COLLABORATION AGREEMENT

This collaboration Agreement is made at New Delhi on this ………….day of

………………, between :-

1. Mr. ………………..S/o ……………………, R/o …………………………………….,

2. Mr. ………………..S/o ……………………, R/o …………………………………….,

3. Mr. ………………..S/o ……………………, R/o …………………………………….,

4. Mr. ………………..S/o ……………………, R/o …………………………………….,

Hereinafter called ‘The Owners’. (which expression shall mean and include his legal

heirs, successors, legal representatives, administrators, executors, nominees and assigns).

AND

Hereinafter called ‘THE BUILDER’ (which expression shall mean and include its

successors, legal representatives, administrators, executors, nominees and assigns).

Whereas by virtue of freehold property in respect of a residential plot of land bearing No.

……, measuring …… sqyd situated in the lay-out plan known as ……………… within

the limits of Municipal Corporation of Delhi (hereinafter referred to as ‘THE SAID

PLOT OF LAND’) vide

1. Sale Deed dated …………………., duly registered as Document No. ……., in

Add. Book No. I, Volume No. ……, on pages ….. to …., on …………, in the

office of the Sub-Registrar, New Delhi and bounded as under ;

2. Sale deed Dated ……………., Duly Registered as Document No. ……….. in add,

Book No. I, Volume No. …….. on pages ……..to ………. On Dated …………

Owner of Ground Floor.

3. Where as both No 1 and No 2 purchased the same from Sh……………………..,

S/o …………………………….., R/o …………………………………. Sale deed

dated ……………. Duly registered as Document No. ……….. in Address Book

No I, Volume No……., on pages ……… to ………. On ………………… in the

office of the sub registrar New Delhi.

4. Where as the same Purchased from Mrs. …………………., w/o Mr …………….,

duly registered in the officer sub registrar New Delhi Sale Deed No ………, in

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address book No. I, volume no …….., on pages ….…….to …………, dated

………………,

5. Where as the same purchased from Mrs …………………, w/o ………………..,

R/o ………………….., sale deed No ………………, Volume No …………, Add

Book No …….. on pages ……. To ……., dated in the office sub registrar New

Delhi.

6. Where as the same purchased from M/s ………………………………, Regis. No.

…………….., Ad. Book No I, Volume No …………, on pages ………. To …….

Dated ………………

AND WHEREAS ………………… at his own cost and out of his personal earnings after

obtaining the necessary approvals and sanctions from M.C.D. constructed a building

comprising of Ground Floor, First Floor and Second Floor, fitted with all amenities such

as water, electricity and sanitary connections on the said plot of land. (The said plot of

land along with super-structure standing thereon are hereinafter collectively referred to as

‘THE SAID PROPERTY’, which expression shall include all improvements, additions

and alterations subsequently made therein or thereto as well as ll fixtures and fittings

contained therein and the benefit of all water, electricity, power and sewerage

connections therein and deposits relative thereto).

AND WHEREAS the Owners have further represented & heldout that the Owners are the

absolute and exclusive Owners of the said property and well and sufficiently entitled to

the Freehold rights in respect of the said plot of land measuring 311 Sq. Yds., and the

owners have full rights, absolute authority to sell, dispose off and transfer and go to

collaboration the same in any manner the Owners likes.

AND WHEREAS the Owners are desirous to get the said property re-develop/re-

construct :

1. The Builder who have lack of experience in constructions.

2. They approached the Builder to develop the said property for and on behalf of the

Owners at Builder’s cost.

AND WHEREAS the Builder is engaged in the business of promotion,

development and construction of real estate and is well established in this business for

the last many years.

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AND WHEREAS the Owner has represented that the said property is free from all

sorts of encumbrances charges, liens, claims, lease, prior agreements and except the

Owners no other person has any right, title or interest in the said property in any

manner whatsoever and the Owners has full power and authority to enter into this

agreement.

That the Owner hereby further assures, represents and covenants with the Builder as

follows :

a) That the said property is free from all kinds of encumbrances such as prior sale,

gift, mortgage, disputes, litigation, acquisition, requisition, attachment in the

decree of any court, lien, court injunction, notices, claims, demands, will, Trust,

Exchange, lease, loan, surety, security, stay order, prior agreement to sell etc.

etc.

b) That there is no order of attachment by the Income Tax Authorities or any other

authorities under law for the time being in force or by any other authority nor

any notice of acquisition or requisition has been received in respect of the said

property.

c) That there is no legal impediment or bar whereby the Owner can be prevented

from selling, transferring or entering into any contract with any person or

persons.

d) That there is no notice of default or breach on the part of the Owner or his pre-

decessors in interest of any provisions of law in respect of the said property.

e) That the Owner is in exclusive possession of the said property and no other

person or party has any right, title, interest or share therein.

f) That the said property is not subject matter of any HUF and that no part of the

said property is owned by any minor.

g) That there are no reservations affecting the said property and the said property

falls within the residential zone and there are no impediments in carrying out

construction thereon.

That in case any of the representations/assurances made by the Owner is found to be

untrue and/or if the whole or any portion of the said Builder’s Allocation (fully described

below) is ever taken away or goes out from the possession of the Builder on account of

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any legal defect in the ownership and title of the Owner, then the Owners will be liable

and responsible to make good the loss suffered by the Builder and shall keep the Builder

saved harmless and indemnified against all such costs, damages losses, suffered by the

Builder, from his properties.

AND WHEREAS the Owner and the Builder have agreed to develop, construct and build

a fresh building on the said plot of land, hence this agreement has been mutually entered

and executed between the Owners and the Builder, on the terms and conditions,

appearing hereinafter.

NOW THIS COLLABORATION AGREEMENT WITNESSETH AS UNDER :

That the Subject matter of this Collaboration of this Agreement between the parties is the

existing property bearing No. ………………….

That the Builder shall demolish the existing structure on the said plot of land and

develop, construct and/or build a building consisting of Ground Floor, First Floor and

Second Floor, Third Floor with terrace, at its own costs and expense, after getting the

building plans sanctioned from the authorities concerned.

That the Builder shall develop, construct and complete the Building at its own costs and

expenses approvals for development construction and completion of the said building on

the said plot at Builder’s cost.

That it has been clearly agreed between the parties that the malba realized from the

demolition of the existing structure shall belong to the Builder who shall have full right to

sell the same and receive the proceeds thereof, without any claim or right of the Owners

in the same.

The Builder agrees to prepare building plans in accordance with the building bye-laws as

applicable on the said property or as may be prescribed by the authority or authorities

concerned with the development on the said property from time to time and as agreed

between the Owner and the Builder. The Builder shall make its full efforts for obtaining

permission for the maximum area to be covered on the said property. The total FAR

sanctioned on the said plot of land shall be divided equally on all the three floors i.e.

ground , first and second floors. All the fees/payment and expenses incurred in the matter

of sanctioning of plans will be borne by the Builder.

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The Owner has authorised the nominee of the Builder along with General Power of

Attorney, to apply for necessary sanctions and permissions, approvals to the authority or

authorities concerned and shall also pursue and co-operate with the Builder in obtaining

such or all other permissions, approvals as may be necessary or required for ensuring the

due execution of the proposed work of development and construction of the proposed

building.

That in addition to the Builder incurring the entire costs and expenses etc. shall pay to the

Owners a sum of Rs. ………………………., as consideration against the rights, in the

property to be transferred in favour of the Builder or its nominee/s during or on the

completion of construction of the building. Out of the total consideration of Rs.

……………… to the Owners at the time of signing of this Collaboration Agreement, in

the following manner :

The receipt of which the Owner hereby admits and acknowledges.

That balance amount of Rs. ……………….. shall be paid by the Builder to the Owner at

the time of handing over the peaceful physical possession of the premiser.

That is addition to the Builder shall hand over the Built up share of the owner (Entire

Ground Floor) which is completed as per the anexture thereafter the build can hand over

his share to any other occupant or his Buyer.

That the Owner in accordance with the terms and conditions, herein recorded, have

placed at the complete disposal of the Builder, the vacant physical hereof, the possession

of the said property shall irrevocably, vest in the Builder, with all the powers and

authorities of the Owner as may be considered necessary by the Builder for obtaining the

requisite permissions, sanctions from the concerned authorities for demolition/re-

construction of the proposed building and for the sale of the Builder’s share (fully defined

below).

That the Owner and the Builder shall have proportionate rights in all common entrances,

passages, staircases and all other common facilities and amenities provided in the

proposed building.

That the Builder shall engage and employ the Architect or Architects of repute at its own

costs, expenses and responsibilities for preparation, submission and obtaining approvals

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for developing, promoting, constructing and completing the said building on the said plot

of land. The Builder shall for and on behalf of and in the name of the Owner apply to the

M.C.D or such other authorities, as may be concerned, in the matter of permissions,

sanctions, approvals for the construction on the said plot of land.

That the entire amount required for carrying out construction, development, completion

of the said building including the charges and fees of the architect for preparation of the

plans and all the other statutory and other fees and/or demands shall be wholly to the

account of Builder.

That the quality of the construction of the proposed building shall be of good standard,

more fully described in Annexture ‘A’ attached herewith.

That the Builder shall obtain Form ‘B1’ and ‘B2’ from M.C.D in respect of the newly

constructed building.

That as mentioned hereinabove, the building shall be consisting of Ground Floor, First

Floor and Second Floor with Terrace. The portions falling to the share of the parties in

the newly constructed building shall be as under:

That in lieu of the land made available by the Owner to the Builder for development of

the said property, the Owners shall be entitled to :

OWNER’S ALLOCATION

Owner No. - I

Entire Ground Floor Built on …………… parking consisting Four Bedrooms, attach

bath, D/D, kitchen, family launch front balcony, back balcony, lift, 2 car parking inside,

servant room with bathroom. Separate water tank including all bath fitting and electrical

fitting, As per the attached anexture.

Owner No. – II

Transferred the all rights to the Builder

Use of common areas, facilities and services

% Undivided, indivisible and impartible ownership rights in the plot of land measuring

……. sq. yds.

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That in lieu of the Builder developing the property, using its infra-

structural facilities and at its own cost paying the aforesaid amount to the Owners the

Builder shall be entitled to ;

BUILDER’S ALLOCATION

Entire First Floor, Second Floor and above rights as per the anexture-attached here with

Use of common areas, facilities and services

% Undivided, indivisible and impartible/ownership rights in the plot of land measuring

……………. sq. yds.

That the Builder shall have the exclusive ownership and usage rights of the Entire

Terrace over and above the Entire first floor, second floor of the said property, including

rights of further construction thereon upto the limits of sky.

That the Builder shall install a lift, in the said building for the common use of the

owners/occupants of the Ground Floor, First Floor, Second Floor and above of the said

building. The owner (s)/occupants of the Ground Floor, First Floor, Second Floor, Third

Floor shall use the said Lift and accordingly shall pay perpationately maintenance

charges thereof.

That the owner shall keep the said property free from all such encumbrances till the

duration and complete implementation of this agreement and thereafter in all respects and

do hereby keep the Builder or its nominee/nominees indemnified on all such accounts.

The Owners shall bear and pay all outstanding charges and dues of whatsoever nature

payable in respect of the said property including house tax, property tax, lease money,

water and electricity charges, and other dues and demands till the date of handing over

the vacant possession of the said property to the Builder and thereafter the same shall be

paid by the Owner and the Builder in respect of their respective allocations. However, the

water and electricity charges during construction period shall be paid and borne by the

Builder.

The Builder and the Owner shall be entitled to sell, transfer, convey and assign their

respective portions to any prospective buyer and to receive the sale proceeds in respect

thereof, in their respective names, during or after the completion of the construction,

without any objection or hindrance by the other. Further the Builder and the Owner shall

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be fully entitled to enter into any Agreement (s) for the sale/booking of their respective

allocations in the newly constructed building and shall be entitled to accept cash/cheque

in their respective names. Further the Owner hereby agree to confirm, execute or enter

into Agreement, if required by the Builder, between the Owner, Builder and the

prospective purchaser of the portion(s) falling to the share of the Builder.

The Owner shall on the completion of the building execute or join in the execution of all

documents necessary for giving the flat (s)/portion (s) buyers of Builder’s portions legal

title to their respective flats/portions including their undivided share in the land

underneath, without asking for any further payment.

That the Builder undertakes to complete the proposed building within a period of ….

months from the date of the receipt of the sanctioned plan from the authorities concerned

or from the date of vacant possession from the Owner to the Builder, whichever is later,

subject to FORCE MAJEURE and further if delay is occasioned for any reason of any act

or legislation or restriction, prohibition or restrained imposed by any Statutory Body and

or Governmental Authority, no liability shall attach to the Builder.

That in case the Builder fails to complete the building within the abovesaid stipulated

period, then the Builder shall be liable to pay a sum of Rs. One Lac per month to the

Owner as penalty.

That the Owner hereby undertakes to get the said property mutated in his own names in

the records of M.C.D at his own cost and expenses, within …….. months from the date

hereof. The Builder shall render all assistance and co-operation if required by the Owner

in this regard.

That in case there is any accident or claim from anyone including neighbours, on account

of the construction of the proposed building, the Builder shall be solely responsible for

the payment of claims under the Workmen Compensation Act or any other Act in force.

If the Owner is ordered to attend a court or is requested to be represented by any

authority in this connection, the Owner will empower the Builder or its nominees/agents

to attend the court/concerned authorities on Owner’s behalf and all the expenses in this

behalf shall be borne by the Builder.

This agreement shall neither be deemed to constitute a partnership between the parties

hereto nor be deemed to constitute anyone as the agent of the other.

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That the Owner shall not interfere with or obstruct in any manner with the execution and

completion of work of development and construction of the said building except

inspection of the quality control of work and correct execution of work in conformity

with the approved plans and shall have the right to visit the property during construction

and ensure implementation of terms and conditions of this Agreement.

That the Owner and the Builder shall themselves be responsible for all Income Tax and

capital gain tax liability arising out of the sale of their respective allocations’ in the

proposed building.

That no common parts of the building will be used by the owners /occupants of the said

building for keeping/changing pets, dogs, birds or for storage of cycles, motor cycles nor

the common passage shall be blocked in any manner.

That the proportionate common maintenance charges will be paid by all the

occupants/owners of the said building in proportion of the area occupied by them.

That the owners/occupants of the said building shall have full rights of access through

staircase to the top terrace at all reasonable times to get the overhead tank

repaired/cleaned etc. That similar conditions shall apply to underground water tank and

booster pump etc.

That the owners/occupants of the said building shall have, as a matter of right, right to

use all common entrances, passages, staircases and other common facilities as are

available in the said building including Antina.

That all the expenses for the execution of the Sale Deed/Conveyance Deed /Conveyance

Deed of the Builder’s Portions including the right in the land, such as stamp duty,

registration charges etc. shall be borne and paid entirely by the Builder or its nominees.

That all relevant documents in original in respect of the said property have been handed

over by the Owner to the Builder. The Builder shall return back the said documents to the

Owner on completion of the building and thereafter the Owner shall keep the said

documents in trust for the Builder and its subsequent transferee/nominee and shall

show/produce the same as and when asked/required by the Builder and shall not

encumber the same with respect to the Builder’s allocation under any circumstances.

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That this transaction has taken place at New Delhi and as such Delhi Courts shall have

exclusive jurisdiction to entertain any dispute arising out or in any way touching or

concerning this deed.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF both the parties have signed this agreement at

New Delhi on the date first mentioned above in the presence of the following witnesses;

WITNESSES:

1.

OWNER

2.

BUILDER

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DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT WITH   THE BUILDER By Rajeev Khandelwal, Chartered AccountantThis Agreement is made here at New Delhi on this ….th day of ………, 200…., between ………………………………………………….. through its…………………………………………………….. s/o ……………………………………… r/o ………………………………………………………., hereinafter called the Owner, the First Party and M/S ………………………………………, ……………………………………… through its Director ……………………………………… s/o ……………………………………… r/o ………………………………………………………, hereinafter called the Developers, Second Party.

 The expression of the terms Owner and the Developers, whenever they occur in the body of this Agreement shall mean and include their respective heirs, executors, administrators and assign unless and until is repugnant to the context or meaning thereof. Whereas the Owner is the recorded Owner and is in possession of plot No. ………………………………………………………………………………, admeasuring ……….. sq. yards, the leasehold plot which was registered as Document No. ……….. Book No. …….. Vol No. ……….. on pages from …….. to …….. dated …………………..The property bounded as under :EAST ….. Plot No. ….. WEST ….. Plot No. …..SOUTH …. Road ….. ‘ NORTH ….. ….. AND Whereas the Owner is desirous of erection of a super structure comprising of the basement, ground floor, first floor, second floor and terrace, according to the plans which may be got sanctioned from competent Authority in this regard but is not fully equipped to do so and has therefore approached the Developer which on being assured by the Owner that the said property is free from all sorts of encumbrances, attachments, charges, legal flaws, claims, demands, dues, notices, religious or family disputes, etc., and that the said property is self-acquired property, has agreed to cooperate with the Owner for construction of a super structure on the land beneath the said property, on the terms and conditions that are set forth hereinafter.

Now this Deed Witnesseth as follows :1. That the Developers have agreed to pay a sum of Rs. …………… (Rupees …………… only) as security for due performance of the terms of this agreement and success-ful completion of the project. However this security amount shall be adjusted against the consideration on completion of the building. The Developer has agreed to raise the superstructure of basement, ground floor, first floor, second floor and terrace on the land beneath the said property according to the building plans mutually agreed upon between the Owner and the Developers which may be sanctioned from the competent authority.

The said sum shall be paid in the following manner :

(a) THAT Rs. ……………….. (Rupees ……………….. only) shall be paid at the time of signing the agreement vide Chq No. ……………….. dated ……………….. drawn on …………………….. Bank …………………………………..

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(b) THAT the further sum of Rs. ……………….. (Rupees ……………….. only) shall be paid to the Owner by the Developer at the time of handing over the physical possession of the said property after the Developer has got sanction of plans or before ……………………….., whichever is earlier for the limited purpose of development and construction of the said project. The physical possession for the Developer’s portion shall automatically vest with the Developer on completing of the building.

(c) That the Developer shall pay beside a sum of Rs. ……………….. (Rupees ……………….. only) already paid, a sum of Rs. ……………….. (Rupees ……………….. only) to the Owner on completion of the building and at the time of signing of all necessary sale documents in regard to the first floor andsecond floor, to make the total consideration of Rs. ……………….. (Rupees ……………….. only).2. If the Developer defaults in payment of any payment on the due date, the Owner will be entitled to terminate the agreement and to forfeit all moneys paid hereunder. On such termination, the licence to develop the property will be revoked and the Developer shall take away and remove within one month of such termi-nation, all buildings, structures and materials brought on the property and in default thereof, the same shall belong to and vest in the Owner absolutely and the Developer shall not be entitled to any compensation or damages in respect thereof.

Without prejudice to his rights, the Owner may at his option, condone such default on payment by the Developer and extend the time for payment if the Developer pays interest at the rate of ……….% per annum on the defaulted installment provided that the Owner shall before terminating this agreement as aforesaid, make a demand in writing for payment of the said sum on the Developer. If the Developer pays the amount due to the Owner with interest within ………. days of receipt of such demand, then the Owner shall not be entitled to terminate the Agreement under this clause.

3. The Owner shall sign the necessary documents to enable the Developer to obtain all necessary permissions and sanctions as may be required.4. That the Owner has executed attorney(s) by separate documents in favour of the Developer for submitting the applications, requisitions to the various authorities for obtaining permission, approvals, sanctions, allotment of building or other materials and concerning other matters required statutorily to be done and required in connection with the construction and completion of the said dwelling units/floors on the said property. However the Developers undertake not to cause to be done any act deed or thing which may in any way misuse, contravene any rule, law or regulation or to misuse the powers which may be conferred upon the Developers by the Owner to construct super structure as stated herein above on the land beneath the said building as per agreement.5. That in the meantime till such sanctions and permissions are forthcoming, the Developers shall have the suitable plans prepared for the proposed residential building at their cost and the concurrence of the Owner shall be obtained with regards to final submission of plans.

6. That the entire cost of construction of the new building including cost of material, labour and the charges for time extension for construction from Delhi Development Authority on above said

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plot and expenses for clearance from Urban Land Act and fee of the architect and others charges shall be borne and paid by the Developer.

7. That the construction shall be that of specifications, detailed and described in Annexure 1 attached hereto. That the Developers shall utilise the full F.A.R. available in respect of the property to be developed.

8. That the property tax till the execution of this deed shall be payable by the Owner. Any property tax payable thereafter shall be the liability of the Developer and shall be paid by the Developer till the flats are ready in all respects.9. That the Owner gives licence and permission to the Developer to enter upon the said property with full right and authority to commence, carry on and complete development thereof, in accordance with the permission & terms herein mentioned. The said licence to develop the property will be personal to the Developer and under no circumstance the Developer will assign his title, right and interest to any otherparty, except with the prior written consent of the Owner. However the Developer shall be entitled to enter into separate contracts in his own name with building contractor, architect and others for carrying out the development at his own risk and costs.

10. That the dwelling units proposed to be constructed by the Developer shall be owned and possessed by the parties exclusively as under :

(a) Owner shall own and possess basement and ground floor and two car parkings and two servant quarters with attached toilet of the said property with rear terrace for exclusive use and exclusive complete Ownership right of construction on second floor terrace (i.e., third floor) and right to all future FSI/FAR and right of construction on third floor if permitted by the bye-laws in future, in that case the Owner construct the water tanks & servant rooms on third floor terrace at their/his own cost/fund with 50% undivided land rights of total plot measuring ………… Sq. Yds.

(b) The Developer shall own and possess first floor, second floor, two car parkings and two servant quarters along with toilet and front terrace for exclusives use, in case of construction of third floor, the Developer/buyers have rights to use front terrace of third floor terrace with 50% undivided land rights of total plots measuring ………… Sq Yds.

(c) It is hereby specifically mentioned that the parties hereto shall be free to sell transfer and/or mortgage, assign or part with the possession of their respective portions at their own risk and account without any objection from the other party and to receive, accept any consideration, money in regards to above property and to issue receipt of full or partial payment. Each party shall have rights to negotiate his respective portion with common facilities to any intending purchaser.

11. The Owner agrees to execute, sign and deliver the document which might be required for conveying first floor and second floor of the said property in favour of the intending purchaser or nominee of Developer as a confirming party when the construction has been completed by the Developer and full consideration has been paid to the Owner. It is hereby specifically mentioned and agreed that the Owner shall not claim any remuneration for execution of the aforesaid

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documents and all the expenses whatsoever for the transfer of the first floor and second floor of the said property shall be borne and paid by the Developer/his nominee(s)/intending purchaser(s).

12. That the building shall be completed and finished in all respects within ………… months and the first party’s share of property will be handed over to them within …………months from the date of sanctioning of plans/handing over the vacant possession of the plot for development, expect for reasons beyond second party’s control such as strikes, war, riots and natural calamities and due to any unforeseen circumstances like drastic changes in laws and hindrance caused by concerned authorities (M.C.D./D.D.A.).

13. If the Developer fails to complete building and fails to deliver basement and ground floor within stipulated period of ………… months then Developer shall be liable to give a sum of Rs. ………… (Rupees …………………… only ) per month to the party as compensation penalty.

14. That except as herein before provided, the Owner shall not interfere with or obstruct in any manner with the construction of work for the said residential flats. However the Owner or his nominee or nominees shall have free hand and unfettered access to the construction site at all reasonable time and he shall be free to point out to the Developer or their agents, subcontractors or administrators and the Developer shall rectify such defective construction, workmanship or use of inferior materials.

15. That this agreement shall not to be deemed to constitute a partnership between the Owner and the Developer or an agreement for sale of the plot by the Owner to the Developer and shall not be deemed to bind the parties hereto expect specifically recorded herein. The Developer shall solely be liable and responsible for any liability in connection with the construction of dwelling units in the land beneath the said building. The Owner and the Developer shall be solely responsible from the date of possession for various expenses, taxes such as water charges, property tax, electric bills in respect of respective portions as mentioned aforesaid.

16. In case there is any accident in the aforesaid construction project, the Developer shall be fully responsible for all the consequences of the same under the Workmen Compensation Act or any other acts in force. If the Owner is ordered to attend a court or is requested or his presence is required by any other authority in this connection, he will empower the Developers to attend the court/authority concerned on his behalf and the Developer agrees to compensate the Owner fully in case an adverse order is passed or any compensation is ordered to be paid by the Owner by any court, judicial authority or any other competent authority.

17. That all costs of stamping, engrossing and registration of this agreement and any other paper relating to this agreement shall be borne by the Developer.

18. That during the course of construction all building materials and equipment used or to be used shall remain at the Developer’s risk and the Developer shall not be entitled to any compensation from the first party for any damages, loss or destruction of such works or material or equipment arising from the any cause whatsoever.

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19. If until the completion of building any case damage or harm occurs to the adjourning properties, neighbours, the Developer shall be fully responsible for all the consequences.

20. That the Owner has declared and assured the Developer that property is free from all sorts of encumbrances, i.e., mortgage, charges, gifts, wills, exchanges, attachments, injunction notice prior agreement to sell/collaboration agreement and shall also keep the property free from all sorts of emcumbrances till the completion of the building, sharing of the respective portions in the new building and registration of their respective portions.

Whatsoever if it will be ever proved otherwise, first party shall be liable and responsible for making good all losses, which may be suffered incurred, undergone and sustained all by the Developer as a result thereof.

21. That no change modification or alterations to this agreement shall be done without the written consent of the Owner and Developer. The parties hereto undertakes not to contravene any of the terms of this agreement.

22. That the Developer shall be responsible for any eventuality or consequences arising out of the structural defects. Appropriate remedial measures to rectify such defects or remove such irregularities at the earliest shall be taken. The Developer shall also apply and obtain the C&D forms, electricity, water and sever connections, etc., from the competent authority/authorities concerned at his cost.

23. That as and when house tax gets assessed the Developer undertakes to pay for his share that is the basement and ground floor at the rates applicable.

24. That the Owner shall hand over all the original documents of the property to the Developer at the time of execution of this collaboration agreement. The same shall be returned back to the Owner on completion of the construction and possession of the Developer’s portion to him.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their respective hands on these presents on the date, month and year hereinabove first mentioned. In the presence of the following witnesses :

WITNESSES OWNER BUILDERANNEXURE 1Specifications for Plot No. ………………. andList of Fittings and Fixtures1. Brick Work – Bricks workin cement mortar in super structure in 1: 6 (1 cement : 6 sand). Half bricks masonary in cement mortar (1:4/1 cement and badarpur sand) with 1″ × 1/16″ hoop iron at every third course, 2″ thick brick tiles work shall be in 1:3 mix, cement, badarpur sand) with 1″×1/6″ hoop iron at every third course in steps in cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement badarpur sand).

2. R.C.C. Work – R.C.C Work 1:2:4: work (1 cement: 2 stone dust: 4 graded stone aggregate nominal size) in columns, beams, linteless, slabs, lofts, chajjas, shelves, staircase, etc., including centering and shuttering and rendering the exposed surface in cement mortar 1:4 (1 cement : 4 fine sand) steel for R.C.C. Work shall be of tor steel or steel as per structure design.

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3. Flooring – All the flooring in living room, bed room, kitchen, bath room, lobby and stair cases will be provided with white marble stone with brass patty.

4. Toilet – Coloured tiles will be provided on the walls of bathrooms up to full height with exhaust fans.

5. Bedrooms – Each bedroom will be provided with one built in wardrobe cupboard, doors will be provided with sunmica/syntax material of suitable shade. Master bedroom shall have a dressing room with built in wardrobes.

6. Doors and Windows – The doors and windows shall be made of teak wood, chowkhat will be made of champ teak, anodised brass fittings tower bolt and handles and Godrej locks shall be fixed to doors with handles. Eyes and chain shall be provided on the main door. Iron grills to be fixed on basement and ground floor.

7. Kitchen – Kitchen will be provided with an exhaust fan. Working slab be provided of granit on top, the edges of which shall be leveled/rounded and polished. Staircase link shall be provided. Teaks frames with commercial shutters or 3/4″ commercial board shall be used for kitchen making cupboard under the slab and sunmica front shall also be done 1″ deep cupboards above the slab on one side of the wall shall be provided. Spartek tiles up to 5 shall be provided in dado. One stand for plates and cups etc.

8. Plaster – 3/4″ thicks plaster in cement mortar 1:5 (1 cement 5 Jammu sand) inside and rough plaster outside shall be done.

9. Finish – Base to be made of French Chalk. Oil bound distemper with final coat of Plastic emulsion, oil bound distembper on ceiling, etc., synthetic enamel, spirit or wax polish to doors, windows, cupboard, kitchen cabinets, etc.

10. Sanitary Work – Colour sanitary work with round oval height basin towel rod, toilet paper holder, shower hot and cold water mixer, tape hooks, etc., looking full length with 2″ height with frame glass over wash basin and cupboard will be fixed in the bathrooms under the wash basin. All fittings will be parko or equivalent. Concealed Stop cooks to be provided in each toilet. Rain water pipes of 4″ dia CI pipes including all fittings and lead joints as also the entire G.I. pipes lines, overhead RCC tanks coated with food grade epory shall also be provided and also sanitary works in the bathroom which will be in colour and with hot and cold water arrangement and chromium plating of Parko make shall be provided in the, bathrooms with one Acrylic bath tub of approved quality and design in one of the bathrooms in each unit. Sanitary ware will be of Parry/Neycer make.

11. Electrical Work – Light points, light plugs power points, call bell points, switches visitors call bell, phone, foot lights, light points telephone lines, intercom/conduit telephone and T.V. antenna circuit to be laid as per drawings. 1″ dia PVC proconduit pipe of 16 gauge to be used for all electrical lines and ISI approved make wire to be used for power and light points, make to be approved by Owner prior to fitting. The distribution board and main board with circuit breaker shuters to be provided. Provision to be made for 3 phase (minimum 11 KW load) wiring and also for all floors, gates lights and canopy lights and outside lighting to be done as shown in drawing.

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Charges for cables and electric connection shall be borne by the Developer and provide tube lights or incandescent lamps and other light fittings on wall brackets, lobby kitchen, canopy and one chandelier in the drawing room will be provided in the flat. All light fitting, etc., as mentioned above to be approved by the Owner, brand of switches/regulators MCB, etc., to be stated.

12. Cromption ceiling fans 48″ in bedrooms and 56″ in drawing dining room will be provided. Geyser 25 litres will be fitted in each bathrooms. One Geyser, ceiling fan and exhaust fan will be provided in the kitchen.

OWNER BUILDER

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Faqir Chand Gulati v. Uppal Agencies (P) Ltd. & Anr.

In the Supreme Court of India

R.V. Raveendran & Lokeshwar Singh Panta, JJ.

Civil Appeal No. 3302 of 2005  10 July, 2008

Consumer Protection Act, 1986, S. 2(1)(d)(ii)

Where there is a contract for construction of an apartment or house for land-owner, and there is a consideration for such construction, flowing from the landowner to the builder, besides there is availment of services of the builder by the land-owner for a house construction for a consideration, to that extent, the land-owner is a consumer and the builder is a service-provider and any dispute raised by land-owner will be consumer dispute.

Service provider and service receiver—Contract for construction of house for client—Whether amounts to service

Question involved in this appeal was as to whether a landowner, who enters into an agreement with a builder, for construction of an apartment/building and for sharing of the constructed area, is a ‘consumer’ entitled to maintain a complaint against the builder as a service-provider under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. Held: There was a contract for construction of an apartment or house for assessee, in accordance with the specifications and in terms of the contract. There was a consideration for such construction, flowing from the landowner to the builder (in form of sale of an undivided share in the land and permission to construct and own the upper floors). To adjust the value to the extent of land to be transferred, there was also payment of cash consideration by the builder. But the important aspect was the availment of services of the builder by the land-owner for a house construction (construction of owner’s share of the building) for a consideration. To that extent, the land-owner is a consumer, the builder is a service-provider and if there is deficiency in service in regard to construction, the dispute raised by the land-owner will be a consumer dispute. [Para 19]

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Decision: In favour of appellant.

Counsel: Mr. Sanjeev Sachdeva, Advocate, for the Petitioner  Dr. Kailash Chand Advocate, for the Respondent

JUDGMENT

This appeal is against the order dated 3-2-2004 passed by the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission ('Commission' hereinafter referred to as) in Revision Petition No. 1878 of 2000. It relates to the question whether a landowner, who enters into an agreement with a builder, for construction of an Apartment Building and for sharing of the constructed area, is a ‘consumer' entitled to maintain a complaint against the builder as a service-provider under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

The agreement

2. The appellant is the owner of premises no. L-3, Kailash Colony, New Delhi. He entered into a ‘collaboration agreement' dated 17-5-1991 with the first respondent, the terms of which are, in brief, as follows :

(i) The owner shall place at the disposal of the builder, vacant possession of the premises and authorize the builder to secure necessary sanctions, permissions and approvals for demolition of the existing building and construction and completion of a new building.

(iii) The builder shall demolish the existing structure and construct a residential building consisting of ground, first and second floors, at its cost and expense.

(iv) The builder will have the right to appoint Architects, contractors, sub-contractors etc.

(v) The new building to be constructed by the builder shall be of good quality as per the detailed specifications contained in Annexure-A to the agreement.

(vi) On completion of construction, the land-owner will be entitled to the entire ground floor (consisting of three bedrooms with attached bathrooms, one drawing-cum-dining, one store room, one kitchen) with one servant room under the overhead water tank on rear terrace and one parking space, as his share in consideration of his having made available the land. The builder shall also pay a sum of Rs. 8 lakhs as non-refundable consideration to the owner.

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(vii) The remaining part of the building (the entire first and second floors and two servant rooms and two car parking spaces) shall belong to the builder as its share of the building in consideration of having spent the cost of construction of the entire building and all other services rendered by him under the agreement.

(viii) The owner and the builder shall be entitled to undivided and indivisible share in the land, proportionate to their right in the building, that is, an undivided one-third share in the land shall belong to the owner and two-third share shall belong to the developer.

(ix) The builder shall be entitled to either retain or sell its share of the building. The owner shall execute necessary documents for transferring the share corresponding to the builder's portion of the building. The owner shall give an irrevocable power of attorney enabling the builder to execute the deed of conveyance in regard to the builder's share in the land. The builder will however, have the option to require the owner to personally execute the sale deed in regard to the builder's share in the land instead of using such power of attorney.

(x) On completion of the building, the builder shall apply for completion certificate to the concerned authority and shall be liable to pay any penalty that may be imposed or levied in regard to the deviations, if any, made in the construction of the building.

(xi) The owner shall not interfere or obstruct the construction and completion of the work in any manner, but will have access to the construction to point out any defect in construction or workmanship or use of inferior material, so as to require the builder to rectify such defects.

(xii) Title deeds handed over by the owner to the builder for completing the formalities relating to the agreement shall thereafter be returned to the owner, who shall however make available the same for reference by the owners of the other floors.

(xiii) The agreement and the power of attorney executed by the owner in favour of the builder are irrevocable. In the event of neglect, failure, default on the part of the owner or the builder, the affected party shall have the right to specific performance of the said agreement at the cost and risk of the defaulting party who shall also be liable to pay damages.

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(xiv) The agreement is not a partnership and shall not be deemed to be a partnership between the owner and the builder.

The dispute and the decision.

3. The appellant (also referred to as ‘land-owner’) alleges that the first respondent (also referred to as the ‘builder') secured sanction of the plan for construction from the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (for short 'MCD') but made several unauthorized deviations during construction, resulting in several deviation notices from MCD. In fact, MCD passed an order dated 16-1-1991 to seal the premises, but subsequently, the premises was de-sealed to enable the builder to rectify the deviations. The builder delivered possession of the ground floor on 2-4-1992. The builder sold the first and second floors to four persons under sale deeds dated 18-3-1992, 18-3-1992, 2-6-1995 and 2-6-1995.

4. The delivery of the ground floor was made by the builder to appellant's son during appellant's absence from India. On his return, the appellant sent a letter dated 29-10-1992, pointing out several shortcomings in the construction and the violations of sanctioned plan, and called upon the builder to rectify the deviations and defects. The builder did not comply.

5. The appellant therefore filed complaint No. 1866 of 1994 before the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum-IX, Delhi, under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (‘Act’ hereinafter referred to as) seeking the following reliefs against the builder :

(a) Return of the title deeds relating to the premises;

(b) Supply of completion certificate and C&D Forms from MCD; and

(c) Delivery of security deposit receipt for electricity meter and payment of Rs. 4262.64 being the charges for change of electricity meter.

The District Forum dismissed the complaint by order dated 10-5-1996 as not maintainable under the Act, holding that the appellant was not a ‘consumer' as defined in section 2(1)(d)(ii) of the Act. It held that the agreement between the parties created mutual rights and obligations with a provision that in the event of breach of any condition, the affected party shall have the right of specific performance and such an agreement cannot be construed as a contract for hiring/availing a service, for consideration by a consumer.

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6. The appellant filed an appeal against the order of the District Forum and the said appeal was dismissed by the State Commission, Delhi, by order dated 4.10.2000. The State Commission held that the agreement between the parties, termed as a collaboration agreement, was in the nature of a joint venture or agreement to collaborate; that the agreement contemplated ‘sharing' of constructed area, that is the entire ground floor of the building by the landowner and the remaining area by the builder; that the agreement did not have any element of hiring any services; and that therefore, the appellant was not a ‘consumer' and the builder was not a ‘service-provider'.

It therefore, confirmed the District Forum's decision that the petition was not maintainable. For this purpose, it also relied on the decision of the National Commission in C. Narasimha Rao v. K.R. Neelakandan-I (1994) CPJ 160 and its own decision in Har Sarup Gupta v. M/s Kailash Nath & Associates-II (1995) CPJ 275. However, as the appellant was old and as the first and third reliefs (relating to delivery of title deeds and electricity meter security deposit receipt and payment of the charges for the change of electricity meter) had already been secured by the appellant and the only pending issue related to C&D forms, the State Commission proceeded to decide the appeal on merits. It noted that as the builder had already applied for the C&D forms to the competent authority and was pursuing the matter and had undertaken to hand over the same to the appellant as and when made available, nothing further was required to be done by the builder. The Appeal was, therefore, dismissed as devoid of merit.

7. The appellant filed a revision petition before the National Commission. The appellant challenged the finding that the complaint was not maintainable. He also contended that as the builder had failed to secure and furnish the completion certificate and C&D forms (that is property tax assessment listing) from MCD, his complaint could not have been dismissed. He also submitted that in view of the violations, the MCD had demolished certain portions of the structure and was insisting upon the other deviations which were beyond compoundable limits to be rectified; and that MCD was refusing to issue the completion certificate and C&D forms without those rectifications; and that the prayer for delivery of completion certificate and C&D forms required the builder to rectify all defects and bring the deviations within permissible limits and secured completion certificate and C&D forms. He pointed out that in the absence of completion certificate and C&D forms, he was facing threats of demolition apart from harassment from MCD. He contended that the non-completion of building as per the sanctioned plan and making deviations on a large scale resulting in non-issue of completion certificate and C&D forms

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amounted to deficiency in service and therefore, his complaint ought to have been allowed.

8. The National Commission dismissed the revision petition by order dated 3-2-2004. The order extracted the relevant provisions of the agreement in extenso and then proceeded to reject the petition by merely observing that the agreement was in the nature of a joint venture and transaction did not have any element of hiring the services of the builder within the meaning of section 2(1)(d)(ii) of the Act and that the District Forum and the State Commission had rightly held that the appellant was not a consumer. The said order is challenged in this appeal by special leave.

Legal Provisions

9. We may briefly notice the provisions of the Act before referring to the contentions of the parties. The object of the Act is to provide for better protection of the interests of consumers. It establishes consumer disputes redressal agencies and enables persons having grievances regarding goods supplied or services provided, to file complaints before such redressal agencies. Section 14 enumerates the reliefs that can be granted by a redressal agency to the complainant if he satisfies the agency about the defect in goods or deficiency in service. Two of the reliefs that can be granted by the forum, if it is satisfied that any of the allegations contained in the complaint about the deficiency in the service are proved, are, a direction to the opposite party to remove the deficiencies in the service in question and a direction to pay compensation to the consumer for any loss or injury suffered by him. Section 3 provides that the provisions of the Act shall be in addition and not in derogation of the provisions of any other law for the time being in force. Any allegation in writing made by the complainant that the services hired or availed of or agreed to be hired or availed of by him suffered from deficiency in any respect, with a view to obtaining any relief provided for by or under the Act, is a ‘complaint' under section 2(1)(c) of the Act.

(9.1) The terms 'consumer', 'deficiency', and 'service' defined in clauses (d), (g) and (o) of section 2(1) of the Act as it stood at the time when the appellant approached the District Forum in 1994 are extracted below :

"(d). 'Consumer' means any person who -

(i) xxxxxx

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(ii) hires or avails of any services for a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment and includes any beneficiary of such services other than the person who hires or avails of the services for consideration paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment, when such services are availed of with the approval of the first mentioned person.

(g). 'Deficiency' means any fault, imperfection, shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner of performance which is required to be maintained by or under any law for the time being in force or has been undertaken to be performed by a person in pursuance of a contract or otherwise in relation to any service."

(o). 'Service' means service of any description which is made available to potential users and includes the provision of facilities in connection with banking, financing, insurance, transport, processing, supply of electrical or other energy, board or lodging or both, housing construction, entertainment, amusement or the purveying of news or other information, but does not include the rendering of any service free of charge or under a contract of personal service."

Contentions

10. The appellant contends that though the agreement is captioned as 'collaboration agreement', it is not a joint venture as assumed by the State Commission and National Commission but an agreement under which the builder agreed to make a housing construction for the land owner and therefore, the activity of the builder squarely falls within the definition of service. According to him, the fact that he entered into an agreement making available the plot for construction of a three-storeyed building and agreeing to share the building after construction and receive towards his share the ground floor of the building plus Rs. 8 lakhs did not amount to entering into a joint venture to share the profits and losses. He submitted that the basic scheme of the agreement was that the builder should construct and deliver a house (ground floor of the building) to the owner and if there was any deficiency in fulfilling the obligations undertaken in connection with such construction, there would be a

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deficiency in service; and that therefore, insofar as the term relating to construction of the ground floor for his benefit, the builder was a service provider and he was a consumer.

11. On the other hand, the respondent contended that the agreement was for collaboration in the nature of a joint venture which required the owner to contribute the land and the builder to contribute the funds for construction of a building and thereafter share the construction that is ground floor with corresponding undivided share to the owner and upper floors with corresponding undivided share to the builder, and that it was in the nature of a single business adventure under which the parties agreed to share the benefits. It is also pointed out that the builder had paid a sum of Rs. 8 lakhs to the owner as consideration in addition to agreeing to give the ground floor of the new building and therefore, the agreement was also in the nature of the agreement of sale of undivided share in land by the owner to the builder. It was contended that the two parties to the agreement were associates to carry out a single enterprise or business adventure for mutual profit and such a venture resulting in profit for both the parties was not an agreement for providing service. The respondent submitted that there was no contract for ‘house construction' as such, nor for sale of a house and therefore, it was not a ‘service-provider'. It was also pointed out that it was not only the builder who had certain obligations towards the owner, but the owner also had the following obligations towards the builder :

(a) The owner shall execute all documents required for effecting transfer of builder's share of the land.

(b) The owner shall not obstruct or interfere with the construction in any manner.

(c) The owner had to keep the property wholly free from encumbrances during the currency of the agreement.

(d) If the owner's title was found to be defective, owner was liable to pay damages, losses and costs to the builder and its nominees.

(e) Owner shall do all acts, deeds and things required to keep the rights in the land subsisting.

(f) Owner shall not revoke or cancel the agreement or power of attorney.

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As each party had to discharge and fulfill certain obligations towards the other in consideration of the other party fulfilling some certain obligations, the remedy in the event of any alleged breach, according to the builder, is to sue for specific performance and/or damages in a civil court and a complaint under the Act was not maintainable.

12. On the contentions raised, two questions arise for consideration :

(i) Whether on the facts and circumstances, a complaint under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 is maintainable, in regard to the Agreement dated 17-5-1991 between the parties

(ii) Whether a complaint is maintainable under the Act for a prayer seeking delivery of completion certificate and C&D Forms in regard to a building and whether the prayer for completion certificate/C&D Forms involves a prayer for rectification of the deficiencies in the building so as to secure the completion certificate and C&D Forms.

Re : First Question

13. The first question in fact involves examination of the following issue:

When the owner of a plot of land enters into an agreement with a builder for development of the property by construction of a building and sharing the constructed area between the owner and the builder, and the developer commits any breach either by failing to deliver owner's share of constructed area or by constructing the building contrary to specifications, or by failing to fulfill the obligations relating to completion certificate or amenities like water, electricity and drainage, whether the owner can maintain a complaint under the Consumer Protection Act and whether in such circumstances, the owner can claim that he is a consumer and the builder is the service-provider.

14. In Lucknow Development Authority v. M. K. Gupta (1994 (1) SCC 243) referring to the nature and object of the Act, this court observed:

"To begin with the preamble of the Act, which can afford useful assistance to ascertain the legislative intention, it was enacted, 'to provide for the protection of the interest of consumers'. Use of the word 'protection' furnishes key to the minds of makers of the Act. Various definitions and provisions which elaborately attempt to achieve this objective have to be construed in this light without departing from the settled view that a preamble cannot control otherwise plain meaning of a

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provision. In fact the law meets long felt necessity of protecting the common man from such wrongs for which the remedy under ordinary law for various reasons has become illusory. Various legislations and regulations permitting the State to intervene and protect interest of the consumers have become a haven for unscrupulous ones and the enforcement machinery either does not move or it moves ineffectively, inefficiently and for reasons which are not necessary to be stated. The importance of the Act lies in promoting welfare of the society by enabling the consumer to participate directly in the market economy. It attempts to remove the helplessness of a consumer which he faces against powerful business, described as, 'a network of rackets' or a society in which, 'producers have secured power' to 'rob the rest' and the might of public bodies which are degenerating into store house of inaction where papers do not move from one desk to another as a matter of duty and responsibility but for extraneous consideration leaving the common man helpless, bewildered and shocked. The malady is becoming so rampant, widespread and deep that the society instead of bothering, complaining and fighting for it, is accepting it as part of life.

The enactment in these unbelievable yet harsh realities appears to be a silver lining, which may in course of time succeed in checking the rot. A scrutiny of various definitions such as 'consumer', 'service', 'trader', 'unfair' trade practice indicates that legislature has attempted to widen the reach of the Act. Each of these definitions are in two parts, one, explanatory and the other expandatory. The explanatory or the main part itself uses expressions of wide amplitude indicating clearly its wide sweep then its ambit is widened to such things which otherwise would have been beyond its natural import."

This court next considered the meaning of the word 'service'. Thereafter, this court dealt with the question whether ‘service' included housing construction, even before the inclusion of ‘housing construction' in the definition of ‘service' by Act No.50 of 1993 with effect from 18-6-1993.

This court observed:

"What is the meaning of the word 'service'? Does it extend to deficiency in the building of a house or flat? Can a complaint be filed under the Act against the statutory authority or a builder or contractor for any deficiency in respect of given property. The answer to all this shall understanding of the word 'service'. The term has variety of meanings. It may mean any benefit or any act resulting in promoting interest or

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happiness. It may be contractual, professional, public, domestic, legal, statutory etc. The concept of service thus is very wide. How it should be understood and what it means depends in the context in which it has been used in an enactment.

What remains to be examined is if housing construction or building activity carried on by a private or statutory body was service within meaning of clause (o) of section 2 of the Act as it stood prior to inclusion of the expression 'housing construction' in the definition of "service" by Ordinance No. 24 of 1993. As pointed out earlier the entire purpose of widening the definition is to include in it not only day to day buying and selling activity undertaken by a common man but even to such activities which are otherwise not commercial in nature yet they partake of a character in which some benefit is conferred on the consumer.

Construction of a house or flat is for the benefit of person for whom it is constructed. He may do it himself or hire services of a builder or contractor. The latter being for consideration is service as defined in the Act.... If the service is defective or it is not what was represented then it would be unfair trade practice as defined' in the Act. Any defect in construction activity would be denial of comfort and service to a consumer. When possession of property is not delivered within stipulated period the delay so caused is denial of service. Such disputes or claims are not in respect of immoveable property as argued but deficiency in rendering of service of particular standard, quality or grade. Such deficiencies or omissions are defined in Sub-clause (ii) of clause (r) of section 2 as unfair trade practice. If a builder of a house uses sub-standard material in construction of a building or makes false or misleading representation about the condition of the house then it is denial of the facility or benefit of which a consumer is entitled to claim value under the Act. When the contractor or builder undertakes to erect a house or flat then it is inherent in it that he shall perform his obligation as agreed to. A flat with a leaking roof, or cracking wall or sub-standard floor is denial of service. .............A person who applies for allotment of a building site or for a flat constructed by the development authority or enters into an agreement with a builder or a contractor is a potential user and nature of transaction is covered in the expression 'service of any description'. It further indicates that the definition is not exhaustive. The inclusive clause succeeded in widening its scope but not exhausting the services which could be covered in earlier part. So any service except when it is free of charge or under a constraint of personal service is

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included in it. Since housing activity is a service it was covered in the clause as it stood before 1993."

15. The predicament faced by the persons who deal with builders and promoters, was noticed by this court in Friends Colony Development Committee v. State of Orissa (2004 (8) SCC 733) in a different context while dealing with town planning laws :

"Builders violate with impunity the sanctioned building plans and indulge deviations much to the prejudice of the planned development of the city and at the peril of the occupants of the premises constructed or of the inhabitants of the city at large. Serious threat is posed to ecology and environment and, at the same time, the infrastructure consisting of water supply, sewerage and traffic movement facilities suffer unbearable burden and are often thrown out of gear. Unwary purchasers in search of roof over their heads and purchasing flats/apartments from builders, find themselves having fallen prey and become victims to the design of unscrupulous builders. The builder conveniently walks away having pocketed the money leaving behind the unfortunate occupants to face the music in the event of unauthorized constructions being detected or exposed and threatened with demolition. Though the local authorities have the staff consisting of engineers and inspectors whose duty is to keep a watch on building activities and to promptly stop the illegal constructions or deviations coming up, they often fail in discharging their duty. Either they don't act or do not act promptly or do connive at such activities apparently for illegitimate considerations. If such activities are to stop, some stringent actions are required to be taken by ruthlessly demolishing the illegal constructions and non-compoundable deviations. The unwary purchasers who shall be the sufferers must be adequately compensated by the builder.

The arms of the law must stretch to catch hold of such unscrupulous builders. At the same time in order to secure vigilant performance of duties, responsibility should be fixed on the officials whose duty was to prevent unauthorized construction, but who failed in doing so either by negligence or connivance."

16. There is no dispute or doubt that a complaint under the Act will be maintainable in the following circumstances :

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(a) Where the owner/holder of a land who has entrusted the construction of a house to a contractor, has a complaint of deficiency of service with reference to the construction.

(b) Where the purchaser or intending purchaser of an apartment/flat/ house has a complaint against the builder/developer with reference to construction or delivery or amenities.

But we are concerned with a third hybrid category which is popularly called as ‘Joint-Venture Agreements' or ‘Development Agreements' or ’Collaboration Agreements' between a land-holder and a Builder. In such transactions, the land-holder provides the land. The Builder puts up a building. Thereafter, the land owner and builder share the constructed area.

The builder delivers the ‘owner's share' to the land-holder and retains the ‘Builder's share'. The land-holder sells/transfers undivided share/s in the land corresponding to the Builder's share of the building to the builder or his nominees. As a result each Apartment owner becomes the owner of the Apartment with corresponding undivided share in the land and an undivided share in the common areas of the building. In such a contract, the owner's share may be a single apartment or several apartments. The land-holder who gets some apartments may retain the same or may dispose of his share of apartments with corresponding undivided shares to others. The usual feature of these agreements is that the land-holder will have no say or control in the construction. Nor will he have any say as to whom and at what cost the builder's share of apartments are to be dealt with or disposed of. His only right is to demand delivery of his share of constructed area in accordance with the specifications. The builders contend that such agreements are neither contracts for construction, nor contracts for sale of apartments, but are contracts entered for mutual benefit and profit and in such a contract, they are not ‘service-providers' to the land-owners, but a co-adventurer with the land-holder in a ‘joint venture', in developing the land by putting up multiple-housing (Apartments) and sharing the benefits of the project. The question is whether such agreements are truly joint-ventures in the legal sense.

17. This court had occasion to consider the nature of ‘joint-venture' in New Horizons Ltd v. Union of India (1995 (1) SCC 478). This court held :

"The expression "joint venture" is more frequently used in the United States. It connotes a legal entity in the nature of a partnership engaged in the joint undertaking of a particular transaction for mutual profit or an association of persons or companies jointly undertaking some

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commercial enterprise wherein all contribute assets and share risks. It requires a community of interest in the performance of the subject matter, a right to direct and govern the policy in connection therewith, and duty, which may be altered by agreement, to share both in profit and losses. (Black's Law Dictionary; Sixth Edition, p. 839). According to Words and Phrases, Permanent Edition, a joint venture is an association of two or more persons to carry out a single business enterprise for profit (P.117, Vol. 23). "

The following definition of 'joint venture' occurring in American Jurisprudence (2nd Edition, Vol.46 pages 19, 22 and 23) is relevant:

"A joint venture is frequently defined as an association of two or more persons formed to carry out a single business enterprise for profit. More specifically, it is in association of persons with intent, by way of contract, express or implied, to engage in and carry out a single business venture for joint profit, for which purpose such persons combine their property, money, effects, skill, and knowledge, without creating a partnership, a corporation or other business entity, pursuant to an agreement that there shall be a community of interest among the parties as to the purpose of the undertaking, and that each joint venturer must stand in the relation of principal, as well as agent, as to each of the other coventurers within the general scope of the enterprise.

Joint ventures are, in general, governed by the same rules as partnerships. The relations of the parties to a joint venture and the nature of their association are so similar and closely akin to a partnership that their rights, duties, and liabilities are generally tested by rules which are closely analogous to and substantially the same, if not exactly the same as those which govern partnerships. Since the legal consequences of a joint venture are equivalent to those of a partnership, the courts freely apply partnership law to joint ventures when appropriate. In fact, it has been said that the trend in the law has been to blur the distinctions between a partnership and a joint venture, very little law being found applicable to one that does not apply to the other. Thus, the liability for torts of parties to a joint venture agreement is governed by the law applicable to partnerships."

"A joint venture is to be distinguished from a relationship of independent contractor, the latter being one who, exercising an independent employment, contracts to do work according to his own methods and without being subject to the control of his employer except as to the

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result of the work, while a joint venture is a special combination of two or more persons where, in some specific venture, a profit is jointly sought without any actual partnership or corporate designation."

To the same effect is the definition in Corpus Juris Secundum (Vol. 48A pages 314-315):

"Joint venture," a term used interchangeably and synonymous with 'joint adventure', or coventure, has been defined as a special combination of two or more persons wherein some specific venture for profit is jointly sought without any actual partnership or corporate designation, or as an association of two or more persons to carry out a single business enterprise for profit or a special combination of persons undertaking jointly some specific adventure for profit, for which purpose they combine their property, money, effects, skill, and knowledge........ Among the acts or conduct which are indicative of a joint venture, no single one of which is controlling in determining whether a joint venture exists, are: (1) joint ownership and control of property; (2) sharing of expenses, profits and losses, and having and exercising some voice in determining division of net earnings; (3) community of control over, and active participation in, management and direction of business enterprise; (4) intention of parties, express or implied; and (5) fixing of salaries by joint agreement."

Black's Law Dictionary (7th Edition, page 843) defines ‘joint venture' thus :

"Joint Venture : A business undertaking by two or more persons engaged in a single defined project. The necessary elements are : (1) an express or implied agreement; (2) a common purpose that the group intends to carry out; (3) shared profits and losses; and (4) each member's equal voice in controlling the project."

An illustration of joint venture may be of some assistance. An agreement between the owner of a land and a builder, for construction of apartments and sale of those of apartments so as to share the profits in a particular ratio may be a joint venture, if the agreement discloses an intent that both parties shall exercise joint control over the construction/development and be accountable to each other for their respective acts with reference to the project.

18. We may now notice the various terms in the agreement between the appellant and first respondent which militate against the same being a ‘joint venture'. Firstly, there is a categorical statement in clause 24, that the

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agreement shall not be deemed to constitute a partnership between the owner and the builder. The land-owner is specifically excluded from management and is barred from interfering with the construction in any manner (vide clause 15) and the Builder has the exclusive right to appoint the Architects, contractors and sub-contractors for the construction (vide Clause 16). The Builder is entitled to sell its share of the building as it deemed fit, without reference to the land owner. (vide clauses 7 and 13).

The builder undertakes to the landowner that it will construct the building within 12 months from the date of sanction of building plan and deliver the owner's share to the land owner (vide clauses 9 & 14). The Builder alone is responsible to pay penalties in respect of deviations (vide clause 12) and for payment of compensation under the Workmen's Compensation Act in case of accident (vide clause 10). Secondly, there is no community of interest or common/joint control in the management, nor sharing of profits and losses.

The land owner has no control or participation in the management of the venture. The requirement of each joint venturer being the principal as well as agent of the other party is also significantly absent. We are therefore of the view that such an agreement is not a joint venture, as understood in law.

19. What then is the nature of the agreement between the appellant and the first respondent? Appellant is the owner of the land. He wants a new house, but is not able to construct a new house for himself either on account of paucity of funds or lack of expertise or resources. He, therefore, enters into an agreement with the builder. He asks the builder to construct a house and give it to him. He says that as he does not have the money to pay for the construction and will therefore permit the builder to construct and own additional floor/s as consideration. He also agrees to transfer an undivided share in the land corresponding to the additional floor/s which falls to the share of the builder. As a result, instead of being the full owner of the land with an old building, he becomes a co-owner of the land with a one-third share in the land and absolute owner of the ground floor of the newly constructed building and agrees that the builder will become the owner of the upper floors with corresponding two-third share in the land. As the cost of the undivided two-third share in the land which the land owner agrees to transfer to the builder, is more than the cost of construction of the ground floor by the builder for the landowner, it is also mutually agreed that the builder will pay the landowner an additional cash consideration of Rs. 8 lakhs. The basic underlying purpose of the agreement is the construction of a house or an apartment (ground floor) in accordance with the specifications, by the builder for the owner, the consideration for such

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construction being the transfer of undivided share in land to the builder and grant of permission to the builder to construct two floors. Such agreement whether called as a ‘collaboration agreement' or a ‘joint-venture agreement', is not however a ‘joint-venture'. There is a contract for construction of an apartment or house for the appellant, in accordance with the specifications and in terms of the contract. There is a consideration for such construction, flowing from the landowner to the builder (in the form of sale of an undivided share in the land and permission to construct and own the upper floors). To adjust the value of the extent of land to be transferred, there is also payment of cash consideration by the builder. But the important aspect is the availment of services of the builder by the land-owner for a house construction (construction of owner's share of the building) for a consideration. To that extent, the land-owner is a consumer, the builder is a service-provider and if there is deficiency in service in regard to construction, the dispute raised by the land owner will be a consumer dispute. We may mention that it makes no difference for this purpose whether the collaboration agreement is for construction and delivery of one apartment or one floor to the owner or whether it is for construction and delivery of multiple apartments or more than one floor to the owner. The principle would be the same and the contract will be considered as one for house construction for consideration. The deciding factor is not the number of apartments deliverable to the land owner, but whether the agreement is in the nature of a joint-venture or whether the agreement is basically for construction of certain area for the land-owner.

20. It is however true that where the contract is a true joint venture the scope of which has been pointed out in para 17 above, the position will be different. In a true joint venture agreement between the land-owner and another (whether a recognized builder or fund provider), the land-owner is a true partner or co-adventurer in the venture where the land owner has a say or control in the construction and participates in the business and management of the joint venture, and has a share in the profit/loss of the venture. In such a case, the land owner is not a consumer nor is the other co-adventurer in the joint venture, a service provider. The land owner himself is responsible for the construction as a co-adventurer in the venture. But such true joint ventures are comparatively rare. What is more prevalent are agreements of the nature found in this case, which are a hybrid agreement for construction for consideration and sale and are pseudo joint-ventures.

Normally a professional builder who develops properties of others is not interested in sharing the control and management of the business or the control over the construction with the land owners. Except assuring the land owner a

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certain constructed area and/or certain cash consideration, the builder ensures absolute control in himself, only assuring the quality of construction and compliance with the requirements of local and municipal laws, and undertaking to deliver the owners' constructed area of the building with all certificates, clearances and approvals to the land owner.

21. Learned counsel for the respondent contended that the agreement was titled as "collaboration agreement" which shows an intention to collaborate and therefore it is a joint venture. It is now well settled that the title or caption or the nomenclature of the instrument/document is not determinative of the nature and character of the instrument/document, though the name may usually give some indication of the nature of the document. The nature and true purpose of a document has to be determined with reference to the terms of the document, which express the intention of the parties. Therefore, the use of the words ‘joint venture' or ‘collaboration' in the title of an agreement or even in the body of the agreement will not make the transaction a joint venture, if there are no provisions for shared control of interest or enterprise and shared liability for losses.

22. The State Commission and National Commission have proceeded on an assumption, which appears to be clearly baseless, that wherever there is an agreement for development of a property between the property owner and builder under which the constructed area is to be divided, it would automatically amount to a joint venture and there is no question of the landholder availing the service of the builder for consideration. Reliance was placed on two decisions, the first being that of the National Commission in C Narasimha Rao v. K R Neelakandan-I (1994) CPJ 160 and the second being that of the Delhi State Commission in Har Sarup Gupta v. M/s. Kailash Nath & Associates - II (1995) CPJ 275. In C. Narasimha Rao, there was an agreement between the landowners and a builder for construction of a building and sharing of the constructed area.

The old building was demolished, but the builder failed to complete the construction of a new building and hand over the owner's share of flats. The landowners preferred a complaint claiming Rs. 94,000 as the value of the malba (retrievable valuables from the debris of the old building) that had been removed by the builder. The National Commission held that as the claim was for recovery of the money being value of the malba removed by the builder, it does not amount to a claim based on deficiency of service and therefore such a claim would fall outside the scope of the Consumer Protection Act. The said decision is wholly inapplicable, as it dealt with a different question. In Har

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Swarup Gupta, the State Commission was concerned with a claim of the landowners for compensation alleging that the builder had not built the flats in terms of the contract under which the landowners were entitled to 36% and the builder was entitled to 64% of the built up area. The State Commission held that the complaint was not maintainable on the ground that on similar facts the National Commission in Narasimha Rao's case (supra) had held that the for a under the Consumer Protection Act did not have jurisdiction. But Narasimha Rao (supra), as noticed above, was not similar on facts, nor did it lay down any such proposition. Har Swarup Gupta is clearly wrongly decided.

23. We may notice here that if there is a breach by the landowner of his obligations, the builder will have to approach a civil court as the landowner is not providing any service to the builder but merely undertakes certain obligations towards the builder, breach of which would furnish a cause of action for specific performance and/or damages. On the other hand, where the builder commits breach of his obligations, the owner has two options.

He has the right to enforce specific performance and/or claim damages by approaching the civil court. Or he can approach the Forum under Consumer Protection Act, for relief as consumer, against the builder as a service-provider. Section 3 of the Act makes it clear that the remedy available under the Act is in addition to the normal remedy or other remedy that may be available to the complainant.

24. The District Forum, the State Commission and the National Commission committed a serious error in wrongly assuming that agreements of this nature being in the nature of joint venture are outside the scope of consumer disputes.

Re : Second Question

25. Under the agreement, the builder is required to construct the ground floor in accordance with the sanctioned plan, and specifications and the terms in the agreement and deliver the same to the owner. If the construction is part of a building which in law requires a completion certificate or C&D forms (relating to assessment), the builder is bound to provide the completion certificate or C&D forms. He is also bound to provide amenities and facilities like water, electricity and drainage in terms of the agreement. If the completion certificate and C&D forms are not being issued by the Corporation because the builder has made deviations/violations in construction, it is his duty to rectify those deviations or bring the deviations within permissible limits and secure a completion certificate and C&D forms from MCD. The builder can not say that he has constructed a ground floor and delivered it and therefore fulfilled his

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obligations. Nor can the builder contend that he is not bound to produce the completion certificate, but only bound to apply for completion certificate. He cannot say that he is not concerned whether the building is in accordance with the sanction plan or not, whether it fulfills the requirements of the municipal bye-laws or not, or whether there are violations or deviations. The builder cannot be permitted to avoid or escape the consequences of his illegal acts. The obligation on the part of the builder to secure a sanctioned plan and construct a building, carries with it an implied obligation to comply with the requirements of municipal and building laws and secure the mandatory permissions/certificates.

26. The surviving prayer is no doubt only for a direction to the builder to furnish the completion certificate and C&D forms. It is not disputed that a building of this nature requires a completion certificate and building assessment (C&D forms). The completion certificate and C&D forms will not be issued if the building constructed is contrary to the bye-laws and sanctioned plan or if the deviations are beyond the permissible compoundable limits. The agreement clearly contemplates the builder completing the construction and securing completion certificate. The agreement, in fact, refers to the possibility of deviations and provides that if there are deviations, the builder will have to pay the penalties, that is do whatever is necessary to get the same regularized. Even if such a provision for providing completion certificate or payment of penalties is not found in the agreement, the builder cannot escape the liability for securing the completion certificate and providing a copy thereof to the owner if the law requires the builder to obtain completion certificate for such a building.

27. A prayer for completion certificate and C&D Forms cannot be brushed aside by stating that the builder has already applied for the completion certificate or C&D Forms. If it is not issued, the builder owes a duty to make necessary application and obtain it. If it is wrongly withheld, he may have to approach the appropriate court or other forum to secure it. If it is justifiably withheld or refused, necessarily the builder will have to do whatever that is required to be done to bring the building in consonance with the sanctioned plan so that the municipal authorities can inspect and issue the completion certificate and also assess the property to tax. If the builder fails to do so, he will be liable to compensate the complainant for all loss/damage. Therefore, the assumption of the State Commission and National Commission that the obligation of the builder was discharged when he merely applied for a completion certificate is incorrect.

Conclusion

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28. The District Forum and National Commission did not examine the matter with reference to facts. The State Commission held that the complaint was not maintainable but purported to consider the factual question in a half-hearted and casual manner. The matter will now have to go back to District Forum for deciding the matter on merits. We, accordingly, allow this appeal as follows :

(a) The orders of the National Commission, State Commission and District Forum are set aside.

(b) The appellant's complaint is held to be maintainable.

(c) The District Forum is directed to consider the matter on merits and dispose of the matter in accordance with law, within six months from the date of receipt of this order.

(d) The respondents shall pay costs of Rs. 25,000 to the appellant.

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