Cold War BRICS Detente

8/2/2019 Cold War BRICS Detente

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Presented By- Group 3

HOW

THE

END

OF

WORLD

WAR

IIGAVERISETOCOLDWAR.EXPLAINUNI-POLARITY, BI-

POLARITY, UNI-MULTIPOLARITY.EXPLAINTHEROLEOFBRICS.PHASESOFDTENTE.


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ORIGINSOFTHECOLD WAR


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ORIGINOFTHE COLD WAR

The Cold War (1945-91) was one of perception

where neither side fully understood the

intentions and ambitions of the other. This led tomistrust and military build-ups.

As early as 1925

Stalin stated that he viewed international politics

as a bipolar world in which the Soviet Union

would attract countries gravitating to socialism

and capitalist countries would attract states

gravitating toward capitalism.


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DEVELOPMENT

Various events before the Second World War demonstrated the mutual

distrust and suspicion between the Western powers and the Soviet Union

General philosophical challenge the Bolsheviks made towards capitalism.

Western support of the anti-Bolshevik White movement in the Russian

Civil War

1926 Soviet funding of a British general workers strike causing Britain to

break relations with the Soviet Union

Stalin's 1927 declaration of peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries

"receding into the past"

American refusal to recognize the Soviet Union until 1933

Stalinist Moscow Trials of the Great Purge


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INVASIONOF GERMANARMYIN USSR

When the German Army invaded the Soviet

Union in June 1941, the Allies decided to

help the Soviet Union.

Stalin remained highly suspicious.

He felt that the Western Allies had

deliberately delayed opening a second anti-

German front in order to step in at the lastmoment and shape the peace settlement.

Thus, Soviet perceptions of the West left a

strong undercurrent of tension and hostility

between the Allied powers.


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ENDOF WWII ANDPOSTWAR

The Allies disagreed about how the European map

should look, and how borders would be drawn,

following the war.

The western Allies desired a security system in whichdemocratic governments were established as widely

as possible.

Given the Russian historical experiences of frequent

invasions and the immense death toll and the

destruction the Soviet Union sustained during WorldWar II, the Soviet Union sought to increase security by

dominating the internal affairs of countries that

bordered it.

The Western Allies were themselves deeply divided in

their vision of the new post-war world.


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DEVELOPMENTOFTHE COLD WAR

United States

U.S. thought that Soviet expansion would continue and spreadthroughout the world.

They saw the Soviet Union as a threat to their way of life; especiallyafter the Soviet Union gained control of Eastern Europe.

Soviet Union

They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most(25 million vs. 300,000 total dead) and deserved the most.

They wanted to economically raid Eastern Europe to recoup theirexpenses during the war.

They saw the U.S. as a threat to their way of life; especially after the

U.S. development of atomic weapons.


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COLD WAR MOBILIZATIONBYTHE U.S.

Alarmed Americans viewed the Soviet occupationof eastern European countries as part of acommunist expansion, which threatened to

extend to the rest of the world.

In 1946, Winston Churchill gave a speech at FultonCollege in Missouri in which he proclaimed that an

IronCurtain had fallen across Europe. In March 1947, U.S. president Harry Truman

proclaimed the Truman Doctrine.


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THE TRUMANDOCTRINE (1947)

Reasoning

Threatened by Communist influence in Turkey and Greece

Two hostile camps speech

Financial aid to support free peoples who are resistingattempted subjugation

Sent $400 million worth of war supplies to Greece and helped

push out Communism

The Truman Doctrine marked a new level of Americancommitment to a Cold War.


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THE POLICYOF CONTAINMENT

Definition:

By applying firm diplomatic, economic, and military counterpressure,the United States could block Soviet aggression.

Formulated by George F. Kennan as a way to stop Soviet expansionwithout having to go to war.

NSC-68

The Containment Doctrine would later be expanded in 1949 in NSC-

68, which called for a dramatic increase in defense spending

From $13 billion to $50 billion a year, to be paid for with a large tax

increase.

NSC-68 served as the framework for American policy over the next20 years.


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THE MARSHALL PLAN(1947-48)

War damage and dislocation in Europe invited Communist influence

Economic aid to all European countries offered in the European RecoveryProgram

The goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region,remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again.

$13 billion to western Europe

Soviets refused The blame for dividing Europe fell on the Soviet union, not theUnited States. And the Marshall Plan proved crucial to Western Europes

economic recovery.

This boom helped push communist groups out of power and created aneconomic divide between the rich west and poor east as clear as the politicalone.

Soviets came up with Comecon an economic union of the communist

countries in the Eastern Europe.


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DIVIDINGGERMANY

U.S., Britain, and France merged their

zones in 1948 to create an independent

West German state.

The Soviets responded by blockading

land access to Berlin. The U.S. began a

massive airlift of supplies that lasted

almost a year. (7,000 tons a day) In May

1949 Stalin lifted the blockade,conceding that he could not prevent the

creation of West Germany.

Thus, the creation of East and West

Germany


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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATYORGANIZATION & THE WARSAW PACT

Stalins aggressive actionsaccelerated the American effort touse military means to containSoviet ambitions.

The U.S. joined with Canada,Britain, France, Belgium, theNetherlands, and Luxembourg toestablish NATO, a mutual defensepact in 1949.

Pledged signers to treat an attackagainst one as an attack against all.

When West Germany joined NATOin 1955, the Soviet Unioncountered by creating its own

alliance system in eastern Europethe Warsaw Pact (1955)


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THE COLD WAR HEATS UP:PROBLEMSOFTHE ATOMIC AGE

The most frightening aspect of the Cold War was the constant

threat of nuclear war.

Russia detonated its first atom bomb in 1949.

Truman ordered construction of the hydrogen bomb.

Call for buildup of conventional forces to provide alternative to

nuclear war.


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POLARITY

Polarity in international relations is a description

of the distribution of power within the

international system.

Unipolarity-Distribution of power in which thereis one state with most of the cultural, economic,

and military influence. Examples:

The British Empire from the end of Napoleonic

Wars - beginning of the 20th century

The United States with the fall of the Soviet

Union, the United States became the dominant

military, economic, cultural, and influential force

in the world.


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BIPOLARITYAND UNI-MULTIPOLARITY

Bipolarity -Distribution of power in which two states

have the majority of economic, military, and cultural

influence internationally or regionally. Often, spheres of

influence would develop.

For example, in the Cold War, most Western anddemocratic states would fall under the influence of the

USA, while most Communist states would fall under the

influence of the USSR.

Great Britain and France during the colonial era.

Uni-multipolar world, however, is one in which

resolution of key international issues requires action by

the single superpower plus some combination of other

major states, and in which the single superpower is able

to veto action by a combination of other states.

The global power structure has four principal levels:

Top level- United States is the only superpower with preeminence in every domain of

power: economic, military, diplomatic, ideological, technological, and cultural.

Second level-major regional powers, the dominant actors in important areas of theworld, but whose interests and capabilities do not extend as globally as those of the

United States. Examples include the German-French condominium in Europe, India &

China in South Asia, and Brazil in Latin America.

Third level - secondary regional powers, whose influence is less than that of the major

regional powers and whose interests often conflict with those of the major regionalpowers. Those include Britain in relation to the German-French combination, Pakistan

in relation to India, and Argentina in relation to Brazil.

Finally, the remaining countries, some of which are quite important, but which exist in

some sense apart from the power structure described.


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BRICS

It refers to countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South

Africa

Acronym coined by Jim ONeill in a 2001 paper entitled

Building better global economic BRICs

Full-scale diplomatic meeting - May 16, 2008 -Yekaterinburg,

Russia

First official summit - 16 June 2009 - Yekaterinburg, Russia South Africa - Officially admitted as a BRIC nation on

December 24, 2010

African credentials gave BRICS a four-continent breadth,

influence and trade opportunities

Increased political cooperation - A way of influencing the UnitedStates position on major trade accords and political concessions

Prediction by Goldman Sachs

China and India - suppliers of manufactured goods andservices

Brazil and Russia - suppliers of raw materials


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POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The BRICS countries are contributing to thetransformation of today's unipolar world orderinto a multipolar system

The rate of petroleum extraction will soon reachthe beginning of terminal decline

Probability of disastrous climate change in thenext few decades


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DISGRUNTLED WASHINGTON

America's antagonism toward Iran

America's wars in Central Asia and the Middle

Replacing the U.S. dollar as the world's reserve

currency with a basket of currencies

Considerable clout in the UN Security Council

BRICS - An active player safeguarding world peace and

combating hegemony and power politics


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ROLEIN GLOBAL ECONOMY

Barring Brazil, with very modest growth rates over the last years,

the three other Brics have been gaining weight and importance

globally and within sectors

The global economy is an arena for the exchange of ideas, in which

the intellectual domination of the so-called developed Western

world looks set to remain throughout the foreseeable future

Brazil, China, Russia and India have either cut borrowing costs or

lenders reserve requirements in recent weeks as the debt crisis in

Europe saps global expansion

Second meeting of the BRICS Trade Ministers

will be held in New Delhi in March to review

the Doha Development Agenda (DDA)

BRICS group is increasingly being recognizedas pivotal in furthering progress in the stalled

Doha Round

BRICS is uniquely positioned at the cusp of

the developing and the developed world


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SANYA SUMMIT 2011

Theme - "Broad Vision, Shared Prosperity

Vision - 'The 21st century should be marked by peace,

harmony, cooperation and scientific development Discussions

Economics - Reform of global monetary andfinancial institutions, greater co-operation

International law - Early conclusion to deadlockedtalks an anti-terror law under UN auspices

UNSC Reform

Trade Medium

BRICS covers 30% of the land on Earth, 40% of itspopulation,18% of global trade and 35% of global

foreign exchange reserves

Their joint contribution to the global economicgrowth exceeds almost 50%.

The dragging financial crisis drew BRICS evencloser to seek deeper cooperation


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DELHI SUMMIT 2012

March 29, 2012

Trade, the global economy, international security,

agriculture, health and innovation, internationalterrorism, climate change, food and energy security

and global governance reform

Reform of the Bretton Woods institutions, trade

protectionism and the Doha Development Round,achievement of the Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs), and support for a multi-polar, equitable and

democratic world order

reform of the global governance institutions and

ways to fix the festering recession will top theagenda

In the run-up to the summit, a host of events will

be held, including an academic forum of leading

think tanks of BRICS countries, the meeting of aneconomic research group that will explore issues

affecting economies of the developing world and

a Financial Forum of development banks of these

countries


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DTENTE

Dtente is a French term, meaning relaxation of the tension.

Dtente is a process by which two or more nations move away from a

continuous confrontation with each other in general direction of cooperation.

It is the relaxation of the international tensions which can take place onlywhen certain objective conditions exist: a realization by the protagonists that

there are political and economic limitations to the assertion of their power in

the world, a change in the respective national perceptions of the "enemy" and

a recognition of the necessity to seek improvement of nation' posture through

a partial accommodation with the adversary.


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DTENTEASAPPLIEDTOCOLDWAR

Dtente does not signify the end of the adversary

relationship between the U.S and the U.S.S.R.

It only meant rejection of war and threat of war.

Ultimate means of resolving their conflict and

achieving their particular objectives; and since the

two government also assumed that they could attain

these objectives through negotiations.


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FEATURES ANDELEMENTS OF DTENTE:

1. Deterrence:

To reduce the arms race and armament on the mutual consent.

But the concept of the balance of the power would not be upset by

this diplomacy of the dtente.

2. Peaceful co-existence:

Dtente did not seek to eliminate the ideological warfare

Kissenger has rightly observed: "the US and Soviet - Union are

ideological rivals.

3. Mutual trust Out of Mutual Fear:

Dtente was the result of the strategic

necessity of avoiding suicidal nuclear war.

To a great extent dtente was grown out ofmutual fear and not out of mutual trust.

4. Negative and Positive Elements:

Negative elements signify substantial

reduction of tension between the two

power blocs in general and between thetwo superpowers in particular.

A positive element indicates increase in

mutual trust and understanding between

them .


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MULTIPLELEVELSOFTHEDTENTE:

1. Dtente in arms race:

Reduction in the arms race by signing the agreements like "Camp David

Spirit", SALT-I, SALTII, PTBT, START-I, and START-II.NPT.and etc.

2. Dtente in Economic and Scientific level:

American technology for oil exploration and further development in some key

industrial agreements with France, Germany, and other Western countries.

USSR and US had cooperated with each other in undertaking some scientific

researches and space exploration

Cultural exchanges have also been taking place between these countries.

Dtente between different countries

US-Soviet Dtente.

Sino-USA Dtente.

Sino-Soviet Dtente:


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FACTORSLEADINGTODETENTE

Nuclear Nightmare:

Nuclear proliferation:

USA's Compulsion:

USSR's Compulsion:

Principle of the Peaceful Co-existence:

Role of the Non-alignment

Rise of Multipolarism:

Sino-Soviet Rift: Gorbachev Factor:


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EVOLUTION AND PHASESOF THE DTENTE:

Period of Thaw, 1959-1969:

Heydays of Dtente, 1970-76.

Problems in Dtente, 1977-1979.

Setback to Dtente, 1979-1985:

Re-emergence of Dtente, 1985-onwards:


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IMPACT OF DTENTE

End Of the Cold War:

Disarmament:

Proliferation of the Dtente.

Irrelevance of the military Alliances:

Resolving Regional Conflicts: Irrelevance of the NAM:

De-idealogisation of international Relations:

Unification of the Germany:

Economic prosperity:

Impact on UNO.


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THANK YOU

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