed.

Result: Thus the AM modulation and demodulation circuits were constructed and modulation index was calculated.

CIRCUIT DIAGARM:



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FREQUENCY MODULATION:



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Ex. No.7 DESIGN OF FM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Date: AIM: To design FM signal using IC 566 for the given carrier frequency and demodulat the FM using PLLNE 565. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No

Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1 IC 566 1 2 Bread Board 1 3 Resistors 39 k k

k 1,1, 1

4 RPS 1 5 Connecting wires As required 6 Capacitors 0.01f, 0.001f 1,2 7 FG 1 THEORY: Modulation:

It is the process in which the characteristics of high frequency carrier wave are varied in accordance with instantaneous value of other wave.

Frequency Modulation: Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal without any variation in the amplitude of the carrier wave. Because the amplitude of the wave remains unchanged, the power associated with an FM wave is constant. When the modulating signal is zero, the output frequency equals fc

(centre frequency).When the modulating signal reaches its positive peak, the frequency of the modulated signal is maximum and equals(fc + fm). At negative peaks of the modulating signal, the frequency of the FM wave becomes minimum and equal to (fc - fm).Thus, the process of frequency modulation makes the frequency of the FM wave to deviate from its centre frequency(fc).By an amount ( + or - Δf) where Δf is termed as the frequency deviation of the system. During this process, the total power in the wave does not change but a part of the carrier power is transferred to the side bands. There are two types of FM they are 1.Narrow band FM 2.Wide band FM Frequency demodulation

It is a process which is used to receive the origin of signals.



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MODEL GRAPH: TABULATION:



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PROCEDURE:

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram Give the modulating signal to pin no 5 through the FG. Note down the corresponding amplitude and time period of the FM modulated

signal. Apply the modulated signal as input to the PLL.

RESULT: Thus the frequency modulation and its demodulation circuits were designed and waveforms are plotted.



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: TRUTH TABLE:



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Ex. No.8 PSUEDO RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATOR Date: AIM: To generate the pseudo random sequence using linear feedback shift register and verify the output using truth table. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1.DFF(IC 7484) 2.XOR (IC 7486) 3.Digital Trainer kit 4.connecting wires PROCEDURE:

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Logic inputs are given as per the circuit diagram. Observe the output and verify the the truth table.

RESULT:

Thus the pseudo random sequence was generated using linear feedback shift register and the output was verified using truth table.



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ALU PROGRAM:



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Ex. No.9 DESIGN OF ARITEMETIC LOGIC UNIT Date: AIM: To write HDL program for designing arithmetic logic unit and simulate it using xilinx ISE9.2i. SOFTWARE USED:

XILINX ISE 9.2i

PROCEDURE:

i) Open project navigator. ii) Go to the file and click the new project iii) Type the project name as “synthesis” iv) The “property wizard” is open to check all properties such as

product, categories, family, device etc. then click next v) Create new source wizard appears then click next vi) Project summary is displayed then click next vii) Go to the project and click “new source” viii) Then type the full name “half adder” as well as select verilog

module then click next ix) “Define module window” here we assign the input and output of

half adder, clicks next and click finish x) Type the program and save it xi) Make sure that the source is in “BEHAVIOUR” xii) Then click the ISE simulator and view the signal window xiii) Force the input data corresponding circuit xiv) Simulate the program using ISE simulator

RESULT:

Thus the HDL program was written for arithmetic logic unit and

simulated using xilinx.



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Ex. No.10 DESIGN A DSP BASED SYSTEM FOR ECHO CANCELLATION Date: AIM: To write A Matlab program for echo cancellation. SOFTWARE USED:

Matlab PROGRAM:

clc; clear all; close all; format short T=input('enter the symbol interval T'); br=input('enter the bit rate value br'); rf=input('enter the roll off factor rf'); n=[-10 10]; y=5000*rcosfir(rf,n,br,T); ds=[5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 5 5 5 5]; m=length(ds); n1=length(y); i=1; z=conv(ds(i),y); while (i) z1=[z,zeros(1,1.75*br)]; z=conv(ds(i+1),y); z2=[zeros(1,i*1.7*br),z]; z=z1+z2; i=i+1; end %plot(z); h=randn(1,length(ds)); rs1=filter(h,1,z); for i=1;length(ds), rs(i)=rs1(i)/15; end for i=1:round(x3/3), rs(i)=randn(1); end fs=[5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 5 5 5 2 5 2 5 2]; m=length(ds); n1=length(y); i=1; z=conv(fs(i),y); while(i) z1=[z,zeros(1,1.75*br)]; z=conv(fs(i+1),y); z2=[zeros(1,i*1.75*br),z];



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z=z1+z2; i=i+1; end fs1=rs+fs; ar=xcorr(ds,ds); crd=xcorr(rs,ds); l1=length(ar); j=1; for i=round(11/2):11, ar1(j)=ar(i); j=j+1; end r=toeplitz(ar1); l2=length(crd); j=1; for i=round(12/2):12, crd1(j)=crd(i); j=j+1; end p=crd1; lam=max(eig(r)); la=min(eig(r)); l=lam/la; w=inv(r)*p; e=rs-filter(w,1,ds); s=1;mu=1.5/lam; ni=1; while(sle -10) w1=w-2*mu*(e.*ds); rs y4=filter(w1,1,ds); e=y4-rs; s=0;e1=xcorr(e); for i=1:length(e1), s=s/length(e1); if(y4==rs) break end ni=ni+1; w=w1; end figure(1); subplot(2,2,1); plot(z); title('near end signal'); subplot(2,2,2); plot(rs); title('echo produced in the hybrid'); subplot(2,2,3);



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plot(fs); title('desired signal'); subplot(2,2,4); plot(fs1); title(' echo added with desired signal'); figure(2); subplot(2,1,1); plot(y4); title('estimated echo signal using LMS algorithm'); subplot(2,1,2); plot(fs1-y4); title('echo cancelled signal');

RESULT: Thus the LMS Algorithm based Echo cancellation System has been designed and verified using MATLAB.

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