T HE E FFECTS OF C LIMATE C HANGE ON A GRICULTURE J AMIE F LETCHER ECON331 M ARCH 29, 2010 1.
Collared and White- Lipped Peccaries Celena Letcher.
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Transcript of Collared and White- Lipped Peccaries Celena Letcher.
Collared and White-Collared and White-Lipped Peccaries Lipped Peccaries
Celena Letcher Celena Letcher
Taxonomy Taxonomy
CollaredCollared
Kingdom: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylum: Phylum: ChordataChordataClass: Class: MammaliaMammalia Order: Order: ArtiodactylaArtiodactylaFamily: Family: TayassuidaeTayassuidaeGenus: Genus: TayassuTayassuSpecies: Species: tajacu tajacu
White-LippedWhite-Lipped
Kingdom: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylum:Phylum: Chordata ChordataClass:Class: Mammalia MammaliaOrder: Order: ArtiodactylaArtiodactylaFamily: Family: TayassuidaeTayassuidaeGenus: Genus: TayassuTayassuSpecies: Species: pecari pecari
Origin Origin
Appeared in the Appeared in the Oligocene of EuropeOligocene of Europe
Descendants from Descendants from PlatygonusPlatygonus
Collared- Debate Collared- Debate about whether about whether originated in North originated in North or South Americaor South America
SubspeciesSubspecies
DistributionDistributionCollared Collared White-LippedWhite-Lipped
ValueValue
Cultural Cultural HuntingHunting
SocialSocial MeatMeat
$23 – Collared Peccary$23 – Collared Peccary $30 – White Lipped $30 – White Lipped
PetsPets
AestheticsAesthetics
EconomicEconomic Equestrian Gloves: $100-140 Equestrian Gloves: $100-140
/pair in Japan/pair in Japan Shoes: $345/pair in ItalyShoes: $345/pair in Italy Belts: $150 Belts: $150
Economic Value- Economic Value- Collared Peccary Collared Peccary
HuntingHunting Considered a “Big Considered a “Big
Game Species” Game Species”
Hunting Season: Hunting Season: Typically SpringTypically Spring
$105 license fee $105 license fee (residents) (residents)
$151 license fee $151 license fee (nonresidents) (nonresidents)
Hunting EquipmentHunting Equipment Conventional hunting gunsConventional hunting guns Muzzle loadersMuzzle loaders Bows and arrowsBows and arrows GuidesGuides TravelTravel LodgingLodging
Ecological ValueEcological Value
Dispersers of seedsDispersers of seeds
Aid in germination Aid in germination
CollaredCollaredPhysical Physical
CharacteristiCharacteristicscs
• Pelage: gray/black Pelage: gray/black with white with white annulationsannulations• Thinner/light Thinner/light
hair= summerhair= summer• Long black maneLong black mane• Not sexual dimorphic Not sexual dimorphic • SmallestSmallest• Weights: Weights:
• 14-31 kg14-31 kg
White-LippedWhite-LippedPhysical Physical
CharacteristiCharacteristicscs
• Pelage: varies greatlyPelage: varies greatly• Larger scent gland Larger scent gland • Adults: white along Adults: white along
mouth and under the mouth and under the jawjaw• Older: short white Older: short white
hair above nosehair above nose• Middle Size Middle Size • WeightWeight
• 25-40 kg 25-40 kg
Pigs vs. PeccariesPigs vs. Peccaries
Three toes on hind foot (vs. four toes) Three toes on hind foot (vs. four toes)
Ulna/Radius fused Ulna/Radius fused
Scent Gland on backScent Gland on back
Short Tail (vs. long) Short Tail (vs. long)
Pigs vs. PeccariesPigs vs. Peccaries
Small, vertical canines (vs. Large, outwardly Small, vertical canines (vs. Large, outwardly curved tusks), reduced grinding molarscurved tusks), reduced grinding molars
Complex StomachComplex Stomach
Pick out the Peccary! Pick out the Peccary!
Collared HabitatCollared Habitat
Home Range: 260-800 haHome Range: 260-800 ha
Elevations: up to 2,438 m Elevations: up to 2,438 m
Collared Peccary Collared Peccary DensityDensity
UGA College of Veterinary Medicine (1982)
White-Lipped HabitatWhite-Lipped Habitat
Home Range: 3000 haHome Range: 3000 ha Considered migratory Considered migratory
Elevation: Up to 1800 Elevation: Up to 1800 metersmeters
Part II: Ecology Part II: Ecology
Collared PeccaryCollared PeccaryDietDiet
Neotropical: Neotropical: Frugivores Frugivores
Grazers and Grazers and RootersRooters Underground Underground
tubers, tubers, rhizomes, rhizomes, bulbs, acorns, bulbs, acorns, green grass, green grass, shoots, stems shoots, stems of prickly pear of prickly pear cactus cactus
The Prickly PearThe Prickly Pear Knipe (1957) claimed it was preferred foodKnipe (1957) claimed it was preferred food
25% - 75% of diet on a monthly basis 25% - 75% of diet on a monthly basis
Zervanos and Hadley (1973)Zervanos and Hadley (1973) Summer: 1.6 kg/day Summer: 1.6 kg/day Winter: 1.9 kg/dayWinter: 1.9 kg/day
White-Lipped PeccaryWhite-Lipped PeccaryDietDiet
Primarily fruit eatingPrimarily fruit eating 60%60%
RootsRoots
SeedsSeeds 1.3 times biting 1.3 times biting
forceforce
Vegetation of plantsVegetation of plants
Occasional insects Occasional insects
Collard Daily Collard Daily MovementsMovements
Crepuscular Crepuscular
Bedding SitesBedding Sites
Smaller groupsSmaller groups
WaterWater Succulent PlantsSucculent Plants Livestock tanks/basinsLivestock tanks/basins Rainy season- Standing Rainy season- Standing
water, new vegetationwater, new vegetation
WallowingWallowing
White-Lipped Daily White-Lipped Daily MovementMovement
NoisyNoisy
Moved long Moved long distances in distances in quest for foodquest for food Tree trunks, Tree trunks,
fallen logsfallen logs Excellent Excellent
swimmersswimmers
WallowingWallowing
Collared Peccary Collared Peccary Reproduction Reproduction
Gestation Period: Gestation Period: 141-151 days 141-151 days
Litter Size: Litter Size: 1-5 1-5
Weaning: Weaning: 2-3 2-3 monthsmonths
Sexual Maturity:Sexual Maturity: Females: 8-14 Females: 8-14
monthsmonths Males: 11 months. Males: 11 months.
Life span: Life span: avg. 4 avg. 4 years.years.
White-Lipped Peccary White-Lipped Peccary ReproductionReproduction
Gestation period:Gestation period: 156-162 days156-162 days
Litter size:Litter size: 2, 2, sometimes 1 or 3.sometimes 1 or 3.
Weaning:Weaning: 2-3 months 2-3 months
Sexual maturity:Sexual maturity: Between 1 and 2 Between 1 and 2 years of age.years of age.
Life span:Life span: 13 years 13 years
OffspringOffspring
Sex Ratio: 1:1 Sex Ratio: 1:1
• Juveniles:Juveniles:• Darker pelage but Darker pelage but
lighter colored lighter colored limbslimbs
• Black becomes Black becomes predominant predominant through agethrough age
• Dark vertical Dark vertical stripe stripe
Social StructureSocial Structure
Collared:Collared:Herd Size: 6-12 individuals, Herd Size: 6-12 individuals, up to 50 individualsup to 50 individuals
Interactive upon Interactive upon greetings/restinggreetings/resting
Nuzzling, nose to nose Nuzzling, nose to nose greetings, scent glandsgreetings, scent glands
White-Lipped: White-Lipped:
Herd Size: More than 40, up Herd Size: More than 40, up to 300 individuals to 300 individuals
Highly gregarious Highly gregarious Maintain close contact Maintain close contact
to the herd at all times to the herd at all times
Linear Hierarchy: involving both sexes males and females
• Mostly dominant males but can be
a female • No couple / harem formation
Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors
ParasitesParasites Sucking Louse, Ticks/Fleas,Lice, Sucking Louse, Ticks/Fleas,Lice,
Mange, Swine Kidney Worm, Mange, Swine Kidney Worm, ect. . . ect. . .
DiseaseDisease BrucellosisBrucellosis Leptospirosis Leptospirosis
Food/Water Dispersal Food/Water Dispersal
PredationPredation Coyotes, boa constrictors – for Coyotes, boa constrictors – for
juvenilesjuveniles Bobcat, Ocelot, Margay -weaklingsBobcat, Ocelot, Margay -weaklings Blackbear – South Central ArizonaBlackbear – South Central Arizona Mountain Lion, JaguarMountain Lion, Jaguar
Tooth deteriorationTooth deterioration
White Lipped Limiting White Lipped Limiting FactorsFactors
Environmental Environmental DegradationDegradation
Hunting Pressure Hunting Pressure
Part III: Part III: ManagementManagement
Collared Collared Conservation StatusConservation Status
Conservation status: Conservation status: Least ConcernedLeast Concerned
CITESCITES: Not List : Not List
IUCN Red List: IUCN Red List: Least ConcernedLeast Concerned
Game Species Game Species Specially in the US: Arizona (1929), New Mexico Specially in the US: Arizona (1929), New Mexico
(1937), Texas (1939) (1937), Texas (1939)
White-Lipped White-Lipped Conservation StatusConservation Status
Conservation status: Conservation status: Vulnerable Vulnerable
CITES: CITES: Appendix II Appendix II
IUCN Red List: IUCN Red List: Vulnerable Vulnerable
As of 2005, large populations persisted only As of 2005, large populations persisted only in 21% of its historic range in 21% of its historic range
Indigenous Man Indigenous Man Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors
Central/South Central/South America:America:
Depletion by Hunting Depletion by Hunting Settlement Settlement
PatternsPatternsEuropeans Europeans
Advancements Advancements
Slash and Burn Slash and Burn
European Man Limiting European Man Limiting FactorsFactors
DeforestationDeforestation
Livestock Livestock CompetitionCompetition Especially through Especially through
clearing forest land clearing forest land for cattlefor cattle
Hide TradeHide Trade Export legal in Peru Export legal in Peru
only only
Conservation and Conservation and ManagementManagement
Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group: Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group: “Maintain core wild populations of not “Maintain core wild populations of not less than 2,000 animals each taxon in less than 2,000 animals each taxon in each individual reserve. . .”each individual reserve. . .”
Maintaining accurate countsMaintaining accurate counts Game Survey Counts: Late Feb or early Game Survey Counts: Late Feb or early
March hunting seasonMarch hunting season Trapped animals Trapped animals Scat analysis Scat analysis Mailing questioneers Mailing questioneers Cameras in peak areasCameras in peak areas
Management Through Management Through Hunting Hunting
Day (1976) Rest Rotation Day (1976) Rest Rotation
Sustainable harvest levels set by Sustainable harvest levels set by annual census annual census
Problem: Problem: Determination of annual censusDetermination of annual census Non-seasonal, unpredictable Non-seasonal, unpredictable
breeding makes it difficult to set breeding makes it difficult to set viable hunting regulations to viable hunting regulations to avoid killing pregnant or lactating avoid killing pregnant or lactating individuals individuals Utilization of peaked breeding Utilization of peaked breeding
times to avoid thistimes to avoid this
Management Through Management Through RegulationRegulation
Monitor and regulate the legal trade of peccary Monitor and regulate the legal trade of peccary hides and meat marketshides and meat markets
Control poaching Control poaching
Establish viable genetic populations in Establish viable genetic populations in ecological interconnected reserves i.e. corridors ecological interconnected reserves i.e. corridors
Management Through Management Through RelocationRelocation
Common in U.S.Common in U.S.
Large scale relocation: Cuba in 1930, Large scale relocation: Cuba in 1930, unsuccessful because of hunting (Mayer and unsuccessful because of hunting (Mayer and Wetzel 1987)Wetzel 1987) Need a large enough size of suitable, protected Need a large enough size of suitable, protected
habitathabitat
Captive Breeding:Captive Breeding: Currently successfully commercial breeding for Currently successfully commercial breeding for
meat and hides of Collard Peccaries, no such meat and hides of Collard Peccaries, no such commercial exists for White Lipped Peccaries commercial exists for White Lipped Peccaries
Management Through Management Through Habitat ConservationHabitat Conservation
Need for parks and reserves of suitable size Need for parks and reserves of suitable size and habitatand habitat White Lipped- “It is uncertain whether the White Lipped- “It is uncertain whether the
existing networks of reserves is adequate to existing networks of reserves is adequate to ensure the survival of representative ensure the survival of representative populations sufficient in size to maintain viable populations sufficient in size to maintain viable populations in all major habitat types within its populations in all major habitat types within its distribution” (Altrichter 2012) distribution” (Altrichter 2012)
Reduced habitat destruction/degradation Reduced habitat destruction/degradation
FutureFuture
Collared Peccary is more adaptable to man-made Collared Peccary is more adaptable to man-made environmental changes, not susceptible to population environmental changes, not susceptible to population pressures – looks bright! pressures – looks bright!
White-Lipped Peccary long term population viable for White-Lipped Peccary long term population viable for the majority of current habitat is poorthe majority of current habitat is poor
Habitat destructionHabitat destruction Intense hunting pressuresIntense hunting pressures Possible epizootics Possible epizootics
SourcesSources
CITES (Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and CITES (Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna). 2009. Appendix I, II, and III as adopted by the Conference of the Parties, valid Fauna). 2009. Appendix I, II, and III as adopted by the Conference of the Parties, valid from 22 May 2009. from 22 May 2009. Available online at the CITES website.
Collared Peccary Populations 1982Collared Peccary Populations 1982. 1982. Photograph. The UGA College of Veterinary . 1982. Photograph. The UGA College of Veterinary Medicine SE Cooperative Wildlife Disease StudyWeb. 14 Oct 2013. Medicine SE Cooperative Wildlife Disease StudyWeb. 14 Oct 2013. <http://vet.uga.edu/scwds/range-maps>.<http://vet.uga.edu/scwds/range-maps>.
Csomos, R. 2001. "Tayassu pecari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed October Csomos, R. 2001. "Tayassu pecari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed October 14, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Tayassu_pecari/14, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Tayassu_pecari/
Flowler, Murray. Flowler, Murray. Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild AnimalsBiology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals. First. . First. Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2001. 377-392. Print.Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2001. 377-392. Print.
Haemig PD (2012) Sympatric White-lipped Peccary and Collared Peccary. Haemig PD (2012) Sympatric White-lipped Peccary and Collared Peccary. ECOLOGY.INFO 10ECOLOGY.INFO 10
Keuroghilan, A., Debiez, A., Reyna-Hurtado, R., Altrichter, M.m Beck, H., Taber, A. & Keuroghilan, A., Debiez, A., Reyna-Hurtado, R., Altrichter, M.m Beck, H., Taber, A. & Fragoso, J.M.V. 2013. Fragoso, J.M.V. 2013. Tayassu pecari.Tayassu pecari. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1.Species. Version 2013.1.www.iucnredlist.org..
Kiltie, R.A. (1981a): Kiltie, R.A. (1981a): Bite Force as a basis for niche differentiation between rainforest Bite Force as a basis for niche differentiation between rainforest peccaries (peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari)Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari). Biotropica . Biotropica 14(3):188-195.14(3):188-195.
SourcesSources
Kricher, John, and . Kricher, John, and . The Neotropical CompanionThe Neotropical Companion. Second. Princeton University Press, . Second. Princeton University Press, 1999. 305-306. Print.1999. 305-306. Print.
Langler, P. (1979): Langler, P. (1979): Adaption significance of the fore-stomach of the collared peccary, Adaption significance of the fore-stomach of the collared peccary, Dictoyles tajacu (L. 1758)(Mammalia: Artiodactyla)Dictoyles tajacu (L. 1758)(Mammalia: Artiodactyla). . Mammalia Mammalia 43(2):235-24543(2):235-245
Nowak, R. M. [editor]. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World (Fifth Edition). Nowak, R. M. [editor]. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World (Fifth Edition). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sowls, Lyle. Sowls, Lyle. The PeccariesThe Peccaries. Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona Press, 1984. Print.. Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona Press, 1984. Print.
Sowls, Lyle. Sowls, Lyle. Javelinas and Other Peccaries Their Biology, Management, and UseJavelinas and Other Peccaries Their Biology, Management, and Use. 2nd . 2nd ed. . Texas: Texas A&M University Press College Station, 1997. Print.ed. . Texas: Texas A&M University Press College Station, 1997. Print.
"Sushi for Peccaries? ." "Sushi for Peccaries? ." Newswise: Wildlife Conservation Society Newswise: Wildlife Conservation Society . (2013): n. page. . (2013): n. page. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. <http://www.newswise.com/articles/sushi-for-peccaries>.Web. 14 Oct. 2013. <http://www.newswise.com/articles/sushi-for-peccaries>.