Collaborative Language Learning in Class and Online
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Transcript of Collaborative Language Learning in Class and Online
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Collaborative Collaborative Language Language Learning Learning
in Class and in Class and OnlineOnline
Rada BalanCem Can
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Introduction:
the late 18th century, George Jardine employed collaborative learning (CL) methods for his philosophy classes at the University of Glasgow.
He came to believe that“...the teacher should move to the perimeter of the action...and allow the students freedom to...learn from one another” (Gaillet, 1994).
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Introduction:
However, it is only recently, with the advent of the new technologies, that many academics and instructors have become
interested in exploring possible alternative methods of course design and delivery.
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individualindividualvs. collaborativecollaborative:
Individual learningcan be pretty effective, but it is well known that the involvement of students in collaborative activities contributes to knowledge acquisition (Dillenbourg, 1999).
Collaborative activities can facilitate the development of student’s personal and social skills which might not be so strengthen when learning individually, such as making ideas explicit, communicating with others, reasoning, arguing, negotiating, etc.
They reduce the potential isolation of students learning through the Web, and supports the communication among them to exchange ideas, doubts, knowledge and so on (Barros, 1998; Muehlenbrock, 1999).
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Collaborative LearningCollaborative Learning
• a situation in which two or more people
learnorattempt to learn something together((Dillenbourg, 2003Dillenbourg, 2003))
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CL: academic CL: academic benefitsbenefits
promotes critical thinking skills
involves students actively in the learning process
improves classroom results
models appropriate student problem-solving techniques
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CL: CL: social benefitssocial benefits
develops a social support system for students
builds diversity understanding among students and staff
establishes a positive atmosphere for modeling and practicing cooperation
encourages individual and group accountability through the assignment of specific roles/tasks
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CL: CL: psychological benefitspsychological benefits
can increase students’ self esteem
develops positive attitudes towards teachers
helps bring students to the proximal zone of development due to its very nature of collaboration
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CL: areas of concern
cultural expectations of appropriate roles of teachers and learners
individual learning styles or preferences
over-reliance on the first language
exposure to imperfect language models and incorrect feedback
problems of evaluation
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Project work in CL
encourages learning by doing
promotes co-operation and team work
empowers students
develops learner autonomy
enhances students’ feeling of ownership
combines process and product (process as important as product)
Enhances creativity, imagination
helps personal development
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CSCL: CSCL: introductionintroduction
In the 80s, a new area of research emerged:
Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) (Slavin, 1980).
CSCL, if implemented appropriately, can provide
an ideal environment in
whichinteraction among students plays a central role in the learning process.
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CSCL: CSCL: theoriestheories
Some of the theories used in CSCL are:
the Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky, 1978)
the Constructivism Theory (Bruner, 1966), and
the Situated Cognition Theory (Brown et al, 1989) .
They all assume that individuals are active agents that are seeking and constructing their knowledge within a meaningful context.
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Benefits of CSCLBenefits of CSCL
CSCL can be at least as great as those within a classroom. In an asynchronous environment, students do not need to
meet at a regular place at regular times, so “missing a session” assumes less importance.
Fruitful and constructive discussion and dialogue can take place at any time of the day or night, whenever inspiration or enthusiasm strikes.
Good ideas are less likely to be lost, and thoughts can be followed through without regard to the normal time constraints.
Opinions can be considered on their merits, without some of the stereotypical assumptions that may be superimposed in a face-to-face environment based on the speaker’s gender, physical appearance, or mannerisms.
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Benefits of CSCLBenefits of CSCL
Employers - whether private or public corporations, government organizations, or small business - are today more than ever ranking generic skills at least as highly as subject-content knowledge when they select graduates. Among the most frequently listed and highly prized of
those generic skills are computer literacy and the ability to work effectively in a team environment. If introduced appropriately into the curriculum, CSCL has the potential to provide students with both.
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CSCL: difficultiesCSCL: difficulties
“Redesigning an education system is a relatively easy exercise. Changing one’s own method of teaching, especially when it has been acclaimed as successful by all the old standards, is very much harder.”
Bruffee (1999)
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CSCL: difficultiesCSCL: difficulties
Salmon (2000) suggests that in any computer-supported session, the instructor might need to be a chair, host, lecturer, tutor, facilitator, mediator of team debates, mentor, provocateur, observer, participant, co-learner, assistant, community organizer, or some combination of these.
The skills required on the part of the instructor are more complex and diverse than those required for a face-to-face lecture. Thus, instructors need to be prepared for the different roles they will have to assume.
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CSCL: difficultiesCSCL: difficulties
The students coming to CSCL courses for the first time can be apathetic or sometimes openly hostile. This might stem from the “CS,” or the “CL.”
The solution to both of these problems is to ensure that students are computer-literate and used to the idea of working in teams prior to the commencement of the course. This can be best achieved by having computer skills and teamwork introduced as core components of an introductory course.
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Instead of conclusions
“Societies would not exist, exchange goods and services would not take place, entertainment would not be possible, occupations would not be available, education would be unheard of- complete anarchy would exist without cooperation.”
( Johnson & Johnson, 1994)
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two or more two or more
may be interpreted as a pair, a small group (3-5 people), a class (20-30 people), a community (a few hundreds or
thousands of people), a society (several thousands or millions
of people) . . . and all intermediate levels
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learn somethinglearn something
may be interpreted as "follow a course", "study course material", "perform learning activities such as
problem solving”, "learn from lifelong work practice",
etc.;
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togethertogether
may be interpreted as different forms of interaction: face-to-face or computer-mediated, synchronous or not, frequent in time or not, whether it is a truly joint effort or whether the labor is divided in a
systematic way
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the Sociocultural Theory the Sociocultural Theory
Learning awakens a variety of internal developmental processes that are able to operate only when the learner is interacting with people in his/her environment and in cooperation with peers.
Vygotsky, 1978, p. 90
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the Constructivism Theory the Constructivism Theory
learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge. The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on a cognitive structure to do so.
Bruner, 1966
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the Situated Cognition Theory the Situated Cognition Theory
emphasizes that in educational settings, students should be given authentic tasks that have a real-world focus. They complete these tasks by working together as a team, sharing problems, and acquiring knowledge that will be beneficial in the real world. Thus, the situation allows them to link the context with the knowledge learned, which can be applied in other situations.
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Panitz (2001) suggests CSCL develops: higher level thinking skills; stimulates critical thinking; helps students clarify ideas through discussion
and debate; enhances skill building and practice; develops oral communication skills; fosters metacognition in students; and improves students’ recall of text content
through cooperative discussions
CSCL promotes critical thinking skills
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CL involves students in the learning processCL involves students in the learning process
CL: creates an environment of active, involved, exploratory learning; encourages student responsibility for learning; involves students in developing curriculum and class
procedures; provides training in effective teaching strategies to the next
generation of teachers; helps students wean themselves away from considering
teachers the sole sources of knowledge and understanding; fits in well with the TQM and CQI models of effective
management; promotes a learning goal rather than a performance goal; fits in well with the constructivist approach; and allows students to exercise a sense of control on task.
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CL improves classroom resultsCL improves classroom results
Panitz (2001) suggests that CL: promotes higher achievement and class attendance; promotes a positive attitude toward the subject matter; increases student retention; enhances self
management skills; increases students’ persistence in the completion of
assignments and the likelihood of successful completion of assignments;
helps students stay on task more and be less disruptive;
and promotes innovation in teaching and classroom techniques
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CL models problem-solving techniques
CL: fosters modeling of problem solving techniques by
students’ peers; allows assignment of more challenging tasks without
making the workload unreasonable; can help weaker students improve their performance when
grouped with higher achieving students; provides stronger students with the deeper understanding
that comes only from teaching material; leads to the generation of more and better questions in
class; provides a safe environment for alternate problem
solutions; and addresses learning style differences among students
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CL develops a social support system
promotes student-teacher interaction and familiarity;
develops social interaction skills;
promotes positive societal responses to problems and fosters a supportive environment within which to manage conflict resolution;
creates a stronger social support system;
fosters and develops interpersonal relationships;
and helps students to develop responsibility for each other
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CL builds diversity understanding
builds more positive heterogeneous relationships;
encourages diversity understanding;
fosters a greater ability in students to view situations from others’ perspectives (development of empathy);
and helps majority and minority populations in a class learn to work with each other (different ethnic groups, men and women, traditional and non-traditional students)
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CL establishes a positive atmosphere for modeling and practicing cooperation
helpsto model desirable social behaviors necessary for employment situations that utilize teams and groups;
fosters team building and a team approach to problem solving while maintaining individual accountability;
creates environments where students can practice building leadership skills;
develops learning communities;
provides the foundation for developing learning communities within institutions and in courses;
helps to promote social and academic relationships well beyond the classroom and individual course;
and helps teachers change their roles from their being the focus of the teaching process to becoming facilitators of the learning process (they move from teacher-centered to student-centered learning).
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CL can increase students’ self esteem
group learning can help to reduce anxiety;
enhance student satisfaction with the learning experience;
promote a mastery attribution pattern rather than helpless attribution pattern;
and encourage students to seek help and accept tutoring from their peers
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CL develops positive attitudes
can create a more positive attitude on the
part of students towards their instructors;
and create a more positive attitude by
instructors toward their students;
and set high expectations for students and teachers.
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individuals are held accountable for the success of each of the other members
self -evaluation of their participation, of the value of their contribution and their attitudes and actions towards the other members is included
CL encourages individual CL encourages individual and group accountabilityand group accountability
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Cultural expectations of appropriate roles of teachers and learners
teacher centered / teacher-directed classes vs student –centered /student- directed classes
possible abrogation of responsibility on the part of the teacher
the matter of appropriateness of individual responsibility and competition in education
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the amount of time students wish to spend in individual experimentation or reflection, or group discussion and processing may be affected
personality differences may be so great that a member of the group needs to be re-assigned
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Over-reliance on the first language
members speaking the same first language will tend to shift to first language interaction
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Exposure to imperfect language models and incorrect feedback
there are voices claiming that
learners may provide poor models for each other
the inadequate knowledge of the language could result in either inappropriate or insufficient feedback
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Problems of evaluation
the group accomplishment of the task
makes individual assessment difficult
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Project work in blended learning
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Project work in class
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Writing collaborative activity exercises
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Collaborative writing in class