COLLEGE - LIMASSOL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION HISTORY OF CYPRUS LECTURE 6.
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Transcript of COLLEGE - LIMASSOL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION HISTORY OF CYPRUS LECTURE 6.
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COLLEGE - LIMASSOLBUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
HISTORY OF CYPRUSLECTURE 6
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TOPICS
Christianity in CyprusThe introduction of Christianity and its
implications.The development of the Church of Cyprus.The Crusades.
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Christianity on CyprusIn 45 A.D., the apostles Paul and Barnabas
arrived on the island, and they were accompanied by Mark the Evangelist.
They arrived in Paphos, which, at that time was the seat of the Roman Proconsul Sergius Paulus who was the first to be converted by Apostle Paul.
The conversion followed a great miracle performed on the magical Elima, who was first blinded and then cured.
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Christianity on Cyprus
This miracle and the fact than the proconsul was the first to be baptized into Christianity, encouraged many Cypriots to convert and become Christians.
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Apostle Barnavas
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Apostle Paul
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Marc the Evangelist
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Martyrdom by Apostle Barnabas
The two apostles left the island after first organizing the church and appointing bishops.
Apostle Barnabas returned later and became the Bishop of Salamis.
During the persecution of the Christians by Emperor Nero, Barnabas was captured by the Jews
of the city and was then subjected to martyrdom.
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Martyrdom by Apostle Barnab
According to the ‘‘Acts of Apostles’’ he was then buried by his nephew Mark the Evangelist, who placed on the chest of Barnabas a manuscript of the Gospel by Mathew.
The remains of Apostle Barnabas, together with the Gospel were discovered by Anthemios, Bishop of Constantia in 485 A.D.
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The first bishops
The first bishop was Heraklidios, Bishop of Tamassos.
Bishop Heraklidios ordained Epaphras as Bishop of Paphos.
Tychikos was ordained Bishop of Neapolis, today’s Limassol, and Auxibius was ordained Bishop
of Soloi by St. Mark the Evangelist. Saint Lazarus was ordained Bishop of
Kition.
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The first Oecumenical Synod-St. Spyridon
At the first Oecumenical Synod at Necaea in 325 A.D., Cyprus was represented by three
bishops, Cyril of Paphos, Gelasius of Salamis, and Spyridon of Tremithus.
Spyridon was to become the famous saint who was martyred.
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Saint Spyridon
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Monastic life Saint Hilarion
Monastic life flourished in Cyprus since the fourth century A.D.
Monasteries were established in the valleys of Marathasa like that of St. John Lambadistis
which was founded next to St. Heraklidios monastery.
The trend for monastic life is connected to the arrival of St. Hilarion in the island.
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Monastic life Saint Hilarion
Together with Saint Antony, Hilarion had lived for a very long time in the desert.
He organized monastic life on the island and his name is connected with the Castle of Saint Hilarion, in the mountains over Kyrenia.
He died in 371 A.D.
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Saint Hilarion
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Castle of Saint Hilarion
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The Byzantine periodThe Autocephalous Church of Cyprus
Under Emperor Constantine the Great, Cyprus was
administratively placed under the Eastern Administration with Antiochia as the capital.
The patriarchs of Antiochia demanded that the church of Cyprus should also come under them.
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The Byzantine periodThe Autocephalus Church of Cyprus
They based their demand on the consularius, or governor of Cyprus, who was appointed by the Count of Antiochia, as well as on a forged canon of the First Ecumenical Synod of Nicaea which stated that the patriarch of Antiochia had the right to nominate the archbishop of Cyprus.
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Third Ecumenical Synod of Ephesus
The Antiochia’s demands were presented to Pope Innocent the first Patriarch Alexander who was only attempting to strengthen his own personal position.
The Bishops of Cyprus defied an order from the Pope to comply
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Third Ecumenical Synod of Ephesus
They repeated their refusal in 431 A.D., when they ignored instructions from the Count of Antiochia
Flavius Dionysus and elected Reginus to replace the bishop of Constantia Theodoros, and thus rejected any intervention from the Patriarch of Antiochia.
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Third Ecumenical Synod of Ephesus
On his election, Reginus,accompanied by three other Bishops proceeded to Ephesus where the Third Ecumenical Synod was meeting, and managed to gain approval of the famous Eight Canon of Ephesus, which gave recognition to
the autocephalus character of the Church of Cyprus.
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Artemios and the remains of Barnabas
Even after this ruling, those in Antiochia, acting on the basis of some vague wording of the 8th canon, continued to promote their demands.
While this was going on, Bishop Anthemios of Constantia saw a vision of Saint Barnabas, who pointed out to
him the place of his burial.
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Artemios and the remains of Barnabas
He found the place with the saint’s remains and the hand-written Gospel by Matthew on his chest, as it was placed there by Mark the Evangelist.
This discovery left no doubt that the Church of Cyprus was indeed an Apostolic Church and that as such, it had every right to be recognized as
autocephalus.
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Final recognition and privileges
Anthemios took the saints remains and the Gospel and went to Constantinople.
He requested that Emperor Zenon should put an
end to the dispute with Antioch. Zenon called a special session of the synod in
Constantinople in 448 A.D., which, without any shadow of a doubt, ratified the 8th canon of Ephesus, closing the affair once and for all.
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Final recognition and privileges
Before leaving Constantinople, Anthemios presented the Gospel to the Emperor and it
was placed within the chapel of Saint Stephen, which was in the Royal Palace, with instructions that it should be read from during the Easter Services.
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Final recognition and privileges
The Emperor granted the following privileges to Anthemios and his successors:
a) to sign in red ink like the emperors b) to carry a royal scepter instead of the
customary Pastoral Staff c) to wear a red claok.
These privileges are enjoyed by the archbishops of Cyprus up to date.
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Revolts by governors
There was a part of the governors who aspired to become independent grandies.
The first such revolt took place in 1042 A.D., by Theophilos Erotikos who was appointed the island’s administrator by Emperor Michael the Fourth, two years earlier.
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Revolts by governors
After Michael’s death and his succession by Emperor Zoe, Theophilos incited the Cypriots to revolt and placed himself at the head of this act against the throne. The revolt, was suppressed by Zoe’s successor, Constantine the Gladiator one year later.
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Rapsomatis revolt 1092 A.D.
The revolt by Rapsomatis broke out in 1092 A.D.
The emperor Alexios Comnenos sent Ioannis Dukas to restore order.
He first suppressed the revolt on the other islands, and then he attacked Cyprus and managed to capture Kyrenia in a surprise attack.
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Rapsomatis revolt 1092 A.D.
Rapsomatis, who had massed his forces in Nicosia, hastily fortified the pass at Boghaz in his effort to stop Dukas’ advance under the command of general Emmanouil Voutomitis.
Many of Rapsomatis’s forces deserted to Voutomitis and this forced the renegade administrator to flee in haste to Limassol from where he hoped to escape.
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Rapsomatis revolt 1092 A.D.
Voutomitis gave chase and forced Rapsomatis
to take shelter at the Monastery of Stavrovouni, where he was captured.
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Fortification of Cyprus
The time when these developments were taking place
were extremely critical for the Byzantine empire because of the Crusades, with which they
coincided.
Thus the island became very essential to the Byzantine
Emperors for obvious and very strategic reasons. Alexios Komnenos resolved to fortify the island and built the castles of Saint Hilarion, Buffavento, and Kantara on the Pentadaktylos range.
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Fortification of Cyprus
He appointed commanders of these castles who he could trust implicitly.
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Fortification of Cyprus
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Bufavento
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Kantara castle
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The first Crusades
Right from the First Crusade its shores were plundered by crusaders who, however, were defeated by Commander Filokalis when they attempted a large scale landing in 1099 A.D.
Another operation by Prince Renaldo of Antioch, in 1155 A.D., did not have the same fate.
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The first Crusades
Under the excuse that the emperor had reneged on some promise, the prince attacked and captured the
island. He also took prisoners both Dukas and Ioannis
Comnenos, a nephew of the emperor Manuel Comnenos. In 1159 A.D. he was forced to abandon the island because he could not face the emperor’s forces
sent against him.
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The Crusades
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The crusades
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References
Cleanthis, P. Georgiades, History of Cyprus, 2nd Edition 1993.