Cold War Political Division of Europe. 1945 “What is Europe now? A rubble heap, a charnel house, a...
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Transcript of Cold War Political Division of Europe. 1945 “What is Europe now? A rubble heap, a charnel house, a...
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Cold War
Political Division of Europe
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1945
“What is Europe now? A rubble heap, a charnel house, a breeding ground of pestilence and hate.”
-- Winston Churchill
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Western Perspective• US demands free elections in Europe (to
no effect)• Truman doctrine – US will support “free
people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure”
• US offers military aid to Turkey and Greece
• US establishes the Marshall Plan -- $13 BILLION in aid to Europe
• Western sectors of Germany unified in 1949
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US Philosophy of Containment
• “Like apples in a barrel infected by disease, the corruption of Greece would infect Iran and all the east. . . likewise Africa. . . Italy. . . France. . . .Not since Rome and Carthage had there been such a polarization of power on this earth”
-- U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson
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1947
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Soviet Perspective• Stalin resumes antagonism to the West
and dictatorial rule– “The war on fascism ends, the war on
capitalism begins.” – War is inevitable as long as capitalism exists”– Purges and forced labor camps reinstated
• USSR had been invaded by Germany twice in the 20th century, Stalin felt he deserved “friendly” neighbors (so the USSR set up Communist parties to dominate eastern European countries)
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Soviet Perspective• USSR devastated by WW II, needed to
improve its industrial capacity (so it took 380 factories out of the Soviet zone in Berlin)
• USSR refused Marshall Plan money (sees the Marshall Plan as a way to make European countries beholden to the US)
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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
1949
Warsaw Pact (Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance – COMECON) 1955
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US increasingly concerned about the spread of Communism
• 1948 Berlin blockade
• 1949 – Communists win the civil war in China
• 1949 – USSR explodes its first atomic bomb
• 1950 – Communist North Korea attacks South Korea, US leads a UN force to save South Korea, North Korea is assisted by the Chinese (country divided in half in 1953 – still a militarized border)
• 1961 – Berlin Wall
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