ME 423 Chapter 5 Axial Flow Compressors Prof. Dr. O. Cahit ERALP.
Collaborators R. Norwood, J. Thomas, M. Eralp, S. Tay, G. Li , College of
description
Transcript of Collaborators R. Norwood, J. Thomas, M. Eralp, S. Tay, G. Li , College of
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Collaborators R. Norwood, J. Thomas, M. Eralp,
S. Tay, G. Li , College of Optical Sciences,
S. Marder, Georgia Tech. M. Yamamoto, NDT Corp.
N. PeyghambarianUniversity of Arizona
College of Optical Sciences
Nanoengineered Organic Photonic Materials and Devices
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Outline
Organic Nanostructures and Functional Composites
Electronic Transport in Organics and Comparison with Inorganics like Semiconductors
An Example: Photorefractive Polymers, Multi-color Sensitive Polymers
Optimization of Performance by electron transfer
Advantages of Organics: Large size Several ft2, light weight, ease of processing, inexpensive
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Organic Nanostructures
Semiconductors OrganicsQuantum dots Molecules or polymers
21
1
RE gs
1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
R/R = 5 %
R = 4.7 nm
R = 3.4 nm
R = 2.7 nm
R = 2.2 nm
Ab
sorp
tio
n (
a.u
.)
Wavelength (nm)1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
R/R = 5 %
R = 4.7 nm
R = 3.4 nm
R = 2.7 nm
R = 2.2 nm
Ab
sorp
tio
n (
a.u
.)
Wavelength (nm)
R
(nm)
2
1
LEg
L
PbS
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Example: Thin layer of PS/PMMA filmCourtesy: Nanosurf AG
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Size of the molecule (A0)
N
N
O O
O
n
PATPD
N
ECZ
N
NCCN
7-DCST
C60
Molecules PATPD 7-DCST ECZ C60
Size(nm)
6 1.2 0.7 0.7PATPD MW=18,000Number of units = 28
Organic Nanostructures
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Organic Nanostructures
Semiconductors OrganicsBand Structure HOMO and LUMO
Aj
Ai
Positional
Energetical
--
Hopping TransportBand Transport
2
0
( )exp( )exp
4 B
Ek k r
k T
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Assembling Organic Nanostructures into Functional Composites for Applications
OLEDs Thin layers of pure material evaporated or
spin-coated
EO PolymerModulators
Organic Photorefractives
Application Assembly Nanostructures
Mixing of a structural polymer with a single functional component
Mixing of severalmultifunctionalcomponents
OCH3
O
p-MEH-PPV
n
PPV
N
N
PATPD
O
n
O
O
PATPDNC
CNN
7-DCST
Alq3
NO
O
OO
OO xy
NO
O
OO
OO
y
N
O
NCCN
CNF3C
O OSi Si
S
+
NO
O
OO
OO xy
NO
O
OO
OO
y
N
O
NCNCCNCN
CNCNF3CF3C
O OSiSi SiSi
S
+
AJ309
C60
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a
b
c
d
e
D e p h a s i n g
T r a p p i n g
T r a n s p o r t
S p a c e
Photorefractivity in Polymer Composites
Convert an intensity distribution into a refractive index
distribution Sensitizer
Transport
Chromophore
Plasticizer
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SLM
Beam-Splitter
ReferenceBeam
PR Polymer Film
ObjectBeam
Holographic Recording Reading
ReadingBeam
Observeror
CCD
Rewritable Holographic Recording and Display
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Photorefractive Polymer Applications
Updatable 3D Display
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Energetic and Electron Transport
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Photorefractive Polymers (Guest Host Composites)
Chromophore
Transport
Photogeneration of carriers
Polymermatrix
Sensitizer
Electro-optic activity
Reducing Tg
Plasticizer
+ Low-cost, ease of fabrication and control over properties
- Bias Field
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Transport matrix Chromophor
es
Vacuum level
5.9
5.4
N
( )
PVK
NN
O
O On
PATPD
(eV)
5.6
N
CNNC
DBDC
NCN
CN
7-DCST
C60
6.2
Plasticizer
ECZ
N
PATPD/ECZ/7DCST/DBDC/C60 – 633 nmPATPD/ECZ/7DCST/TNFDM – 845 nmPATPD/ECZ/7DCST/DBM – 975 and 1550 nm
Sensitizer
O2S
NC CN
N DBM
Molecular Energetics
C
CNCN
NO2 NO2
NO2
TNFDM
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Linear Absorption
PATPD:7-DCST:APDC:ECZ:DBM / 49:25:25:10:1
500 600 700 800
0
100
200
300
400
500
Abso
rptio
n C
oeffic
ient (c
m-1)
Wavelength (nm)
PATPD:7-DCST:ECZ:C60 (54.5:25:20:0.5 wt.%)
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
980nm1550nm
775nm
Opt
ical
Den
sity
Wavelength(nm)
PR polymer sensitive for green to red
PR polymer sensitive to IR
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Grating Writing and Reading
Thick-grating:
Typical values:= 633 nmd = 20 m~ 3 mQ= 2.3
2 12 sin2
n
2/ ndQ
1Q
2
K
x
z
1
2
‘2’
‘1’
V
signal
probe
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Performance of PR Polymers
1E-3 0.01 0.1 1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Data: Data2_Ch2VModel: SinBiExp Chi^2 = 0.00009R^2 = 0.98978 A 0.50022 ±0.05239B 1.38797 ±0.29045t1 0.02713 ±0.00107t2 0.53958 ±0.20857m 0.65536 ±0.08449
effic
ienc
y (a
.u.)
time (s)
jt223-1.15kV
M. Eralp, et al, Opt. Lett, Accepted
Diffraction efficiency Response time
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Voltage (kV)
Int.
Diff
ract
ion
Eff
icie
ncy
jt163 jt223
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-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
50
100
150
200
250
PATPD Sample@ 633nm
Gai
n,
(cm
-1)
Field (V/m)
Two Beam Coupling Gain
PATPD:DBDC:ECZ:C60 (49.5:30:20:0.5 wt.%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Beam 2
Beam 1
1, 2
Field (V/m)
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Sensitizer Hole-transport Chromophore
h
Optimization of Photorefractive Polymers
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N N
FF
N N
N N
OBu
OBu
BuO
BuO
N
BuO
BuO
N
OBu
OBu
N
BuO
BuO
N
OBu
OBu
Figure 1
1
2
3
4
5
Ip = 5.49 eVIp = 5.49 eV
Ip = 5.45 eVIp = 5.45 eV
Ip = 5.27 eVIp = 5.27 eV
Ip = 5.26 eV Ip = 5.26 eV
Ip = 5.35 eVIp = 5.35 eV
Polymer Composites:
Polystrene doped with TPD derivatives and C60
Polymer Composites:
Polystrene doped with TPD derivatives and C60
Tuning the IP of Transport Agents
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5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0
1
10
100
F
A
B3C1
DE
Phot
ogen
erat
ion
effi
cien
cy (%
)
Ionization potential (eV)
Consistent with Marcus theory for electron transfer
As ionization potential of the transport agent increases, efficiency decreases
IP- Dependence of Charge Generation Efficiency
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Marcus Theory for Electron Transfer
2
0
( )exp( )exp
4 B
Ek k r
k T
Hopping rate described as:
λ - reorganization energyβ – distance dependence
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12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1E-3
0.01
0.1
E = 30 V/m
B4
B3
B2
B1
Ph
otog
ener
atio
n ef
fici
ency
(10-10
m)This follows the Marcus theory for electron transfer processes
Dependence of Charge Generation Eff. on Distance Between Hoping Sites
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Performance of All PR Materials
Other GroupsUAZ
*P. Günter (Ed.), Nonlinear Optical Effects and Materials (Springer, NY, 2000) The dashed line connects points of equal sensitivity
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Wavelength Sensitivity of PR Materials
Arizona
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Operation at 532 nm
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
CW-532nm DFWM Results (105m thick)
Int.
Diff
ract
ion
Effi
cien
cy,
(%)
Field (V/m)
32-1
Sample t1 t2 m
32-1* 25ms 1.6 s 0.54
• Over-modulation @ ~ 45 V/µm• 80-90% diffraction efficiency• Fast response time (25 ms t1)
* Irradiance: 1W/cm2 32-1: PATPD/FDCST/TPAAc/NF (48/40.6/11.9/0.5)
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500 600 700 800
0
100
200
300
400
500
Abs
orpt
ion
Coe
ffici
ent (
cm-1)
Wavelength (nm)
0 20 40 60 80
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sample: PATPD:7-DCST:ECZ:C
60
(54.8:20:25:0.2)-JTDA08
Inte
rnal
Effi
cien
cy (
%)
Field (V/m)
Green Reading Red Reading
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sample: PATPD:7-DCST:ECZ:C
60
(54.8:20:25:0.2)-JTDA08
Inte
rnal
Diff
ract
ion
Efff
icie
ncy
(%)
Field (V/m)
Green Reading Red Reading
Grating Recorded by Red Laser
Grating Recorded by Green Laser
• Record two-color information of an object by writing with red and green lasers.
This polymer is sensitive at both 532 and 633nm
Absorption Characteristics (Two-color samples)
Two-Color Sensitive Devices
PATPD 7DCST ECZ C60
JTDA 08 54.8 20 25 0.2
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Cool down naturally for 30s
V=0V=5kV
Reading with two writing beams blocked
Recording and readingat room temperature
CO2 laser beamOn for 2.5-3s
Thermal Fixing using CO2 Laser,0.5mm–Glass, CW Writing
CO2 laser can provide non-contact heating
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Conclusions
500 600 700 800 900 100005
1015202530354045
Video Rate
DBM dyePATPD:TNFDM CT complex
NF/no sensitizer
C60
Wavelength (nm)
Res
pons
e T
ime,
t1
(ms)
500 600 700 800 900 10000
20
40
60
80
100 Internal External
Diff
ract
ion
Effi
cien
cy (
%)
Wavelength (nm)
Optimization of Photorefractive polymers Demonstration of PR polymers with excellent performance