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Objectives 1. To discover the difference between organized

and unorganized sports.

2. To examine how amateur sports help local

communities.

3. To show the difference between collegiate and

professional sports.

4. To analyze various aspects of professional

sports.

5. To discuss the ethical and legal aspects of sports. 2

Main Menu

• Introduction to Sports

• Amateur Sports

• College Sports

• Professional Sports

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Introduction to Sports

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Organized Sports• Have set teams

– teams are defined as groups of individuals who play together to accomplish a goal, such as winning a game

• Play in organized leagues

– leagues are defined as groups of teams who play the same sport by a certain set of rules

• rules are a set of guidelines given by a governing body or higher power such as a league commissioner

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Unorganized Sports• Are loosely organized sports not regulated by a

governing body• Often have undefined or unclear rules • Examples include the following:

– street hockey– pickup basketball– bicycle riding

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From the Playbook: Soccer is the number one sport in the world by number of participants.

Types of Organized Sports

• Amateur• College• Professional

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Amateur Sports

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Amateur Sports• Include all sports leagues not

professional or collegiate• Players do not receive money or

tuition for their effort• Include high school sports• Encompass most organized sports

leagues, such as a basketball league at the local YMCA®

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From the Playbook: Nearly 100,000 students play high school basketball each year.

Amateur Sports

– baseball– basketball– golf– gymnastics– hockey– ice skating– football– rodeo

– swimming– skateboarding– skiing/snowboarding– soccer– surfing– tennis– track and field– wrestling

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• Can include sports such as the following:

From the Playbook: Can you name any additional amateur sports?

Amateur Sports• Benefit the community in the following ways:

– make the population more physically active– increase the bond between citizens and business or

government officials who help facilitate amateur sports– bring citizens together to support each other – can build community pride

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From the Playbook: The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) was created in 1988 in an effort to support amateur athletes who hoped to compete in the Olympic Games. Despite several changes and opposition to the organization, the AAU still sponsors the annual Junior Olympic Games.

Amateur Sports Example

• The American Youth Soccer Organization is a nationwide non-profit organization promoting youth soccer. The AYSO fosters teamwork, good sportsmanship and positive coaching for kids. Visit them online at www.soccer.org.

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Adults & Senior Citizens• Also participate in a variety of recreational activities

• May join specific leagues or community-sponsored events

• Include a specific segment or market for sports advertisers

– examples could include:

• playing in an indoor soccer league

• participating in elderly couples swim class

• joining a bowling or softball league

• entering a golf tournament at a country club

• competing in a city triathlon

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Adults & Senior Citizens• Nearly 12.4 million people over the age of 65

engage in an organized sports activity at least six times a year. Popular sports for individuals ages 65 and over include walking, fishing and swimming.

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Marketing • Is defined as the practice of pricing,

promoting and placing of a company’s products

• In amateur sports is often done by local businesses

• For example, a local bank or construction business might sponsor jerseys for a softball team

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College Sports

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College Sports• Are offered by colleges and universities• Provide economic benefit to colleges and

universities• Also provide benefits to the areas

surrounding the colleges and universities

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From the Playbook: Approximately 3-5 percent of amateur athletes will have the ability to compete at the collegiate level.

Tiers of College Athletics

• Intramural sports• Club sports• School-sponsored athletics

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College Intramurals• Are another example of an amateur sport• Have rules setting them apart from being an

unorganized sport• Athletes do not receive class credit for playing and

therefore are not classified as a collegiate sport• Athletes are not paid, and therefore are not classified

as professional

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Athletes are defined as people who train for a specific sporting event requiring a high amount of physical fitness.

Intramural Sports• Can be defined as “sports played within the walls of a

school’s jurisdiction”• Are structured to allow non college athletes to participate

in athletics • Are usually organized to allow maximum participation for

all players• May be offered for a limited number of college sports

and skill levels

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From the Playbook: Would you allow a member of the college women's soccer team to play intramural soccer?

Intramural Structure • Example: University Intramural Basketball

Program 

Leagues offered: Men, Women, Co-edLeague skill levels: Competitive, Intermediate, RecreationalDivisions: Greek Division, Off-campus Division, Residence Hall

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Intramural Leagues Offered

• Include the following: – men – an all male league– women – an all female league– co-ed – a league which includes men and

women, usually possessing requirements concerning the ratio of men to women

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Intramural Skill Levels• Include the following:

– competitive – the league with the most advanced players

– intermediate – the league comprised of moderately-skilled athletes

– recreational – the league usually consisting of beginner athletes

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Intramural Divisions• Include the following:

– Greek – teams are comprised of members belonging to the same fraternity or sorority

– off-campus – teams are comprised of members who do not live in a dormitory on campus

– residence hall – teams are comprised of members from the same dormitory

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Impact of Intramurals• Allows students of all ages and skill

levels to participate in athletics• Promotes social networking and

fitness among students• Expands the fan base for popular

college sports

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Club Sports• Are sports officially recognized by an institution’s athletic

department, but are not covered by student fees

• Often require official tryouts

• Must follow the required policies and procedures of the

school

• May consist of team or individual sports

• Are extremely competitive in nature

• Level of skill is higher than intramurals but less than

school-sponsored athletics

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School-Sponsored Athletics

• Are officially recognized by the college or university

• Remain funded through the school’s athletic department

• Come with high levels of media fan attention• Are governed by the National Collegiate

Athletic Association® (NCAA®), National Junior College Athletic Association® (NJCAA®), or the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics® (NAIA®)

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NCAA®

• Stands for National Collegiate Athletic Association®

• Is the governing body of collegiate sports• Governs competition and integrates college

athletics with academics• Also aims to assist athletes in the pursuit of

higher education

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NCAA®

• Regulates the following for collegiate athletes and collegiate programs:

– ethical conduct

– employment regulations

– recruitment standards

– academic requirements

– awards, scholarships and benefits

– playing and practicing seasons

– rules enforcement

– division membership

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NCAA®

• Offers three divisions of competition– division I– division II– division III

• in general, larger schools compete in the upper (division I) division while smaller schools participate in division II and division III

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NCAA® Division I• Is split into two classifications

– bowl subdivision• requires the school to have at least 16 athletic

teams– championship subdivision

• requires the school to have at least 14 athletic teams

– bowl subdivision athletes are generally of a higher caliber than those who compete at the championship subdivision level

• Athletes may receive significant financial aid for playing sports

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NCAA® Division II• Requires the schools to have at least 10 athletic

teams to meet NCAA® regulations• Athletes may receive financial aid for playing

sports but many also receive academic grants to help pay tuition

• Athletes are generally of lower caliber than athletes who compete at the division I level

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NCAA® Division III• Requires the school to have at least 10

athletic teams• Athletes receive no financial aid for playing

sports• Athletes are generally of lower caliber than

athletes who compete at the division I or division II level

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The NJCAA ®

• Stands for National Junior College Athletic Association ®

• Is the national governing body for over 500 junior colleges in the United States

• Is separated into 24 regions• Offers three divisions of athletic

competition in a variety of sports

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The NAIA® • Stands for the National Association of Intercollegiate

Athletics®

• Is the national governing body for approximately 350 small-college sports programs in the United States

• Includes 300 member colleges and universities • Is divided into 14 regions and offers 23 championships in

13 sports

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From the Playbook: The NAIA® was the first athletic organization to include both black colleges and women in national championships.

College Structure• College sports are divided into conferences

and divisions• Conference and division titles vary for each

sport• Most sports participate in a structured playoff

system to determine a national champion

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Conferences• Are groups of teams competing against one another in a

variety of sports• Are very similar to leagues• Offer member schools a chance to compete for a

conference championship• Are generally grouped by region

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From the Playbook: Baseball has some of the lowest attendance rates out of all college sports.

Effects of Collegiate Sports

• Come in many different forms– economic– increase in student applications– increase in school pride

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Economic Effects of Collegiate Sports

• Include economic benefits provided by collegiate sports

– For example, when Drake University held the 2008 Track and Field National Championships, many participants and fans traveled from around the country to view the event. Drake University and the surrounding area of Des Moines, Iowa received a significant economic boost from people who booked hotel rooms, rented cars and ate and shopped in the surrounding area.

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Prospective Student Admissions

• May increase if a collegiate team is victorious– shows many students want to be part of an

exciting atmosphere– also shows many students want to be part of a

“winning tradition”

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School Pride• Can be increased if a collegiate team is

victorious• Can also swell pride in the surrounding

civic area• May cause individuals to buy more goods

with a collegiate team’s logo or name

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Marketing• In college sports is big business, worth

millions of dollars per year• Is usually handled by a university’s athletic

department• Includes sponsorships such as

advertisements around a stadium • Also includes licensing

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Licensing• Is defined as the paid use of a logo or name to be

used for merchandise• Is regulated in collegiate athletics by the NCAA®

• Brings in funding for both the individual colleges and universities and the NCAA®

• Generates royalties, or money made off of licensing– For example, say the University of Miami licenses their logo

to Under Armour®. Under Armour® then sells Under Armour® shirts having the University of Miami logo on them. For every shirt Under Armour® sells, they must pay a percentage of what they make to the University of Miami.

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Female Collegiate Athletics

• Have been supported by the NCAA® since 1981• Have increased due to Title IX Legislation

– Congress enacted Title IX in 1972 to prohibit discrimination in educational programs, including collegiate athletics

– all federally-funded public schools are required to follow Title IX

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From the Playbook: Since the enactment of Title IX, female collegiate athletic participation has risen 456%.

Title IX Legislation• May have led to the removal of many men’s

sports and the addition of many women’s sports

• For example a university may cut men’s baseball and create women’s rowing to promote equality– this has been very controversial in recent

years

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Professional Sports

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Professional Sports• Are sports where the athletes are paid for their

performance• Provide an economic benefit to the home city• Foster civic pride within a community• Make up one of the fastest growing industries in the

United States• Employs over 20,000 individuals

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From the Playbook: Less than 2 percent of collegiate athletes will have the ability to compete at the professional level.

Professional Athletes• Are defined by the NCAA® as, “individuals who receive

any kind of payment, directly or indirectly, for athletic participation except as permitted by the governing legislation of the association”

• Are individuals who earn their living playing sports• Receive payment for playing sports as well as by

advertising a company’s products through endorsements

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From the Playbook: An endorsement is a public figure’s personal approval or support for a product or service. Tiger Woods is one of the highest paid athletes due to his endorsements.

Professional Sports Leagues

• Divide franchises into conferences and divisions to regulate game play and simplify scheduling

• Involve intensive management on all levels• Include the following leagues

– National Football League®

– National Basketball Association®

– Major League Baseball ®

– National Hockey League®

– Major League Soccer®

– Arena Football League®

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Franchise Success• Can mean different things to different parts of a

professional sports organization• Owners generally find success in making money• Managers or coaches measure success in winning • Players find success in winning and reaching certain

statistical milestones paying them bonuses– for example, a soccer player may have incentives, or

motivators, in his contract to score more goals• Front office personnel such as marketing or public

relations might measure success based on fan attendance

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From the Playbook: Franchises are specific teams within a league

Stadiums/Arenas• Are the venues in which sports are played• Can be franchise-owned, sponsored or community

owned• Have the ability to house multiple events or functions• Create employment within the community• Attract additional businesses such as restaurants,

hotels, etc.

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Salary Caps• Are spending limits affecting how much a team can

spend on a certain player• Give teams limits on total player spending • May also affect individual player spending based upon

factors such as years in the league and position• Are mandated and regulated by the governing bodies of

major sporting leagues• Affect the National Football League®, National Basketball

Association® and National Hockey League®

– does not affect Major League Baseball®

– Major League Baseball® is referred to as an “uncapped” league

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Collective Bargaining Agreements

• Are contracts existing between the owners of a sport’s league and the player’s association

• Contain rules for player salaries• Also contain requirements for salary caps• Free agency is the process by which players are

assigned a team; when a player is a “free agent” they are free to negotiate with any team with whom they wish to sign

• Defines the rules for free agency

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Player Unions• Are unions joined by players

• Sign Collective Bargaining Agreements with governing bodies of sports leagues

• Offer services such as salary negotiation and player grievances– a player grievance is a dispute a player has with the

league

• Strive for better player contracts with the league– try to get more money for the players

• For example the Major League Baseball® Players Association® (MLBPA) is a union for MLB® players 54

Lockouts• Are stoppages of league play due to disagreements between

players unions and the governing bodies of sports leagues

• Are defined by the governing bodies not agreeing to the

players association demands

– the governing bodies do not let the players “work”

• For example, the NFL® lockout of 2011 and NBA® lockout of

2011 occurred when the players and owners could not

agree on Collective Bargaining Agreements. Even the NFL®

referees experienced a lockout in 2012 when they could not

agree with NFL® owners on a Collective Bargaining

Agreement.55

Strikes• Are also stoppages of league play due to disagreements

between players unions and the governing bodies of

sports leagues

• Are defined by the players association not agreeing to

the governing bodies demands

– the players refuse to work under the agreement

• For example, Major League Baseball® underwent a strike

in 1994, and cancelled the World Series™ due to

continued disagreements between the MLBPA and MLB®

for a new Collective Bargaining Agreement

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Cities• Try to attract sports teams for their positive

economic impact• Also try to attract sports teams to build civic

pride• View the sports teams as advertising for the

city

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Luring a Sports Team• Is done by giving the team a new stadium

– stadiums are the most expensive cost of owning a team

– stadiums are often built by passing stadium taxes, which raise taxes for the local community

• Is also done by giving the sports team tax breaks to lure them to a new location

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Luring a Sports Team• Successfully is a full time job

– small parts of city government must be allocated to lure a team

• May be accomplished through two ways:– league expansion: when the league adds

an additional team– team relocation: when the league relocates

an existing team to an new location

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MLB Baseball to Oregon?

• For example, Portland Oregon has been campaigning to get a Major League Baseball® Team. The Oregon Sports Authority, Portland Baseball Group and Oregon Baseball Campaign have combined to form the Oregon Stadium Campaign, a coalition of fans and business who want to bring baseball to Oregon. Visit them online at: www.oregonstadiumcampaign.com

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Adding a Franchise to an Existing League

• Usually requires the following:– a vote of the existing franchises to admit the team– a bid for the new franchise made by potential

owners and cities for the location– contract negotiations with owners and location– stadium construction or lease agreement– creation of logos, team name and team colors, etc.– recruitment of staff and players

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From the Playbook: Teams which are added to leagues are referred to as expansion teams since they expanded the league.

Examples of Expansion Teams

• National Football League®

– the most recent expansion team in the NFL® is the Houston Texans which began play in 2002

• Major League Baseball®

– the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and Arizona Diamondbacks were added in 1998

• National Basketball Association®

– Charlotte Bobcats were added in 2004

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Relocation of an Existing Franchise

• Entails a league moving an existing franchise to a new city

• Is determined by league owners and managers

• Is usually targeted toward franchises with financial problems

• Involves attracting a franchise to the prospective city through competition

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Examples of Relocated Franchises

• National Football League®

– the Houston Oilers moved to Nashville, Tennessee and became the Tennessee Titans

• Major League Baseball®

– the Montreal Expos moved to Washington D.C. and became the Washington Nationals

• National Basketball Association®

– the New Orleans Jazz moved to Salt Lake City, Utah and became the Utah Jazz

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Performance Enhancing Drugs

• Are substances such as steroids or steroid based compound which are taken to increase performance

• Are a prominent issue in all of sports• Have been taken by many professional athletes• Will be an especially large issue in future years as

money and media coverage of professional sports increase

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From the Playbook: Athletes who have been accused of using performance enhancing drugs are Barry Bonds, Jason Giambi, Gary Sheffield, Marion Jones, Justin Gatlin, Shawne Merriman and many others.

Gambling• Is the wagering of money on a sporting event with an

uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional money

• Can involve athletes or referees “throwing” games• Creates scandals and distrust from fans when it is

completed by athletes or referees

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From the Playbook: Baseball player Pete Rose is banned from the Baseball Hall of Fame due to gambling. Pete Rose has the most career hits of any major league baseball player in history.

Professional Women’s Sports

• Have increased in popularity and attendance in the last ten years

• Include basketball, golf, tennis, gymnastics, soccer, ice skating, etc.

• Have created an additional marketing outlet for sports manufacturers– female athletes are now craving

custom-designed golf clubs, soccer cleats, racing bikes, sporting apparel, etc.

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From the Playbook: Jackie Mitchell, a female baseball pitcher, struck out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in a 1931 exhibition game.

Pioneers in Women’s Sports

• Mildred "Babe" Didrickson Zaharias (golf)

• Ann Meyers (basketball)• Julie Krone (horse racing)• Manon Rheaume (hockey)• Cheryl Miller (basketball)• Mary Lou Retton

(gymnastics)• Venus and Serena

Williams (tennis)

• Sheryl Swoops (basketball)

• Billy Jean King (tennis)• Jackie Joyner-Kersee

(track)• Annika Sorenstam (golf) • Mia Hamm (Soccer)• Janet Guthrie (auto racing)• Danica Patrick (auto

racing)

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Professional Sports Leagues

• Vary in geographic popularity

– American football is not very popular in Asia

• Also includes the following leagues which we have not discussed :

– Formula One Racing®

– Professional Golf Association®

– Women’s National Basketball Association®

– Ladies Professional Golf Association®

– NASCAR®

– Etc.

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Marketing• In professional sports is worth billions of dollars• Includes sponsorships such as advertisements on a

baseball field’s outfield wall• Also includes money paid for naming rights to a

stadium, such as University of Phoenix Stadium, home of the NFL®’s Arizona Cardinals

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From the Playbook: Think of the last time you saw a professional athlete endorsing a product on television. That is sports marketing in action. Do you remember the product, the athlete or both?

Review

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Amateur Sports Collegiate Sports Professional Sports

Help the local economy

Build civic pride

Athletes receive educational benefits

Make money off of licensing

Play in designated stadiums

Athletes receive money

Teams have players associations

Resources• www.logoserver.com

• www.northernsun.org

• www.jewell.edu

• Amateur Sports

http://research.givingmatters.com

• NCAA® Membership Requirements

www.ncaa.org

• NCAA® Overview

www.ncaa.org

• What’s the difference between Divisions I, II and III?

www.ncaa.org

• NCAA® Member Conference Definition

www.ncaa.org

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Resources• Sacked admissions?

www.southbendtribune.com• NCAA® March (Licensing) Madness

http://abcnews.go.com• What Is NCAA® Football?

www.ncaafootball.com• Sportslaw Jargon: Strike vs. Lockout

www.sportslawnews.com• NCAA® Executive Committee Minutes

www1.ncaa.org• www.msnbc.msn.com• www.arenafootball.com

• www.ccsd.ca

• www.seniorjournal.com

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Resources• www.oursportscentral.com

• www.nba.com

• www.nba.com

• www.soccer.org

• http://naia.cstv.com

• www.indiana.edu

• www.drugfreesport.com

• www.womenssportsfoundation.org

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