Collège de France

Collège de France

Chile

France

Paris

Paris

UniversityPierre & Marie Curie

Collège de France

Sorbonne

‘Quartier Latin’Notre Dame de Paris

Collège de France

University Pierre et Marie Curie

1530

1960

Collège de France

1530

Maître de la librairie (National Library)

Guillaume BudéFrançis I

king of France

to develop the new spirit of ‘Renaissance humanism’

against the old Sorbonne fonded during the middle ages in 1257

6 royal lecturers

greek (2) - hebrew (3) - mathematics (1)

(no latin ≠ Sorbonne)

Social sciences = 26

history

archeology

philosophy

litterature

economy

Physical sciences = 21

biology = 10

mathematics = 3

physics = 4

earth sciences = 2

chemistry = 2

Year 2006 ≈ 50 professors

+1 european 1 international

every year

Chemistry at the Collège de France

Louis-Jacques Thénard

1804-1845

Nicolas Vauquelin

1801-1804

Jean Darcet

1774-1801

never more than 2 chemists

Chemistry at the Collège de France

1845-1850 Théophile Jules Pelouze

1851-1876 Antoine Jérôme Balard

1876-1897 Paul Schützenberger

1898-1907 Henri Le Chatellier

1908-1934 Camille Matignon

Inorganic chemistry

1865-1907 Marcelin Berthelot

1908-1916 Emile Clément Jungfleish

1917-1929 Charles Moureu

1930-1941 Marcel Délépine

1942-1955 Charles Dufraisse

1956-1980 Alain Horeau

1979 - Jean-Marie Lehn

Organic Chemistry

1996-1998 Jean Rouxel2001 - Jacques Livage

- lectures : science as it goes (new topic every year)- advanced research

about 200 attendees from 20 to 80 years old‘open university ’

anyone can attend the lectures : no registration, no degree

Professors

docet omnia I teach everything

Jacques Livage

Collège de France

Advanced Materials via Chimie Douce

One of the main differences between men and animals

is that a man is able to make tools

homo habilis

shaping silexto make a tool

polished stone

cutted stone

Tools were made from natural materialswood, bones, stones, ….

≈ - 400.000 years

The discovery of fire was a key point for the evolution of mankind

shapecomposition

The history of man follows the development of materials

copper bronzestone iron

Ellingham diagram

G = H - TSCO

2 Cu + O2 2 CuO

2 C + O2 2 CO

S < 0

S > 0

Cu FeT°C

G

2 Fe + O2 2 FeO

700300

CuO + C Cu + CO

CuO is reduced by Carbon above the crossing point

TFe > TCu

Ellingham diagram and human civilization

Materials processing improves when higher temperatures are reached

copper

aluminium

G = H - TS

iron

bronze

CuO

FeO

Al2O3

CO

G°

Cu FeAl

Cu

Fe

Al

copper bronzestone iron

25°C 600°C 1100°C T°C

Better materials require higher temperatures

Prometheus

Prometheus

aluminium

aeronautic

silicon

electronic

copper bronzestone iron

25°C 600°C 1100°C T°C

Better materials require higher temperatures

Materials chemistry = high temperature chemistry

Solid-state chemistry = shake and bake chemistry

melting pot furnace

T > 1000°C

Formation of biomaterials by

organisms living in the sea

from solute species in aqueous solutions

Life appeared in the sea

Sea plankton

Nanostructured materialshave been made by micro-organisms

since the Cambrian era

≈ 600 millions years

coccolithes

Calcium Carbonate

CaCO3

Silica - SiO2

radiolaria diatoms

Amphilouche elongata

Strontium SulfateSrSO4

Acantharias

bones

teeth

shells

Enst Haeckel

(1834 - 1919)

Atlas des radiolaires (1862)

Atlas des radiolaires (1862)

Bio-inspired silica

biogenic silica

the sol-gel process : chemistry and

applications

hybrid organic-inorganic materials

bio-encapsulation

radiolaria

Unusual forms of vanadium oxides

from molecular clusters to layered structures

vanadium oxide gels and sols

vanadium oxide nanotubes and foams