collective action empowerment: The case of bean...
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By F. Nakazi 1, E. Katungi 2, M. A.Ugen 1, P. Aseete 1, I.J.Muggaga 1 & G.Nanyonjo 1
1 National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI);
2 Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Uganda
The role of collective action in women empowerment: The case of bean production in Uganda
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Presentation Outline •Introduction •Methodology •Results and discussion •Policy recommendations
•Acknowledgements
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Introduction • Collective action through farmer groups can be an important
strategy for smallholders to strengthen the political power, gain skills, access inputs, form enterprises (Penunia, 2011)
• Men & women farmers embraced collective action with variations in the degree of participation; Women membership 30-50% but have a weak representation in leadership (Ampaire et al., 2013)
• Group members hold farmers’ meetings, there are more women cooking for the farmer participants than women participating in the discussions
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Introduction cont’d • Results into dramatic disproportion between rural women’s
voice & decision making role not to be significantly felt by women farmers
• Weak leadership & influence of women in the community indicators of women’s political disempowerment (IFPRI WEAI) Research questions: (a) Does women participation in farmer group boost
women confidence to speak in public and compete for leadership posts?
(b) If yes, which group factors facilitate/constrain women empowerment as an outcome
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Key terms Farmers’ groups -independent membership-based rural
organizations of smallholder farmers with an element of collective action on any agricultural activity along the value chain. Can be singular or mixed Collective action - voluntary action taken by a group of
individuals, who invest time and energy to pursue shared objectives (Markelova et al., 2009) Empowerment - Involvement of people in the process,
discuss and exchange, control authority and contain answerable organizations through which their lives get affected (Narayan,2005)
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Methodology • Data Sources Survey of farmers’ groups done by NaCRRI and CEDO under the Precooked bean project
• Sampling (two stage sampling technique) 1st-purposive sampling of groups in CEDO areas of operation; 2nd - random selection of farmer groups from the list generated
• Sample size 65 farmer groups • Data collection: Direct interview with key informants
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Methodology Cont’d Data analysis: • Descriptives such as percentages for the leadership posts, activities
• Bivariate analysis (group management skills and age category)
• Ordinary Least square regression was used to determine factors that influence proportion of women in group leadership
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Results and Discussion
Variable Mean SD Min Max
Years of existence 10 10.15 1 61
Group size 37 36.55 10 289
Number of males 16 25.06 0 195
Number of females 21 15.09 5 94
Number of youth 8 8.17 0 34 Households represented 31 31.67 5 250
leadership posts 5.48 1.17 3 9
Woman leader discussing key group issues
Socio-Demographic characteristics
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Results and Discussion Cont’d Some group factors that influence the process of
empowerment; • Decision making General consensus of members -73% • Election of members to leadership Vote by secret ballot – 63.49% • Nature of support offered through networking Trainings – 93.65%
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Distribution of leadership positions by gender
65
45
61.67
30
75
52.78
61.9
56.41
35
54
38.33
70
25
47.22
38.1
43.59
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Chairperson
Vice chairperson
Secretary
Treasurer
Secretary finance
Information officer
Advisor
OthersL
eade
rshi
p po
sitio
ns
Male Female
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Factors affecting proportion of women in group leadership (OLS) Explanatory variables Coefficient Standard Error
Number of Households represented -10.349** 4.153
Years the group has been in existence 0.590 2.789
Proportion of women 0.981*** 0.126
Number of times group was trained in 2014 -0.462 1.075
Record keeping 34.504* 18.109
Proportion of youth -0.164 0.131
Groups with more than one economic activity 19.051** 7.326
Selling beans on both contract and freelance -15.764 10.579
Constant -23.403 23.573
Adjusted R-squared 0.6056
F value 11.17***
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Policy recommendations • Establish quotas for participation of women in leadership structures of the farmers’ groups
• Establish women-only committees • Conduct capacity building and training programs that put
women farmers at the center
• Further research; study effect of household & demographic factors on women in leadership positions to give insights on the influence of family support on empowerment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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Thank
you
for
your
attention