Cold War: 1950s

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Cold War: 1950sCold War: 1950s1952 - 19601952 - 1960

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Middle East SituationsMiddle East Situations

Israel (creation background first)Israel (creation background first)– Zionists want Jewish state in Zionists want Jewish state in Palestine– Uprooted Jews came here from EuropeUprooted Jews came here from Europe– Sympathy from holocaust helpedSympathy from holocaust helped– Britain pressured into ending mandate Britain pressured into ending mandate

and does so on May 14, 1948and does so on May 14, 1948– Israel created with immediate US & created with immediate US &

Soviet recognition through UNSoviet recognition through UN

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IsraelIsrael

Palestinian Arabs upsetPalestinian Arabs upset Began a series of wars & skirmishes Began a series of wars & skirmishes

but had but had little success US became “big brother” under US became “big brother” under

TrumanTruman Eisenhower more cautious and Eisenhower more cautious and

practiced “impartial friendliness”practiced “impartial friendliness”

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Korean WarKorean War

Korean WarKorean War– Ike frustrated with Ike frustrated with

stalematestalemate– Threatened to get Threatened to get

personally involvedpersonally involved– Talks held at Talks held at

PanmunjomPanmunjom Settlement reached Settlement reached

July 27, 1953July 27, 1953 DMZ created near DMZ created near

3838thth parallel parallel

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John Foster DullesJohn Foster Dulles

Prominent Sec. of Prominent Sec. of StateState

Saw communism “as Saw communism “as an infliction that an infliction that sought liberation”sought liberation”

Threatened “massive Threatened “massive nuclear retaliation”, nuclear retaliation”, “brinkmanship”, and “brinkmanship”, and “more bang for the “more bang for the $”$”

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Problems in IndochinaProblems in Indochina

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French wanted to regain control of French wanted to regain control of VietnamVietnam

Ho Chi Minh fought this & appealed fought this & appealed to USto US

US said no, and Ho turned to SovietsUS said no, and Ho turned to Soviets Formed Vietminh (aka N. Vietnam)Formed Vietminh (aka N. Vietnam) Ho’s forces surrounded Fr. at Ho’s forces surrounded Fr. at

DienbienphuDienbienphu

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French settle with Geneva AccordsFrench settle with Geneva Accords Vietnam to be divided – 17Vietnam to be divided – 17thth parallel parallel North to be governed by Ho Chi MinhNorth to be governed by Ho Chi Minh South to hold electionsSouth to hold elections Ike committed to help South due to Ike committed to help South due to

domino theorydomino theory Dulles worked to get Ngo Dinh Diem as Dulles worked to get Ngo Dinh Diem as

temporary leader w/ military support & $temporary leader w/ military support & $$$

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Problems in Problems in Iran (Persia) 1951 P.M. Mossadegh 1951 P.M. Mossadegh

nationalized British oil nationalized British oil wellswells

CIA helped military CIA helped military coup against P.M.coup against P.M.

Mohammed Riza Mohammed Riza Pahlava (Shah) Pahlava (Shah) became absolute rulerbecame absolute ruler

Shah invited American Shah invited American oil companies into Iranoil companies into Iran

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EgyptEgypt

Abdel Nasser Abdel Nasser worked for final ind. worked for final ind. from GBfrom GB

Dulles ?? his Dulles ?? his motivesmotives– Soviet arms for Soviet arms for

cottoncotton– Withdrew US $$ for Withdrew US $$ for

Aswan Dam on NileAswan Dam on Nile Nasser seized Nasser seized

British Suez CanalBritish Suez Canal

Suez CanalSuez Canal

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EgyptEgypt

Israel attacked, followed by Fr. & GBIsrael attacked, followed by Fr. & GB Soviets offer to help NasserSoviets offer to help Nasser US shocked & denounced operationsUS shocked & denounced operations Cease fire negotiated, tensions Cease fire negotiated, tensions

createdcreated– Tightened reigns on IsraelTightened reigns on Israel– Angered Fr. & GBAngered Fr. & GB

Soviets provided Nasser his dam $$$Soviets provided Nasser his dam $$$

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Latin AmericaLatin America

Large number of Am. economic venturesLarge number of Am. economic ventures Corporations controlled many govts.Corporations controlled many govts.

– Many despotic & unpopularMany despotic & unpopular– Caused resentment as govt. figures got richerCaused resentment as govt. figures got richer– Dollars didn’t trickle downDollars didn’t trickle down

US abandoned FDR’s Good Neighbor US abandoned FDR’s Good Neighbor PolicyPolicy

Nixon learned of animosity first handNixon learned of animosity first hand

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CubaCuba

1952 Fulgencio Batista ruled1952 Fulgencio Batista ruled Military and American corp. took muchMilitary and American corp. took much Popular front develops under Popular front develops under Fidel Castro Batista fled in 1958, Castro emerges 1959Batista fled in 1958, Castro emerges 1959 US supported Castro until land reformUS supported Castro until land reform US retaliatedUS retaliated

– Cut sugar imports Cut sugar imports – Severed diplomatic tiesSevered diplomatic ties– Secretly started to train expatriates for invasionSecretly started to train expatriates for invasion

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Soviet UnionSoviet Union Stalin died in 1953 Stalin died in 1953 months before months before

end of Korean Warend of Korean War Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Khrushchev eventually took eventually took

charge of USSRcharge of USSR

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Complacency??Complacency??

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Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Arms race heated Arms race heated upup– Sputnik – 1957

(accounts) (accounts)

- ICBMs- ICBMs– US nuclear subsUS nuclear subs– Americans build Americans build

bomb shelters & bomb shelters & drilleddrilled

1950s “Fallout” Shelters1950s “Fallout” Shelters

School drills ; “Duck & School drills ; “Duck & Cover”Cover”

14 days of supplies14 days of supplies

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Interstate Highway Interstate Highway SystemSystem

Defense/Defense/CommerceCommerce

Passed in 1958Passed in 1958

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““Flopnik” & Flopnik” & “Stayputnik”“Stayputnik”

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Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine

Economic & military assistance to Economic & military assistance to maintain “territorial independence” of maintain “territorial independence” of Middle EastMiddle East

Not just anti-Soviet, opposed to pan-Not just anti-Soviet, opposed to pan-Arab unificationArab unification– Egypt & Syria formed UAR 1958Egypt & Syria formed UAR 1958– Lebanon, Jordan & Iraq likely to joinLebanon, Jordan & Iraq likely to join

Beirut gov’t requested assistanceBeirut gov’t requested assistance– Ike sent in 5,000 MarinesIke sent in 5,000 Marines– Quieted things down for a short timeQuieted things down for a short time

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Another Berlin Crisis??Another Berlin Crisis??

Soviets fear rise of W. GermanySoviets fear rise of W. Germany– NATO membershipNATO membership– Common Market membershipCommon Market membership

Khrushchev demands US ceded W. Khrushchev demands US ceded W. BerlinBerlin

Backs off in return for summitBacks off in return for summit Khrushchev came to USA 1959Khrushchev came to USA 1959 Plans made for Ike to go to MoscowPlans made for Ike to go to Moscow

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Kitchen DebatesKitchen Debates

Nixon opened US Nixon opened US Exhibit at Worlds Exhibit at Worlds Fair in MoscowFair in Moscow

Took Khrushchev Took Khrushchev on tour of on tour of “average” “average” American homeAmerican home

Khrushchev Khrushchev unloads on him but unloads on him but Nixon rebuts Nixon rebuts

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U-2 Incident Ends U-2 Incident Ends ProgressProgress

CIA operationCIA operation Scheme to prevent Scheme to prevent

detection backfireddetection backfired Francis Gary Powers Francis Gary Powers

capturedcaptured Ike caught in a lieIke caught in a lie Relations return to Relations return to

“deep freeze”“deep freeze” Ike’s Moscow trip Ike’s Moscow trip

offoff

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Francis Gary Powers,c. 1959

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Ike’s FarewellIke’s Farewell

Warned of “military-industrial” Warned of “military-industrial” complexcomplex

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Debate TopicsDebate Topics

Who caused the Cold War? Was the Who caused the Cold War? Was the US acting as a defensive or US acting as a defensive or aggressive nation?aggressive nation?

Was the Cold War inevitable or Was the Cold War inevitable or avoidable?avoidable?

Other issues??Other issues??

Cold War: 1950s

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