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    T H

    ATHENIAN

    GOR

    RESULTS

    OF

    EXCAVATIONS

    CONDUCTED BY

    THE

    AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL

    STUDIES

    AT

    ATHENS

    VOLUME II

    OINS

    FROM THE ROMAN THROUGH

    THE

    VENETIAN PERIOD

    BY

    MARGARET

    THOMPSON

    fbj

    AP A

    J

    Ak~

    THE

    AMERICAN

    SCHOOL OF

    CLASSICAL

    STUDIES AT

    ATHENS

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    ALL

    RIGHTS

    RESERVED

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    PREFACE

    Between the years 1931 and 1949 the American excavations in the Athenian Agora produced

    55,492

    coins of Roman and later

    periods.

    The

    catalogued

    entries n this

    publication,

    ranging

    in

    date

    from the last

    century

    of the Roman

    Republic

    to

    the

    declining

    years

    of

    the

    Republic

    of

    Venice,

    total

    37,090

    specimens;

    the

    remaining

    Islamic and

    Modern Greek

    pieces

    have

    been

    listed

    summarily

    in

    order

    that

    the

    tally may

    be

    complete.

    This

    is

    an

    overwhelming

    amount

    of

    coinage,

    which in sheer

    quantity represents

    a collection

    comparable

    to

    many

    in

    the

    numismatic

    museums

    of the world.

    Unfortunately

    very

    few of the

    Agora

    coins are

    museum

    pieces,

    but

    lamentable

    as

    is their

    general

    condition to

    the

    eye

    of

    the

    coin

    collector or

    the

    cataloguer, they

    do

    provide

    for the

    historian

    an

    invaluable

    record

    of

    the

    money

    circulating

    in

    one

    of

    the chief

    cities

    of

    antiquity

    from

    the

    time of

    Sulla

    to

    our own

    present.

    The

    Agora

    Excavations are still

    in

    progress.

    Coins have been

    unearthed since 1949

    and

    more

    will

    certainly

    result

    from

    successive

    years

    of

    digging

    until

    the

    project

    is

    at

    last

    finished.

    How-

    ever,

    the

    area

    as

    a

    whole

    has

    been excavated

    in

    depth;

    what

    remains

    to

    be

    done is

    more

    in

    the

    nature

    of a

    cleaning-up operation,

    from which

    coins

    emerge

    in

    fairly

    small

    numbers. There

    is no reason to suppose that whatever is found in the future will affect the present picture to

    any appreciable

    extent.

    For

    the

    classification of the

    Agora

    coins

    an

    admirable

    recording

    system

    was

    developed

    by

    Mrs.

    T.

    Leslie

    Shear,

    who

    has

    been

    in

    charge

    of

    the

    Coin

    Department

    from the

    beginning

    of

    the

    excavation

    program.

    Each

    identifiable

    coin

    was

    given

    a

    separate envelope

    on which

    were

    typed

    details

    of

    size, metal,

    provenance,

    date

    of

    finding, description

    and reference. These

    envelopes

    were

    filed

    chronologically by

    excavation sections.

    In

    every

    case,

    the

    same

    information

    was

    transcribed

    on

    individual

    catalogue

    cards,

    which

    were

    arranged by emperors

    and

    types.

    While

    the coins remain

    in

    Athens

    and

    will

    eventually

    form an

    integralpart

    of

    the

    contemplatedAgora

    Museum,

    the cardswere

    brought

    to this

    country

    for

    study

    purposes

    and

    are now located

    at the

    Institute

    for

    Advanced

    Study

    in

    Princeton.

    It is from

    these cards

    that

    the

    present

    publication

    has

    been

    compiled.

    There is

    no

    need

    to

    point

    out the drawbacks nvolved

    in

    working

    from

    a

    card

    catalogue

    with

    the

    documents

    themselves five thousand

    miles distant.

    Ideally

    each

    coin

    should

    have

    been

    checked

    prior

    to

    publication.

    An

    undertaking

    of

    this

    sort would

    require

    someone

    thoroughly

    experienced

    in

    excavation

    material and able to devote several

    years

    to a slow and

    painstaking

    reexamination.

    Perhaps

    such

    a

    person

    could have

    been

    found

    in

    the course

    of time. I confess

    that

    my

    spirit quails

    at the

    very

    thought of

    going

    back over 3775 coins of Manuel and 1855 of

    Constantius

    II,

    and

    it

    seems

    to

    me

    doubtful

    that

    the

    resulting

    increase

    in

    accuracy

    would be

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    vi

    THE

    ATHENIAN AGORA:

    COINS

    at

    one time

    or

    another

    on

    the classification and

    on

    the records.

    We

    would

    all,

    I

    think,

    agree

    that

    in

    the course

    of our

    exposure

    to

    the

    swollen,

    chipped

    and

    defaced

    scraps

    of

    metal which

    excavations

    invariably

    produce,

    we at times

    saw

    things

    we

    ought

    not to have seen and

    left

    unseen those

    things

    which we

    ought

    to

    have

    seen.

    Yet

    in

    all

    sincerity

    I do not

    believe

    that

    such

    errors are

    numerous,

    and

    I

    am confident

    that those which do exist have no real

    significance

    against

    a

    background

    of

    37,000

    coins.

    The

    inaccessibility

    of

    the material

    has

    in

    some

    cases

    presented particular

    problems

    for

    a

    detailed tabulation. Where

    criteria of

    style

    determine the attribution of issues identical

    in

    type,

    I

    have,

    without

    the coins

    before

    me,

    been unable

    even

    to

    attempt

    a

    distinction

    between

    the different

    mints.

    Such

    pieces

    have been listed under

    the

    city supplying

    the

    greater proportion

    of

    the

    Agora coinage

    for

    the

    period,

    and

    reference has been made

    in

    the

    commentary

    to

    the

    possibility

    of

    an

    alternative

    mint.

    The amount of illustrative

    material

    s

    admittedly slight.

    Most

    of the

    coins are well-known

    types

    which

    need

    none,

    but I

    should

    have

    liked

    to

    reproduce

    all

    variant and unusual specimens. Unfortunately, as will be obvious from even a cursoryglance

    at

    the

    plates,

    the condition

    of

    the

    average

    excavation

    piece

    is so bad

    that

    illustration

    is

    almost

    useless.

    Even

    if it

    were

    otherwise,

    I

    could not

    feel

    justified

    in

    imposing

    so

    great

    a

    burden

    of

    sorting,

    selecting

    and

    cast-making

    on

    someone else.

    To

    offset

    in

    some measure the

    handicaps,

    I

    have been

    most

    fortunate

    in

    having

    the

    help

    of

    Mrs.

    William

    P.

    Wallace,

    who

    spent

    the first

    four

    months of 1952

    in

    Athens

    and

    who

    generously

    offered

    to

    examine

    coins

    whose identification seemed

    open

    to

    question.

    Mrs.

    Wallace

    checked

    nearly

    300

    pieces

    and

    her

    efforts have rectified

    some uncertain

    readings

    and

    verified others.

    The

    notation "confirmed"

    n

    many

    sections

    of

    the

    commentary

    derives from her

    labors.

    All of these difficulties were

    given

    careful

    consideration

    before

    it

    was decided

    to

    undertake

    this

    tabulation. In

    the end

    it

    was

    felt

    by

    the

    majority

    of those

    directly

    concerned

    that

    the

    advantages

    of

    prompt publication,

    even

    allowing

    for

    inevitable

    shortcomings,

    overbalanced

    the

    disadvantages.

    With

    a few

    notable

    exceptions,

    coins tend

    to

    be the

    stepchildren

    of

    excavations.

    Their

    publication,

    if

    attempted

    at

    all,

    is

    often

    delayed

    beyond

    the

    period

    of

    greatest utility.

    For those

    now

    working

    on

    other

    Agora

    material

    and

    for

    anyone

    concerned

    with

    the

    history

    of

    Athens,

    the coins

    provide

    vital

    evidence

    for

    the

    political

    and

    economic

    vicissitudes of the

    city,

    evidence

    which

    cannot

    safely

    be

    disregarded.

    Bringing

    this

    fundamental

    material out

    in

    usable

    form at the earliest possible moment has, therefore, seemed highly desirable.

    The record

    in

    its

    entirety

    is

    here,

    but

    it

    cannot be

    overemphasized

    that it is

    intended

    pri-

    marily

    as

    a

    recordand

    not as a

    definitive

    study

    of

    the

    Roman

    and

    Byzantine coinage

    from the

    Agora.

    It is to

    be

    hoped

    that

    whatever sections seem

    worthy

    of

    further

    research

    and

    inter-

    pretation

    will

    be

    expanded

    into

    special publications

    as

    opportunity

    arises.

    Attention should

    also

    be

    given

    to the hoard

    material.

    Surprisingly

    ew closed

    deposits

    of

    Roman and later

    periods

    were

    found,

    and

    in

    general

    their chief

    importance

    was

    in

    dating

    the contexts in which

    they

    were buried

    rather

    than in

    their

    intrinsic

    composition.

    Nevertheless

    they

    should be

    analyzed

    and

    worked over in

    connection with

    the excavation

    records.

    In

    this

    catalogue

    such coins have

    been included only as individual pieces without reference to their hoard associations.

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    PREFACE

    vii

    been

    made to

    provide

    sufficient information to make the record useful without

    compelling

    the

    reader

    to

    refer

    constantly

    to the

    standard

    catalogues

    and at

    the same time to

    compress

    the

    data into

    reasonably

    economical limits. These considerations

    have influenced

    the

    seemingly

    inconsistent

    pattern

    which the

    arrangement

    of the

    descriptive

    material

    presents

    for

    different

    periods.

    All

    issues

    of

    any

    given emperor

    are

    grouped together

    in a

    silver,

    antoniniani,

    bronze

    sequence

    with each

    category

    listed

    chronologically.

    The

    catalogue

    numbers of silver coins arein

    italic

    type

    and

    the

    same

    convention

    has

    been

    used

    for

    plated

    and

    billon

    specimens.

    An

    asterisk

    following

    a

    number

    indicates

    that

    there is some

    discussion

    of that

    entry

    in

    the

    commentary.

    Unless otherwise

    specified,

    the dates

    and mint

    identifications

    are

    those

    of

    the cited

    reference

    works.

    In

    some

    cases,

    notably

    with the British Museum

    publications

    of the Roman

    period,

    the

    dates

    suggested

    in

    the introductions are

    at

    times

    more

    specific

    than

    those

    given

    in

    the

    catalogues

    proper.

    Where

    such

    restricted

    datings

    seem

    well-established,

    they

    have

    been

    adopted

    in

    prefer-

    ence to

    broader

    chronological

    divisions.

    Mention

    has been made

    in

    the

    commentary

    of

    some

    articles supplementingor supersedingthe generalreferencebooks, but undoubtedlymany valu-

    able

    studies have been

    overlooked,

    which

    would need

    to be

    considered

    n

    any

    final

    study

    of the

    currency.

    For

    the later

    Roman

    period,

    where

    uncertainty

    exists as

    to

    the nomenclature

    of

    the

    various

    denominations,

    I

    have

    followed Pearce's

    formula

    of

    AE1, AE2,

    AE3

    and AE4. This

    equates

    roughly

    with Cohen and

    Sabatier

    in this manner:

    AE1

    -

    Cohen

    GB

    AE2

    -

    Cohen

    MB

    -=

    Sabatier

    AE1

    AE3

    -=

    Cohen

    PB

    -=

    Sabatier

    AE2

    AE4

    =

    Cohen

    PB

    Q

    =

    Sabatier

    AE3

    Such differentiation n size

    is,

    of

    course,

    only

    relative within

    any given period

    and not absolute

    in

    any

    sense.

    Mint

    marks

    have

    been

    omitted

    from this

    listing

    although they

    are

    recorded

    on

    the

    catalogue

    cards.

    The

    Agora

    coins

    provide

    additions

    to the

    officinae

    striking

    certain

    types,

    as

    cited

    by

    Maurice

    for the

    Constantinian

    era

    and

    by

    Wroth

    for the

    early

    Byzantine,

    but

    such

    additions

    are

    of minor

    significance

    and

    it

    was

    felt

    that

    little

    useful

    purpose

    would

    be

    served

    by

    a

    long

    and

    detailed

    record

    of

    the

    various

    officinae

    and

    their

    proportionate representation.

    Where,

    however,

    there

    is

    a

    new or

    unusual

    form of the mint

    mark,

    it

    has been noted

    in

    the

    commentary.

    There

    remains the

    pleasant duty

    of

    sharing

    whatever

    merit this

    publication may possess.

    The

    primary

    credit

    belongs

    without

    question

    to Mrs.

    Shear

    and

    her co-workers

    n

    the

    Agora

    whose

    composite

    labors created the

    overall

    record.

    Of

    the

    many

    Americans

    and Greeks

    who

    spent

    months and

    years

    on the

    cleaning, identifying

    and

    cataloguing

    of

    these

    coins,

    I know

    only

    a

    few

    and it

    would be

    unfair to

    single

    them out

    by

    name,

    but I

    cannot forbear a word

    of

    appreciation

    to

    Miss

    Aziza Kokoni who

    worked

    with me in 1948 on the

    residue

    of

    coins

    from

    earlier excavation seasons. Without

    her

    competent

    aid

    it

    would

    have

    been

    impossible

    to

    com-

    plete the classification of this backlog for inclusion in the tabulation. To my associates at the

    Agora

    I

    should

    like to

    express my

    warm

    thanks,

    particularly

    to Miss

    Lucy

    Talcott for

    her

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    viii

    THE

    ATHENIANAGORA:

    COINS

    fessor

    and Mrs.

    William

    P.

    Wallace

    for casts

    and

    the

    checking

    of

    dubious

    coins is a

    very

    real

    one,

    for which a brief

    acknowledgment

    uch as this is

    entirely inadequate.

    Mrs. Aline L. A.

    Boyce,

    my

    colleague

    at

    the

    American Numismatic

    Society,

    has

    given

    me

    many

    valuable

    suggestions

    and

    has

    responded

    with

    great

    patience

    to

    my many

    demands

    on

    her

    time. Above

    all,

    I

    am

    deeply

    grateful

    to

    Professor Alfred

    R.

    Bellinger,

    whose

    keen interest

    helped

    to

    initiate this

    project

    and

    whose

    encouragement

    and

    generous

    assistance

    have done much to

    bring

    it to

    fruition.

    AMERICAN

    NUMISMATIC

    SOCIETY

    MARGARET

    THOMPSON

    NEW

    YORK

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    TABLE OF

    CONTENTS

    PREFACE .................................................. V

    ROMAN

    AND

    BYZANTINE

    COINAGE

    RATIOS .....................

    X

    INTRODUCTION

    .............

    ................................

    1

    ABBREVIATIONS

    IN

    THE CATALOGUE

    ...........................

    8

    CATALOGUE

    ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE

    ..............................

    9

    ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE

    ..............................

    10

    "VANDALIC"

    OINAGE

    ................................. 64

    BYZANTINE

    IMPERIAL

    COINAGE ...........................

    667

    FRANKISH COINAGE .....................................

    76

    MINOR

    COINAGES

    OF

    GREECE

    AND

    THE ISLANDS ............

    78

    FRENCH

    COINAGE

    .......................................

    78

    ITALIAN COINAGE ......................................

    79

    VENETIAN

    COINAGE ....................................

    80

    NUMERICAL

    SUMMARY

    ......................................

    88

    COMMENTARY

    ..............................................

    87

    INDEX

    RULERS ...............................................

    119

    MINTS

    ...............................................

    121

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    ROMAN

    AND

    BYZANTINE

    COINAGE

    RATIOS

    The

    listing

    below,

    relating

    he amount

    of

    Agora

    coinage

    of

    any

    given

    emperor

    with the

    length

    of his

    reign,

    shows the

    fluctuations

    f

    the

    currency

    more

    clearly

    han

    a

    straight

    abulation

    of coin

    totals.

    For the

    Byzantine

    era,

    the

    anonymous

    issues have

    been

    assigned

    to

    definite

    emperors

    n line with the

    commentary

    discussion.

    The

    Roman

    coinage,

    becauseof

    the

    complications

    f

    posthumous

    ssues,

    oint

    reigns

    and

    anonymous trikings

    of indefinite

    date,

    has at timesbeen

    grouped

    by

    periods

    rather han

    individual

    eigns.

    ROMAN

    APPROXIMATE

    EMPEROR

    PERIOD

    or

    PER YEAR

    Augustus

    ............. 27

    B.C.-14

    A.D.

    1/

    Tiberius

    ..............

    14-37

    A.D.

    1/11

    Claudius

    ..............

    41-54 A.D.

    1/13

    Nero

    .................

    54-68

    A.D.

    '/7

    Galba-Otho

    ..........

    68-69 A.D.

    2

    Vespasian

    ............ 69-79

    A.D.

    1

    Titus

    ............... 79-81

    A.D. 1

    Domitian ............ 81-96 A.D. 1

    Nerva

    ................

    96-98 A.D.

    2

    Trajan

    ..............

    98-117

    A.D. 2

    Hadrian

    ..............

    117-138

    A.D.

    3

    Antoninus

    Pius

    ........

    138-161

    A.D.

    3

    M.

    Aurelius-L.

    Verus

    ...

    161-180 A.D.

    3

    Commodus

    ............

    180-192 A.D.

    1

    Didius Julianus-

    Caracalla ...........

    193-217

    A.D.

    2

    Elagabalus

    ............

    218-222

    A.D.

    1

    Severus

    Alexander .....

    222-235

    A.D.

    3

    Maximinus

    -Pupienus

    .

    235-288

    A.D. 8

    Gordian II

    ...........

    238-244 A.D. 9

    Philip

    I

    ..............

    244-249

    A.D.

    8

    Trajan

    Decius-

    Herennius

    ..........

    249-251

    A.D.

    6

    Trebonianus-Aemilian.

    251-253

    A.D.

    15

    Valerian

    I-Gallienus

    ...

    253-260 A.D.

    13

    Gallienus .............

    260-268 A.D. 49

    Claudius

    II-Quintillus

    .

    268-270

    A.D.

    7

    Aurelian ............

    270-275

    A.D. 36

    Tacitus-Florian

    .......

    275-276

    A.D. 16

    Probus .............. 276-282 A.D.

    16

    Carus-Numerian ....... 282-284 A.D. 8

    Diocletian-Tetrarchies

    .

    284-307

    A.D. 11

    Licinius

    I-Constantine

    .

    307-337

    A.D.

    25

    Sons

    Constantine-

    Jovian

    337-364

    A.D. 109

    Valentinian

    I-Arcadius

    . 364-408

    A.D. 88

    Honorius-Theodosius

    II

    408-423 A.D. 4

    Theodosius

    II-

    Valentinian

    III

    .....

    423-450

    A.D.

    9

    Marcian

    .............

    450-457

    A.D.

    15

    Leo

    I

    ...............

    457-474

    A.D. 9

    Zeno

    .................

    474-491

    A.D.

    1/9

    "VANDALIC" ......

    c.

    410-580

    A.D. 40

    BYZANTINE

    APPROXIMATE

    EMPEROR

    PERIOD

    or

    CINs

    PER YEAR

    Anastasius

    I

    ..........

    491-518

    A.D.

    1

    Justin

    I

    ..............

    518-527

    A.D.

    1

    Justinian

    I

    ...........

    527-565

    A.D.

    3

    Justin

    II

    ............ 565-578

    A.D. 13

    Tiberius

    II

    ...........

    578-582

    A.D.

    5

    Maurice

    ..............

    582-602

    A.D.

    1

    Phocas ..............

    602-610

    A.D.

    6

    Heraclius ............. 610-641 A.D. 8

    Constans

    II

    ............

    641-668

    A.D.

    30

    Constantine

    IV ........ 668-685

    A.D. 2

    Justinian

    II

    (1st)

    ......

    685-695 A.D.

    1/1o

    Tiberius

    III

    ........... 698-705

    A.D.

    1/7

    Justinian

    II

    (2nd)

    .....

    705-711

    A.D. 1

    Philippicus

    ...........

    711-713

    A.D. 30

    Anastasius

    II

    .........

    713-716

    A.D. 2

    Leo

    III

    ..............

    717-741

    A.D.

    1

    Constantine

    V

    .........

    741-775

    A.D.

    /17

    Leo

    IV

    ...............

    775-780

    A.D.

    1/5

    Constantine VI

    ........

    780-797

    A.D.

    1/17

    Irene ................. 797-802 A.D.

    1/5

    Leo

    V ................

    813-820

    A.D.

    1/7

    Michael

    I

    ............

    820-829 A.D.

    1/4

    Theophilus

    ............ 829-842 A.D.

    1/

    Michael

    III

    ...........

    842-867

    A.D.

    1/26

    Basil

    I

    ...............

    867-886

    A.D. 1

    Leo VI

    .............

    886-912 A.D.

    3

    Constantine VII

    ....... 913-959

    A.D.

    5

    Nicephorus

    II

    .........

    963-969 A.D. 8

    John

    I-Basil

    II

    and

    Constantine ......... 969-989

    A.D. 5

    Basil II-

    ConstantineVIII .... 989-1028

    A.D.

    13

    Romanus

    III

    .......... 1028-1034

    A.D.

    39

    Michael IV

    .....

    ....

    1034-1041

    A.D.

    21

    Constantine

    IX

    ........

    1042-1055 A.D.

    8

    Isaac

    I

    ...............

    1057-1059

    A.D.

    6

    Constantine

    X

    ........ 1059-1067

    A.D. 13

    Romanus IV

    ..........

    1067-1071

    A.D.

    31

    Michael

    VII

    ...........

    1071-1078

    A.D. 35

    Nicephorus

    III

    ........

    1078-1081

    A.D. 345

    Alexius

    I

    ............ 1081-1118

    A.D.

    34

    John

    II

    ..............

    1118-1148

    A.D.

    6

    Manuel I ............. 1148-1180 A.D. 102

    Andronicus

    I

    .........

    .1188-1185 A.D. 39

    Isaac

    II

    1185-1195 A.D. 16

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    INTRODUCTION

    o

    one

    working

    over the

    great

    mass of

    coinage

    from

    Roman and

    Byzantine

    Athens could

    fail

    to

    become interested

    in

    its

    numismatic and

    historical

    implications.

    Any

    comprehensive

    appraisal,

    even

    had I the

    competence

    to

    undertake

    it,

    has

    no

    place

    within the confines of this

    report,

    but

    mention

    might

    be

    made

    of a

    few

    noteworthy

    considerations,

    whose full

    significance

    can

    best be

    appreciated

    in relation to the

    outline

    on the

    opposite

    page.'

    For

    the

    most

    part

    the

    picture

    presented

    by

    the

    Agora

    coins

    is

    entirely

    consistent

    with the

    history of Athens as we know it from other sources. The first Roman piece dates from the time

    of

    Sulla;

    there is

    nothing

    from

    the

    earlier

    period

    of

    the

    Republic.

    Twelve

    denarii

    have survived

    from

    the

    sixty years

    between

    Sulla and

    Augustus-five

    struck

    by Antony

    and seven

    by

    various

    moneyers.

    Considering

    he

    dearth

    of

    silver

    coinage

    from

    the

    Agora,

    this

    is

    a

    sizable

    total,

    espe-

    cially

    when

    contrasted

    with

    the

    yield

    of the

    preceding

    and

    succeeding

    centuries.

    Of the

    hundreds

    of

    thousands

    of

    New

    Style

    coins which must have

    been

    issued

    over

    the

    span

    of a hundred or

    more

    years,

    the excavations revealed

    exactly

    one tetradrachm

    and one

    drachm;

    only

    six denarii

    have come down from the

    century

    separating

    the'reigns

    of

    Augustus

    and

    Vespasian. Against

    this

    background,

    the

    twelve

    denarii

    of late

    Republican

    date

    would seem

    to

    indicate

    a sub-

    stantial amount of Roman silver circulatingin Athens between 86 and 27 B.C., and the first

    appearance

    of

    this

    money

    about the time of the

    sack

    of

    the

    city

    by

    the

    Romans

    is

    a factor

    which

    must

    be taken

    into

    account

    by anyone studying

    the Athenian

    New

    Style

    and

    the

    Athe-

    nian

    Imperial sequences.

    Other

    evidence,

    literary

    and

    archaeological,

    points

    to

    a

    relatively rapid

    recovery

    in

    Athens from

    the

    devastation

    of

    86 B.C.

    During

    this

    period

    students

    from

    Rome

    came

    to

    attend

    Athenian

    schools,

    and the bond between

    the

    two

    cities was

    greatly

    strengthened

    by

    the

    visit of

    Pompey

    c.

    63/2

    B.C.

    in

    the course

    of which the

    Roman

    general

    made

    generous

    gifts

    to

    individual

    Athenian

    philosophers

    and

    donated

    fifty

    talents

    toward

    the

    restoration

    of

    the

    city

    (Plutarch

    XLII,

    6).

    Some

    of

    this

    money may

    have been

    expended

    on

    the erection

    of

    new civic offices in the Agora area, the addition of a porch to the Tholos and other building

    enterprises

    dating

    from the

    first

    century

    B.C.

    1.

    The

    archaeological

    material

    in

    the discussion

    which

    follows

    is

    derived

    from

    the

    Agora

    excavation

    reports appearing

    in

    Hesperia

    (Vols.

    I-XX)

    and to an even

    greater

    extent

    from the observations

    and

    suggestions

    of

    Professor

    Homer

    A.

    Thomp-

    son,

    Director

    of

    the

    Agora

    Excavations.

    For

    the

    Byzantine

    period

    I

    am

    deeply

    indebted

    to

    Professor

    Kenneth

    M.

    Setton

    for

    the

    generosity

    with

    which he

    has shared

    his

    knowledge

    of

    the

    literary

    sources

    and

    made available

    manuscripts

    now in

    process

    of

    publication.

    To him I

    owe

    the reference

    to

    the

    inflation

    policy

    of

    Nicephorus

    III

    (G.

    Ostrogorsky,

    Vierteljahrschrift

    .

    Sozial- und

    Wirtschaftsgeschichte,

    X,

    pp.

    66,

    69f.)

    and

    the tentative association

    of

    the iconoclastic

    decrees

    with the

    scarcity.

    of

    coinage

    for

    the

    eighth

    and

    ninth

    centuries.

    Much of the

    historical

    evidence

    relating

    to

    Byzantine

    Athens

    is

    drawn from

    two

    of

    Professor

    Setton's

    published

    articles

    ("The

    Bulgars

    in

    the

    Balkans

    and

    the

    Occupation

    of

    Corinth

    in the

    Seventh

    Century",

    Speculum,

    1950,

    pp.

    502-543

    and "Athens

    in the

    Later

    Twelfth

    Century",

    Speculum,

    1944,

    pp.

    179-207).

    While I am aware that there is a difference of opinion as to the date of the occupation of Corinthand the particular

    Northern

    tribe

    which

    left evidence of

    its

    presence

    in the form

    of

    buckles found

    in

    Corinthian

    graves

    (see

    Corinth,

    XII,

    The

    Minor

    Objects,

    p.5,

    note

    8),

    it

    seems to

    me that the

    proportions

    of

    coinage

    from

    the

    Agora

    do

    substantiate

    Professor

    Setton's

    for

    a

    in the

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    2

    THE

    ATHENIANAGORA:COINS

    For

    the first

    century

    of the

    Empire,

    the number of coins is

    insignificant

    although

    the era was

    certainly

    one of material

    prosperity

    as is attested

    by

    the construction of the Odeion in the

    Agora

    and

    the

    completion

    of the

    Market

    of

    Caesar

    and

    Augustus. Apparently

    the

    ordinary

    requirements

    of the

    city

    were

    adequately

    met

    by

    the local bronze

    issues,

    whose

    chronology

    and

    proportions

    will

    be

    fundamental

    data in

    any

    final

    evaluation

    of

    the

    currency

    of

    early

    Roman

    Athens.

    During

    the

    second

    century

    after Christ the Athenian

    Imperial coinage

    begins

    to

    be

    supplemented

    to a noticeable extent

    by

    the silver and bronze of

    Trajan,

    Hadrian and the An-

    tonines,

    a circumstance

    which

    undoubtedly

    reflects the

    deep

    interest

    of

    those

    emperors

    in

    Athens

    and their

    many

    contributions to

    her welfare

    and

    embellishment. This was

    a

    period

    of

    splendid

    civic

    enterprises:

    the endowment of

    great

    libraries,

    the erection of the Odeion

    of

    Herodes

    Atticus

    and

    the

    completion

    of

    the

    Temple

    of

    Olympian

    Zeus.

    In

    the

    Agora region

    it

    left

    its

    imprint

    in

    structural

    improvements

    to the

    Tholos

    and

    the

    Odeion

    and

    in

    new

    housing

    complexes

    and baths on the outskirts of the market

    proper.

    From

    the time

    of

    Nerva

    through

    that of

    Severus

    Alexander the

    coinage

    shows

    a

    consistent

    pattern

    in the correlation of the coin totals with the

    length

    of the individual

    reigns.

    Under

    Maximinus and

    his

    successors

    there is

    a

    marked

    increase

    in

    the Roman

    money

    in

    circulation,

    culminating

    during

    the sole

    reign

    of Gallienus in a

    vast

    amount of

    coinage

    which is not

    sur-

    passed

    until the

    time of

    Constantius

    II.

    One

    reason for

    this

    expansion

    of

    the

    mid-third

    century

    must

    have

    been the

    tapering

    off and

    cessation

    of

    the

    Athenian

    Imperial

    issues;

    another

    factor

    may

    have

    been the

    need

    for

    strengthening

    the

    city

    against

    the barbarian

    hreat

    from the North.

    The

    high proportion

    for the sole

    reign

    of

    Gallienus is

    certainly

    to be

    explained

    by

    the

    disaster

    of

    267

    A.D.

    when

    the Heruli

    overwhelmed Athens

    and

    left an

    appalling

    swath

    of

    devastation

    throughout

    the

    Agora

    area.

    In

    the

    burned

    debris of houses

    destroyed during

    the

    holocaust,

    the

    excavators have found Gallienus coins in

    quantity,

    unmistakable evidence of the haste with

    which the

    inhabitants

    fled

    or

    were

    overcome

    by

    the invaders.

    Extensive as

    was the

    damage

    of

    267

    A.D.,

    it

    seems

    to

    have

    had,

    judging

    from

    the

    coinage,

    less

    lasting

    and

    crippling

    effect

    on the

    life

    of

    the

    city

    than

    one

    might suppose.

    The sole

    reign

    coins

    of Gallienus have

    been

    arranged

    chronologicallyonly

    for

    the

    mint

    of

    Antioch,

    but

    of the

    seventy-eight

    pieces

    from

    that

    city,

    Alfoldi

    assigns

    ten to the final

    year

    of

    Gallienus' rule

    and

    another

    nine

    specimens

    to

    the 266-268

    A.D.

    period.

    For

    Claudius Gothicus'

    short

    reign

    there

    is

    a fair

    quantity

    of

    money,

    and

    the

    proportion

    for

    Aurelian

    is not

    greatly

    inferior

    to that

    for

    Gallienus.

    The last quarterof the third century marks a temporaryrecessionin the monetary cycle of

    Athens,

    followed

    in

    the course of the

    next

    hundred

    years by

    the tremendous

    output

    of the sons

    of Constantine and

    the

    only

    slightly

    less

    impressive

    totals of the

    Valentinian-Theodosius-

    Arcadius

    era.

    Since Athens as

    a

    whole

    enjoyed

    a substantial

    measure

    of

    prosperity

    and

    academic

    renown

    during

    the fourth

    century-the

    Emperor

    Julian

    being

    only

    one

    of

    many

    notables whose

    ties with the

    city

    were close

    and affectionate-one

    might logically

    construe

    the mass

    of

    Con-

    stantinian and

    Valentinian

    coinage

    as

    proof

    of

    extensive

    habitation

    and

    activity

    in

    the

    Agora

    region.

    Such seems

    not to

    have been the case at all.

    Under

    Probus,

    blocks and

    capitals

    from

    the

    celebrated

    civic

    buildings

    were used in

    the construction of the

    "Valerian"

    Wall,

    a

    new

    defense line for the city. Graduallythe population withdrew behind this fortification,and for

    most

    of

    the fourth

    century

    the

    Agora

    area was

    apparently

    used as a

    dump

    Thousands of

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    11/139

    INTRODUCTION

    3

    According

    to the

    excavation

    record,

    it

    was

    only

    about

    400 A.D.

    that

    there was

    a

    real

    ex-

    pansion

    of

    habitation

    outside

    the narrow

    confines

    of

    the

    "Valerian"

    Wall,

    in

    some

    instances

    in

    areas left desolate

    from

    the

    time of the Herulian invasion.

    Construction

    operations

    involving

    the Bouleuterion

    and

    the Metroon

    and

    the

    erection

    of a

    complex

    of

    "University Buildings"

    on

    the site

    of

    the

    Odeion

    also

    date

    from

    the

    early

    fifth

    century.

    Here the numismatic

    evidence is

    seemingly

    at variance with the

    archaeological,

    for after the death of

    Arcadius

    in 408 A.D. the

    imperial

    issues

    show

    a

    sharp

    decline.

    The

    discrepancy

    is,

    I

    think,

    merely

    a

    superficial

    one.

    It

    is evident

    that

    during

    most

    of

    the

    fifth

    century

    and

    well

    into

    the sixth the

    medium

    of

    exchange

    in

    Athens

    consisted

    of the

    miserable "Vandalic"

    chips

    which are

    omnipresent

    in

    the exca-

    vations.

    In

    the

    light

    of

    the

    number

    found

    in

    the

    Agora

    (4796

    pieces)

    it

    is

    impossible

    o maintain

    any

    longer

    that

    all

    of

    these

    coins were struck

    by

    the

    Vandals

    or

    any

    other barbaric

    people.

    Most

    of

    them

    must,

    as is

    indicated

    more

    fully

    in

    the

    commentary,

    be

    brought

    into

    some

    kind

    of

    association

    with the

    standard

    imperial

    issues,

    and

    are

    probably

    to be

    regarded

    as the work of

    outlying

    mints

    cut off

    from the direct

    supervision

    of

    the

    capital during

    the

    recurrentbarbarian

    crises. In

    any

    case, whatever the

    origin

    of this

    coinage,

    the fact remains that it must be in-

    cluded

    in

    the

    fifth

    century

    totals

    if

    one

    is

    to

    establish

    a

    reasonably

    accurate

    picture

    of

    the

    amount of

    money

    circulating

    in

    Athens

    during

    that

    period.

    There

    are

    then

    roughly

    5400

    coins,

    imperial

    and

    "Vandalic,"

    representing

    about 120

    years

    from

    Honorius

    to

    Justinian,

    or

    a

    yearly

    average

    of

    some

    45

    pieces.

    While

    this

    represents

    a

    falling-off

    from

    the

    proportions

    of

    the fourth

    century,

    the decline is

    not

    so

    pronounced

    as

    to

    conflict

    seriously

    with

    the

    topographical

    evidence.

    For the

    Byzantine

    era

    the coins are

    of

    special significance

    because

    Athenian

    history during

    those centuries

    is often not

    clearly

    defined,

    but

    the numismatic material should

    now be evalu-

    ated

    with

    added

    caution

    in

    view

    of the

    fact

    that

    restriking

    becomes

    a

    common

    practice

    at

    various periods. One cannot be certain how much money of any given emperorwas originally

    current,

    since

    we

    have

    no

    way

    of

    knowing

    what

    proportion

    from

    different

    parts

    of

    the

    empire

    was

    called

    in

    and reissued

    by

    a

    successor.

    Furthermore,

    for the

    early

    sixth

    century

    the

    "Van-

    dalic"

    coinage

    must still be taken

    into

    consideration.

    The

    long reigns

    of

    Anastasius and Jus-

    tinian I

    are

    represented

    by

    relatively

    few

    of

    the new

    imperial

    denominations.

    It

    is

    reasonable

    to assume

    that

    the

    "Vandalic"

    pieces, many

    of which

    belong

    to

    the

    Anastasius-Justinian

    period,

    continued

    to

    be used

    extensively

    and

    because

    of their

    comparatively

    slight

    value were

    less

    carefully

    handled

    than

    the

    large

    new

    pieces

    from

    the

    imperial

    mints. One also wonders if

    the constant

    pressure

    from the

    barbarian

    tribes,

    whose infiltrations

    apparently

    extended as

    far

    south as Attica during the reign of Justinian, may not have impoverishedAthens to such a

    degree

    that

    there was

    little need for the

    more

    valuable

    currency, only

    small

    change being

    required

    for the

    average

    commercial transaction.

    With

    Justin

    II

    there is

    a

    decided increase

    in

    the number

    of

    large

    flan bronzes

    found

    in

    the

    Agora,

    but this

    seemingly

    reflectsa

    deterioration

    rather

    than an

    improvement

    of

    conditions

    in

    the

    city.

    The

    archaeological

    evidence reveals

    widespread

    destruction

    in the

    Agora

    area toward

    the end of the sixth

    century,

    resulting

    in

    another withdrawal

    of the inhabitants behind the

    "Valerian"

    Wall;

    the

    literary

    tradition indicates

    that in

    578

    A.D. or

    shortly

    thereafter a

    mighty

    horde of

    Slavs

    forced the

    pass

    at

    Thermopylae

    and

    descended

    into Attica. In all

    prob-

    ability this Slavic invasion was the occasion for the evacuation of the Agora region, and the

    Justin coins

    found

    there,

    some

    in the burned fill of

    buildings,

    are to

    be related

    to the

    hasty

    and

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    4

    THE

    ATHENIAN

    AGORA:COINS

    as

    striking

    as

    that

    encountered

    four

    centuries earlier under Gallienus. Several

    possible

    explana-

    tions

    are

    suggested

    by

    the historical record. There is

    good

    reason

    to believe that

    in

    the late

    640's

    a

    Bulgaric army

    invaded

    Greece,

    attacking

    and

    capturing

    Corinth. The

    logical

    route

    of

    the

    barbarians would

    have

    been

    from

    Thessalonica

    to

    Athens

    and

    then

    across

    the

    Isthmus

    to

    Corinth.

    More

    tangible

    proof

    that Athens and the

    Agora

    came into

    direct contact with

    the

    Bulgars

    is

    provided by

    the remainsof firedestruction

    dating

    fromthe seventh

    century

    and the

    discovery

    of

    Bulgaric

    buckles

    similar

    to those

    uncovered n Corinthian

    graves.

    About

    657/8

    A.D.

    Constans

    organized

    a relief

    expedition

    for

    Thessalonica,

    and an

    auxiliary

    force

    may

    well

    have

    been

    dispatched

    to

    the

    aid

    of

    Athens

    and

    Corinth.

    Finally

    the

    emperor

    himself

    spent

    some time

    in Athens

    in

    662

    A.D.

    prior

    to

    his

    departure

    for

    Sicily.

    The

    large

    number of Constans

    coins

    from the

    Agora may plausibly

    be associated

    not

    only

    with

    the

    original Bulgaric

    invasion

    but

    also with

    the

    later

    appearance

    of Constans

    and

    his

    Byzantine

    soldiery

    in

    the

    city.

    After the

    death

    of

    Constans II

    there is

    a

    long

    period

    of

    very

    scant

    coinage,

    broken

    only

    once

    by

    the

    phenomenon

    of

    sixty-one

    coins from

    the two

    year

    reign

    of

    Philippicus.

    Some unusual

    circumstanceof which we have no

    knowledge

    must have been

    responsible

    for this

    dispropor-

    tionate

    amount of

    money.

    The

    situation

    is all

    the

    stranger

    in

    that,

    prior

    to

    the

    Agora

    Excava-

    tions,

    the bronze

    I

    denomination

    of

    Philippicus

    was

    practically

    unknown and

    to the best of

    my

    belief

    specimens

    have

    not been

    found

    in

    other

    excavations.

    Among

    the

    Agora

    coins

    there

    are three varieties

    of

    the

    general

    I

    type

    and

    almost

    without

    exception

    they

    are

    restruck,

    usually

    over

    issues

    of

    Justinian

    II.

    Because

    of

    the Athenian

    provenance

    of so

    many

    of

    these

    coins

    and

    their

    scarcity

    elsewhere,

    one is

    tempted

    to

    suggest

    a

    local

    origin. Perhaps

    some

    break-

    down

    in

    communications

    between

    capital

    and

    province

    or an

    attempt

    on

    Philippicus'

    part

    to

    decentralize

    minting operations

    would account

    for

    Athens

    being

    permitted

    or instructed to

    restrike money of Justinian in current circulation with the types of Philippicus.

    The remainder

    of

    the

    eighth

    and

    most

    of the

    ninth

    century

    are almost

    devoid

    of

    coinage;

    only

    thirteen

    specimens

    have

    survived

    from the 125

    years

    between

    Constantine

    V and

    Basil

    I.

    Significantly

    enough

    there is

    little

    in

    the

    way

    of

    Agora

    habitation,

    in

    the

    form of

    either structural

    remains or

    pottery,

    which can be dated

    to

    the

    same

    period,

    and

    one

    concludes

    that

    Athens

    had

    shrunk

    in

    area

    and

    population

    to little

    more

    than

    a

    village.

    It

    is

    a

    curious

    coincidence

    that

    the

    absence of

    coinage

    in

    Athens occurs

    at

    just

    about

    the

    time

    that

    the

    iconoclastic

    decrees,

    so

    bitterly

    resented

    by

    the

    Greek

    iconodules,

    were

    being promulgated.

    It

    would

    almost

    seem as

    though

    the

    province

    were

    deliberately

    cutting

    itself off from

    the

    capital,

    but one

    is still

    hard-

    pressed to explain how even a moderate sized community could exist for so long without

    monetary

    replenishments.

    These

    "Dark

    Ages"

    were

    not

    confined

    to

    Athens.

    At

    Corinth one finds the

    same

    lack of

    coinage

    for

    the

    entire

    eighth

    century,

    but

    recovery

    there

    begins

    with the

    reign

    of

    Theophilus

    (829-842

    A.D.)

    whereas

    in

    Athens it is

    only

    toward

    the

    middle

    of

    the tenth

    century

    that

    the

    coins

    reappear

    in

    quantity.

    The revival

    of

    prosperity

    at

    Athens

    may

    have been

    delayed by

    incursions of the Moslem

    pirates

    who

    harassed the

    Greek

    mainland

    and

    islands and

    possibly

    occupied

    Athens

    for a

    brief interval

    during

    the first half of

    the tenth

    century.

    After the

    Aegean

    had

    been cleared of

    piracy through

    the efforts of

    Nicephorus

    II and John

    Zimisces,Athens experienceda growth in size and population. The eleventh and twelfth cen-

    turies have left remains of

    extensive house

    foundations and

    pottery deposits

    in

    the

    Agora,

    and

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    INTRODUCTION

    5

    bution of

    a

    purely

    numismatic

    nature.

    With

    the

    2200

    anonymous

    ssues

    found

    in

    the

    excavations,

    it has

    been

    possible

    to

    develop

    a

    chronological arrangement

    of the whole series which rests on

    a firm basis of overstrike evidence.

    From

    the time of

    John

    Zimisces to that of

    Nicephorus

    III

    there are

    1512

    anonymous

    pieces

    and

    41

    signed

    coins,

    a

    contrast

    which

    would seem

    to

    imply

    that in the

    Greek

    provinces

    and

    probably

    throughout

    the

    empire

    as

    a

    whole,

    the

    anonymous

    issues

    provided

    the basic

    currency,

    the named

    types

    representing

    ittle more than token emis-

    sions. Under

    Nicephorus

    the situation

    is

    reversed

    in

    favor of the

    signed

    money

    which

    now

    appears

    in

    profusion.

    In

    the

    Agora,

    677 named and

    359

    anonymous

    coins

    date

    from

    Nicephorus'

    three

    year

    reign

    between

    1078

    and

    1081 A.D.

    This

    proportion

    is

    unique

    for the

    entire

    Roman

    and

    Byzantine

    period

    and

    quite inexplicable

    in

    terms

    of

    our

    present knowledge

    of

    Byzantine

    Athens.

    Nicephorus,

    like his successor

    Alexius,

    was

    forced

    by

    economic

    crises

    to

    adopt

    a

    policy

    of

    planned

    inflation

    involving

    a

    debasement

    of the

    currency,

    but this

    in

    itself would not seem

    an

    adequate

    explanation

    of

    the

    overwhelming

    increase

    in

    money

    for

    this one short

    period.

    The

    figures

    for

    Alexius and

    Manuel are

    even

    higher

    than

    those

    for

    Nicephorus

    but less

    star-

    tling

    because of the

    longer

    reigns.

    Their totals and those of Andronicus and Isaac II

    point

    to

    an

    era of sustained

    prosperity throughout

    the twelfth

    century, ending

    with

    the

    occupation

    of

    the

    city

    by

    the

    Franks in 1204 A.D.

    For the thirteenth

    and

    fourteenth

    centuries the issues

    of

    William

    of

    Villehardouin

    and

    the

    de

    la

    Roche

    family

    and

    later the

    Venetian

    money

    of

    Andrea

    Contariniand

    Antonio

    Venier

    supply

    the

    city

    with

    a fair

    amount of

    currency.

    From 1400 A.D.

    there

    is

    practically

    nothing

    until

    the Ottoman

    occupation.

    Even

    this

    cursory attempt

    to

    correlate the

    Agora coinage

    with

    the

    archaeological

    and

    his-

    torical

    evidence

    illustrates

    the

    various

    factors which

    determine

    the

    survival rate of

    ancient

    money.

    It

    is

    evident

    that

    peak

    coinages

    are

    at

    times

    a

    measure

    of

    the size

    and

    prosperity

    of

    the

    community. When there is extensive habitation of a site over a considerablenumberof years,

    as

    happened

    in

    eleventh

    and

    twelfth

    century

    Athens,

    a substantial

    amount

    of

    currency

    is

    required

    and in

    the

    course of

    daily living

    a

    sizable

    proportion

    finds

    its

    way

    into

    the

    streets,

    drains

    and wells

    of

    the

    city.

    It

    is

    equally

    clear

    that

    a

    sharp

    increase

    in

    coin totals

    may

    be the

    sign

    of

    a

    sudden

    catastrophe,

    such as the Herulian

    invasion,

    when

    money

    and

    other

    possessions

    are

    abandoned

    in

    a

    desperate

    effort

    to

    escape

    destruction.

    Apart

    from such

    external

    conditions,

    the

    coinage

    statistics

    from

    any

    excavation

    naturally

    bear a

    close

    relationship

    to

    the

    intrinsic

    value of

    the

    individual coins. One of

    the

    startling

    facts

    emerging

    from

    the

    tabulation

    of

    the

    Agora

    material

    is

    the

    trifling representation

    of

    gold

    and

    silver.

    The

    37,090

    catalogued

    entries

    include exactly one gold piece of Venice and 135 silver coins, amongthem plated specimensbut

    no billon.

    Over the course

    of

    fifteen

    centuries there

    certainly

    must have been

    a fair

    quantity

    of

    gold

    and

    silver

    circulating

    in

    Athens,

    but

    when such coins

    were

    misplaced,

    the loss was a

    serious one and the search not

    lightly

    abandoned. On

    the other hand the

    copious

    bronze issues

    of the fourth and fifth

    centuries

    were,

    as contrasted

    with

    the silver or even the

    antoniniani,

    of

    comparatively slight

    value. Their

    purchasing power

    must have been low and

    an

    individual

    piece,

    once

    dropped

    or

    mislaid,

    would

    probably

    have

    seemed

    scarcely

    worth the

    trouble of

    retrieval.

    One of the

    major

    contributions

    of

    the

    Agora coinage

    is its

    detailed

    record of the

    mints from

    which Athens derived her money at differentperiods.From Augustusthrough Gallienus,Rome

    is

    naturally

    enough

    the

    chief,

    and

    at

    times the

    only,

    source of

    supply,

    although

    under Valerian

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    6

    THE

    ATHENIANAGORA:COINS

    Probus'

    101

    specimens,

    24

    are

    from

    Siscia

    with

    27

    from

    Cyzicus;

    the latter

    mint

    provides

    over

    one

    half of the combined

    totals for Diocletian and Maximianus.

    From

    the

    time of Licinius

    I

    through

    Theodosius

    II,

    including

    all

    emperors represented

    by

    any

    appreciable

    amount of

    coinage,

    the

    major

    identifiable

    sources are as follows:

    Rome

    Aquileia

    Siscia Thess.

    Heraclea

    Const.

    Nicomedia

    Cyzicus

    Antioch Alexandria

    Licinius I................

    1 2

    6 4

    19

    6

    1 1

    Licinius II

    ..............

    1

    2

    3

    3

    2

    Constantine

    I

    ............

    18 4 13 44 21

    84

    63

    60 38

    6

    Urbs

    Roma ..............

    1 2

    15

    4

    21 6 18

    2

    Constantinople

    ..........

    10

    10 14 14

    10

    2 1

    Crispus

    .................

    1 1 5 4 3 2 2

    Constantine

    I

    .............

    2

    1

    9 22 19 25

    18

    27

    8

    3

    Constantius

    I

    ..........

    16

    10

    18 169

    73 247 131

    220 87

    19

    Constans ..............

    4

    2

    6 60 15

    64

    48 74

    8

    5

    ConstantiusGallus

    .......

    1

    4

    6 8

    19 12

    16

    1

    Julian II ................ 3 1 3 41 4 39 15 23 11 4

    House

    Constantine

    .......

    8 2

    8 40

    16

    92

    49

    57

    17

    4

    Valentinian

    I

    ............

    4 3

    8

    53 2

    381

    7

    18

    12

    4

    Valens ..................

    7

    16 146

    5 69 19

    45 13

    2

    Gratian

    ................

    10

    8 8

    47

    7

    12

    11

    14

    2 1

    Valentinian

    II

    ...........

    19 5

    8 161 10

    73

    28

    37

    15

    7

    Theodosius

    I ............

    21

    15

    11 301 21 126

    46

    156

    18 12

    Arcadius ................

    10 2 3

    173

    21 169 46 119

    35 17

    Honorius...............

    11

    1

    5 11

    41

    19 44

    11

    8

    Theodosius

    I

    ............

    15

    1

    69

    17

    29

    7

    ValentinianI-III ........

    2

    2 46 2 49

    12

    25

    18

    The

    aggregate

    for

    all

    mints for

    the same

    reigns:

    Thessalonica

    ...

    1864 Alexandria

    ...

    95

    Constantinople

    . 1244

    Aquileia.......

    57

    Cyzicus

    ....... 1003

    Sirmium

    ......

    20

    Nicomedia

    .....

    585 Arles

    ..........

    17

    Antioch

    .......

    307

    Treves

    ........

    7

    Heraclea

    ......

    259

    Lyons

    ......... 6

    Rome ......... 139 Ticinum ....... 5

    Siscia ......... 125 London

    .......

    1

    The

    proportions

    from

    Thessalonica,

    Constantinople

    and

    Cyzicus give

    the

    mint

    nearest Athens

    only

    a small

    margin

    over the other two.

    Actually

    for the Constantinian

    period

    as a whole the

    major

    source

    of

    supply

    is

    Constantinople,

    with

    Cyzicus

    next

    and

    Thessalonica third. It is

    only

    from the

    time

    of

    Julian II

    through

    the

    reign

    of

    Arcadius

    that Thessalonica

    gains

    and

    holds

    preeminence.

    The

    only

    surprising

    aspect

    of

    the

    general

    outline is the relative order of

    Nico-

    media,

    Antioch

    and

    Heraclea.

    One

    would

    expect

    to

    find Heraclea

    outranking

    the two more

    distant mints. Its small representationmay indicate minor importance as a workshop or a

    channeling

    of its

    output

    to the north

    rather

    than

    the south.

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    ABBREVIATIONS

    IN

    THE

    CATALOGUE

    Berytus

    Berytus. Archaeological

    Studies

    (American

    University

    of

    Beirut,

    1934-)

    B1.-Dieud.

    A. Blanchet et

    A.

    Dieudonn6,

    Manuel

    de

    numismatique ranoaise

    (1912-1936)

    BMC

    H.

    Mattingly,

    Coins

    of

    the

    Roman

    Empire

    in the

    British Museum

    (1923-)

    W.

    Wroth,

    Catalogueof

    the

    Coins

    of

    the

    Vandals,

    Ostrogoths

    nd

    Lombardsand

    of

    the

    Empires of

    Thessalonica,

    Nicaea

    and Trebizond n the

    British Museum

    (1911)

    W. Wroth, Catalogueof theImperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum

    (1908)

    C.

    H.

    Cohen,

    Description

    historique

    des

    monnaies

    frappges

    sous

    l'Empire

    romain,

    2nd

    Edition

    (1880-1892)

    CNI

    Corpus

    Nummorum Italicorum

    (1910-)

    Edwards

    K.

    M.

    Edwards, Corinth,

    Volume

    VI,

    Coins

    1896

    -1929

    (American

    School

    of

    Classical Studies

    at

    Athens,

    1933)

    Gerin

    O.

    Voetter,

    Die Minzen

    der

    rimischen

    Kaiser,

    Kaiserinnen

    und

    Caesaren

    von

    Diocletianus bis Romulus.

    Katalog

    der hinterlassenenSammlung und Aufzeichnungendes Herrn Paul Gerin (1921)

    Hesperia

    Hesperia.

    Journal

    of

    the American

    School

    of

    Classical

    Studies at

    Athens

    (1932-)

    M. J.

    Maurice,

    Numismatique

    constantinienne

    1908-1912)

    NC Numismatic

    Chronicle

    (1838-)

    NNM

    Numismatic Notes

    and

    Monographs

    (American

    Numismatic

    Society,

    1920-)

    NZ

    Numismatische

    Zeitschrift (1869-)

    Pap.

    N.

    Papadopoli,

    Le

    Monete di

    Venezia

    (1893-1919)

    Pearce J.

    W.

    E.

    Pearce,

    The

    Roman

    Coinage

    from

    A. D.

    364

    to

    423

    (1933)

    Poeyd'AvantF.

    Poey

    d'Avant,

    Monnaies

    feodales

    de France

    (1858-1862)

    RIC H.

    Mattingly,

    E. A.

    Sydenham,

    C.

    H.

    V.

    Sutherland and R.

    A. G.

    Carson,

    The

    Roman

    Imperial Coinage

    (1923-)

    Sab.

    J.

    Sabatier,

    Description

    g6nerale

    des

    monnaies

    byzantines

    (1862)

    Schlumb. G.

    Schlumberger, Numismatique

    de

    l'Orient

    latin

    (1878)

    Spinelli D. Spinelli, Monetecufiche (1844)

    Syd.

    Edward

    A.

    Sydenham,

    The

    Coinage

    of

    the Roman

    Republic

    (1952)

    Tolstoi J.

    Tolstoi,

    Monnaies

    byzantines (1912-1914)

    Italic

    type

    has

    been used for

    the

    catalogue

    numbers of silver and

    billon

    coins. An

    asterisk

    after

    a

    number

    indicates

    discussion

    of

    the issue

    in

    the

    commentary.

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    17/139

    CATALOGUE

    ROMAN

    REPUBLICAN COINAGE

    (15)

    Q.

    TITIUS

    88 B.C.

    1*

    As Rome

    or

    Italy

    Head

    of

    Janus/Prow

    r.

    Syd., p.

    107,

    694a

    1

    C.

    NORBANUS

    c. 80

    B.C.

    2

    Den.

    Rome

    Head

    of Venus

    r.

    with number

    XXXVI/

    Syd.,

    p.

    118,

    739

    1

    Fasces between corn-ear

    and

    caduceus

    TI.

    CLAUDIUS 78-77 B.C.

    3 Den.

    Italy

    Bust

    of Diana

    r./Victory

    in

    biga

    r.

    Syd.,

    p.

    126,

    770a

    with

    number

    CXXIII

    CN. CORNELIUS LENTULUS MARCELLINUS

    c. 76-74

    B:C.

    4

    Den.

    Spain

    Bust

    of Genius

    of

    Roman

    People

    r./Globe

    Syd.,

    p.

    122,

    752a

    1

    (Pl.)

    M.

    AEMILIUS SCAURUS 58 B.C.

    5

    Den. Rome

    King

    Aretas

    kneeling

    r.

    beside

    camel/

    Syd.,

    p.

    152,

    914

    1

    Jupiter

    in

    quadriga

    1.

    CN. PLANCI

    US

    c.

    54 B.C.

    6

    Den.

    Rome

    Head of

    Diana

    r./Cretan

    goat

    r.

    Syd.,

    p.

    156, 933

    D.

    JUNIUS BRUTUS ALBINUS 49-48 B.C.

    7

    Den.

    Rome

    Head of

    Pietas r./Clasped

    hands

    Syd., p. 158,

    942

    P.

    SEPULLIUS

    MACER c. 44

    B.C.

    8

    Den.

    Rome Veiled head of Caesar

    r./Venus

    1.

    Syd., p. 178,

    1074

    1

    M.

    AN

    TONIUS

    c.

    37-31

    B.C.

    9* Den.

    Ephesus Galley/Three

    standards

    LEG

    V

    Syd., p.

    196,

    1221

    1

    (PI.)

    10 Den.

    Ephesus Same/Same

    with

    LEGXI

    Syd., p.

    196,

    1229

    2

    (1

    P1.)

    11 Den. Ephesus Same/Same with LEGXIIANTIQVAE Syd., p. 196, 1231 1

    12 Den.

    Ephesus

    Same/Same

    with

    LEG

    XV

    Syd., p.

    196,

    1235

    1

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    10

    THE ATHENIAN AGORA: COINS

    ROMAN IMPERIAL

    COINAGE

    (18,674;

    9

    imit.)

    AUGUSTUS

    27

    B.C.-14

    A.D.

    (5)

    Rome

    14

    Den.

    17

    B.C.

    M

    SANQVINIVS

    IIIVIR Head of Julius

    BMC, I,

    p.

    13,

    71-73

    1

    Caesar r.

    15 As

    11-12 A.D. PONTIFMAXIM

    RIBVN

    OT

    XXXIIllII

    BMC,

    I,

    p.

    50,

    275f.

    2

    around SC

    Lyons

    16 Den.

    2 B.C.-11 A.D. C L CAESARESVGVSTI

    COS DESIG

    BMC,

    I,

    p.

    89,

    519-525

    1

    PRINC WENT

    Gaius

    and LuciusCaesar

    facing

    The East

    17* As

    After

    27

    B.C. AVGVSTVS

    in

    wreath

    BMC, I,

    p.

    117,

    731-733

    1

    TIBERIUS 14-37 A.D. (2)

    Lyons

    18 Den.

    c. 26-37

    A.D.

    PONTIF MAXIM

    Livia seated r.

    BMC, I,

    pp.

    126f.,

    48-60

    2

    CLAUDIUS

    41-54 A.D.

    (1)

    Rome

    19

    Quad.

    42 A.D. PON M

    TR

    P

    IMP

    PP

    COS

    II

    aroundSC

    BMC, I,

    p.

    190,

    181

    1

    NERO 54-68

    A.D.

    (2)

    Rome

    20

    Quad.

    64-66

    A.D.

    PM TR

    P

    IMP

    PP SC

    Laurel

    branch

    BMC,

    I,

    p.

    257,

    288f.

    1

    Uncertain

    20a

    AE

    Uncertain

    ype

    1

    GALBA

    68-69

    A.D.

    (1)

    Rome

    21

    Den.

    68-69 A.D.

    IMP

    Emperor

    riding

    r.

    BMC,

    I,

    p.

    312,

    23

    1

    OTHO

    69 A.D.

    (1)

    Rome

    22 Den. 69 A.D. SECVRITASP R Securitas 1. BMC, I, p. 367, 19 1

    VESPASIAN 69-79

    A.D.

    (11)

    Rome

    23

    Den. 72-73 A.D. AVGVR TRIPOT Sacrificial

    implements

    BMC, II,

    p.

    11,

    64

    1

    24

    Den. 73 A.D.

    PONTIF MAXIM

    Emperor

    seated

    r.

    BMC,

    II,

    p.

    19,

    98

    1

    25 Den.

    75-79 A.D.

    IOVIS

    CVSTOS

    Jupiter

    facing

    BMC, II,

    p.

    49,

    276-278

    1

    26

    Den. 80-81 A.D.

    EX SC

    Victory

    1.

    BMC,

    II,

    p.

    243,

    112-116

    1

    27

    As

    71

    A.D. VICTORIA

    VGVSTI C

    Victory

    advancing

    .

    BMC,

    II,

    p.

    133,t

    1

    28

    As 74 A.D.

    AEQVITAS

    AVGVST

    SC

    Aequitas

    1.

    BMC, II,

    p.

    161,

    702

    1

    Tarraco

    29* As 71 A.D.

    CONCORDIA AVG SC Concordia

    seated

    1.

    BMC,

    II,

    p.

    191,t

    1

  • 8/9/2019 Coins from the Roman through the Venetian period / by Margaret Thompson

    19/139

    CATALOGUE

    11

    TITUS

    79-81 A.D.

    (2)

    Rome

    30

    Den.

    77-78 A.D. COS

    VI

    Mars

    1.

    BMC,

    II,

    p.

    40,

    221

    1

    Uncertain

    30a

    AE

    Uncertain

    type

    1

    DOMITIAN

    81-96 A.D.

    (18)

    Rome

    31

    Den. 73

    A.D. No

    legend.

    Prince

    riding

    1.

    BMC, II,

    p.

    24,

    129-131

    1

    32

    Den. 80 A.D. PRINCEPS

    WENTVTIS

    Altar

    BMC, II,

    p.

    239,

    92-96

    1

    33

    Den.

    81 A.D. TR P COS

    VII

    DES

    VIII

    PP

    Curule

    chair

    BMC, II,

    p.

    302,

    18f.

    1

    34

    Den.

    ,,

    Same.

    Dolphin

    around anchor

    BMC, II,

    p.

    302,

    20

    1

    35

    Den. 81-84

    A.D.

    SALVS

    AVGVST

    Salus seated

    1.

    BMC,

    II,

    p.

    309,

    54

    1

    36*

    Den.

    88-89 A.D.

    COS

    XIIll

    Minerva

    fighting

    r.

    cf. BMC,

    II,

    p. 328,

    141

    1

    (PLATE 1)

    37

    Den.

    90 A.D. IMP

    XXI COS

    XV CENS PPP Same but

    on

    BMC, II,

    p.

    333,

    166

    1

    prow

    38

    Den. 90-91 A.D.

    Same

    BMC, II,

    p.

    335,

    179f.

    1

    39

    Den. 92

    A.D.

    IMP

    XXI

    COS

    XVI CENS

    PPP

    Minerva 1.

    BMC, II,

    p.

    337,

    192f.

    1

    40

    As

    80-81 A.D. SECVRITASAVGVSTI

    SC Securitas seated

    1.

    BMC,

    II,

    p.

    275,

    *

    1

    41

    Quad.

    81-96

    A.D.

    SC

    Basket of corn-ears

    BMC, II,

    p.

    410,

    493

    1

    Uncertain

    41a

    AE Uncertain

    type

    7

    NERVA

    96-98 A.D.

    (3)

    Rome

    42 Den. 97 A.D. FORTVNAAVGVST Fortuna 1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    6,

    37-39

    1

    43

    Ses.

    96

    A.D.

    ROMA RENASCENS

    SC

    Roma seated

    1.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    15,*

    1

    44

    Ses.

    97 A.D.

    FORTVNA AVGVSTSC

    Fortuna

    1.

    BMC, III,

    pp.

    19f.,

    107-109

    1

    TRAJAN 98-117

    A.D.

    (46)

    Rome

    45

    Den. 101-102

    A.D.

    PM

    TR

    P

    COS

    III

    PP

    Victory

    advancing

    1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    46,

    122f. 1

    46

    Den.

    104-107

    A.D.

    SPQR

    OPTIMO PRINCIPI

    Three

    standards

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    67,*

    1

    47 Den. 107-111

    A.D.

    COS

    V

    PP

    SPQR

    OPTIMO PRINC

    Aequitas

    1.

    BMC, III,

    pp.

    71f.,

    281-287

    2

    48 Den. ,, Same. Aequitas seated 1. BMC, III, p. 72, 288-293

    1

    49

    Den.

    ,,

    Same.

    Spes

    1.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    75,

    319-321

    1

    50

    Den.

    ,,

    Same with

    VESTA

    n

    exergue.

    Vesta

    BMC, III,

    p.

    86,

    405-409

    1

    seated

    1.

    51* Den. 112-117 A.D.

    PM

    TR P COS VI PP

    SPQR

    Trajan's

    column

    cf.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    112,

    565

    1

    (P1.)

    52 Den.

    116

    A.D.

    Same. Genius

    1.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    117,

    595-598

    1

    53 Den.

    117-118 A.D. No

    legend.

    Phoenix

    r.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    245,

    49

    1

    54 Ses. 98-99

    A.D.

    COS II

    PP CONG PR SC

    Emperor

    seated

    1.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    147,

    712

    1

    on

    platform

    55 As ,, TR POT COS IIPP SC Victory advancing 1. BMC, III, p. 150, 727f. 1

    56

    Quad.

    c. 98-102 A.D.

    SC

    Boar r.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    226,

    1062-1067

    1

  • 8/9/2019 Coins from the Roman through the Venetian period / by Margaret Thompson

    20/139

    12

    THE

    ATHENIANAGORA:

    COINS

    59

    Ses. 104-111

    A.D.

    Same.

    Roma

    1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    164,

    772f.

    1

    60

    Ses.

    ,,

    Same.

    Aequitas

    1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    165,*

    1

    61*

    Ses.

    ,,

    Same.

    Annona 1.

    BMC,

    III,

    pp.

    165f.,

    782-784

    2

    62

    Ses.

    115-116

    A.D.

    IMPERATOR

    VIII

    SC

    Emperor

    seated

    r.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    217,

    1017

    1

    on

    platform

    63 Ses.

    ,,

    SENATVS

    POPVLVSQVE

    ROMANVS FORT

    BMC, III,

    p.

    219,

    1026

    1

    RED SC Fortuna seated 1.

    64

    As

    ,,

    Same without

    FORT RED.

    Victory

    BMC, III,

    p.

    220,

    1030-1032

    1

    advancing

    r.

    65

    Dup.

    116-117

    A.D.

    Same.

    Emperor

    with

    trophies

    BMC, III,

    p.

    226,

    1062-1067

    1

    The East

    66*

    As 115-116

    A.D.

    DAC PARTHICO

    M

    TR

    POTXX COS

    VI PP

    BMC, III,

    p.

    232,

    1092

    1

    around

    SC

    in

    wreath

    Uncertain

    66a

    1

    AR;

    21AE Uncertain

    type

    22

    HADRIAN

    117-138

    A.D.

    (67)

    Rome

    67

    Den.

    119-125 A.D.

    PM TR

    P COS III Genius

    1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    263,

    184f.

    1

    68

    Den.

    ,,

    Same

    with

    PRO AVG

    in

    field. Providentia

    1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    277,

    303

    1

    69*

    Den.

    125-128

    A.D.

    COS

    III

    Roma

    seated

    1.

    cf.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    287,

    372

    1

    70

    Den. 134-138

    A.D.

    FIDESPVBLICA

    Fides

    r.

    BMC,

    III,

    pp.

    320f.,

    629-631

    1

    71

    Den.

    ,,

    MONETA

    AVG

    Moneta

    1.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    326,

    680f.

    1

    72

    Den.

    ,,

    SALVS

    AVG Salus

    1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    331,

    726f.

    1

    73

    Ses.

    118

    A.D.

    PONT

    MAX

    TR POT COS

    II

    SC LIBERALITAS

    MC,

    III,

    p.

    404,

    1136

    1

    AVG

    Emperor

    seated

    1.

    on

    platform

    74

    Dup.

    ,,

    PONT

    MAX

    TR POT

    COS

    II

    ADVENTVS

    BMC,

    III,

    pp.

    404f.,

    1138-1140

    1

    AVG SC

    Emperor

    and Roma

    75

    Ses.

    119 A.D.

    PONT MAX TR POT

    COS III

    SC

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    408,

    1153

    1

    Felicitas

    1.

    76

    Ses.

    ,,

    PONT

    MAX TR

    POT

    COS IIILIBERALITAS

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    408,

    1159

    1

    AVG SC

    Emperor

    seated 1. on

    platform

    77

    Ses.

    119-121 A.D.

    PIETAS

    AVGVSTISC

    Pietas r.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    416,

    1198f.

    1

    78

    Dup.

    ,,

    Same

    BMC,

    III,

    pp.

    420f.,

    1233f.

    1

    79

    Dup.

    ,,

    MONETA

    AVGVSTI

    SC

    Moneta

    1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    420,

    1230

    1

    80

    Dup.

    ,,

    SALVS

    PVBLICASC

    Salus

    1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    421,

    1237f.

    1

    81 Sea. 122-125 A.D. PM TR P COS IIISC Ceres1. BMC, III, p. 423, 1248

    1

    82*

    Ses.

    ,,

    Same.

    Spes

    advancing

    1.

    cf. BMC,

    III,

    p.

    424,

    1256

    1

    83*

    Ses.

    ,,

    Same with VIRTAVG in field.

    Virtus

    1. cf.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    425,

    1263

    1

    84

    Ses.

    125-128 A.D.

    COS IIISC

    Roma seated 1.

    BMC,

    III,

    pp.

    431f.,

    1294

    (1).

    1300

    (1)

    2

    85

    Dup.

    ,,

    Same.

    Pegasus advancing

    r.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    436,

    1332f.

    1

    86 As ,,

    Same.

    Roma seated

    1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p. 438,*

    2

    87

    Ses.

    128-132 A.D. Same.

    Similar

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    445,

    1363

    1

    88

    Ses.

    132-134

    A.D.

    FELICITATI VG

    SC COS III

    PP

    Galley

    r.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    450,

    1386

    1

    89

    Ses.

    ,,

    COS III

    PP

    SC FORT RED Fortuna seated 1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    455,

    1416

    1

    90*

    Dup.

    ,,

    CLEMENTIAAVG

    COS

    IIIPP

    SC

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    458,

    1438

    1

    or As Clementia1.

    91

    Dup.

    ,,

    COS

    III

    PP SC

    Emperor

    on

    horseback

    r.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    460,

    1452

    1

    or As

  • 8/9/2019 Coins from the Roman through the Venetian period / by Margaret Thompson

    21/139

    CATALOGUE

    13

    93* Ses.

    134-136

    A.D.

    AEGYPTOS

    SC

    Aegyptos

    reclining

    1.

    of.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    504,

    1693

    1

    94 Ses.

    ,,

    BRITANNIASC Britannia seated

    facing

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    508, 1723

    1

    95*

    Dup.

    ,,

    HISPANIA

    SC

    Hispania reclining

    1.

    cf.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    511,

    1752

    1

    or As

    96

    Dup.

    ,,

    RESTITVTORIMACEDONIAE

    SC

    Emperor

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    524,

    1826A

    1

    or As raising Macedonia

    97 Ses. 134-138 A.D. PAX AVG SC Pax 1. BMC, III, p. 472, 1528 1

    98*

    Ses.

    ,,

    ROMA SC

    Roma 1.

    cf.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    474,

    1540

    1

    99*

    Ses.

    ,,

    SC Nemesis

    advancing

    r.

    cf.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    475,

    1549

    1

    100* Ses.

    ,,

    Same.

    Emperor

    r.

    cf.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    475,

    1552

    1

    101

    Dup.

    ,,

    FORTVNAAVG SC

    Fortuna

    1.

    BMC,

    III,

    p.

    482,

    1595

    (1).

    or As 1598

    (1)

    2

    102

    Dup.

    ,,

    LIBERALITAS VG VI SC

    Liberalitas

    1.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    483,t

    1

    or

    As

    103

    Dup.

    ,,

    ROMA

    SC

    Roma

    1.

    BMC, III,

    p.

    484,

    1610

    1

    or As

    Uncertain

    103a

    1

    AR;

    26 AE

    Uncertain

    type

    27

    SABINA

    (2)

    Rome

    104

    Ses.

    128-134

    A.D.

    PIETAS

    AVG SC Pietas

    with

    children

    BMC, III,

    p.

    537,

    1875f.

    1

    105

    Dup.

    ,,

    Same

    BMC, III,

    p.

    540,

    1898f.

    1

    or

    As

    ANTONINUS PIUS

    138-161

    A.D.

    (46)

    Rome

    106

    Den. 138 A.D.

    AVG

    PIVS

    PM TR

    P

    COS DES

    II

    Minerva

    1.

    BMC,

    IV,

    p.

    4,

    10f.

    1

    107 Den. 157-158

    A.D.

    TR POT

    XXI COS

    IIII

    Aequitas

    1.

    BMC,

    IV,

    p.

    132,

    899f.

    1

    108* Den. 159-160 A.D.

    TEMPLDIVI

    AVG

    REST

    COS

    IIII

    Octastyle

    cf.

    BMC, IV,

    p. 147,*

    1

    temple

    109 As 139 A.D.

    TR POT COS

    II

    SC

    Aequitas

    1.

    BMC,

    IV,

    p.

    184,*

    1

    110

    As

    140 A.D.

    AVRELIVSAESAVG

    PII

    F COS SC

    BMC,

    IV,

    p.

    196,

    1223

    1

    Bust

    of M. Aurelius

    1.

    111*

    Ses.

    140-144 A.D.

    PAX

    AVG

    SC

    Pax 1.

    of.

    BMC, IV,

    p.

    203,

    1265 1

    112

    Ses.

    ,,

    TIBERIS C

    Tiberis

    reclining

    1.

    BMC, IV,

    p.

    210,

    1313-1315

    1

    113 Ses.

    ,,

    TR POT

    COS IIISC Wolf and

    twins

    BMC,

    IV,

    p.

    211,

    1318-1320

    1

    114*

    Dup.

    ,,

    GENIO

    SENATVSSC Genius 1.

    BMC, IV,

    p.

    214,

    1336-1339

    2

    115

    Ses.

    145-161 A.D.

    FELICITAS VG SC

    Felicitas

    1.

    BMC,

    IV,

    p.

    271,

    1677-1680

    2

    116 Ses.

    ,,

    SC

    Mars

    advancing

    r.

    BMC, IV,

    p.

    275,

    1705f.

    2

    117

    Dup.

    147-148 A.D.

    HONORI AVG COS

    III

    SC Honos

    1.

    BMC, IV,

    p.

    280,

    1738

    1

    118

    Ses.

    155-156 A.D.

    TR

    POT

    XIX COS

    IIII

    SC Fides 1.

    BMC,

    IV,

    p.

    335,

    1995-1997

    1

    119

    Ses.

    156-157

    A.D.

    TR POT XX

    COS

    IIII

    SC Providentia

    1.

    BMC,

    IV,

    p.

    840,

    2015

    1

    120

    Dup.

    ,,

    Same.

    Jupiter

    1.

    BMC, IV,

    pp.

    340f.,

    2019-2021

    1

    121

    Sea.

    157-159 A.D. VOTA

    SOL

    DEC II SC COS

    IIII

    Emperor

    BMC, IV,

    p.

    278,

    1723f.

    1

    sacrificing

    1.

    122*

    Dup.

    ,,

    VOTA

    SVSCEPTADEC

    III

    SC COS

    IIII

    of.

    BMC, IV,

    p.

    282,

    1746

    1

    Similar

    123

    Dup.

    158-159

    A.D. PIETATIAVG

    COS

    IIII

    SC Pietas

    with

    BMC,

    IV,

    p.

    854,

    2072

    1

    children

  • 8/9/2019 Coins from the Roman through the Venetian period / by Margaret Thompson

    22/139

    14 THE

    ATHENIAN

    AGORA:

    COINS

    125

    Ses.

    161 A.D.

    CONSECRATIO

    SC Funeral

    pyre

    BMC,

    IV,

    pp.

    525f.,

    872-875 1

    125a

    AE

    Uncertain

    type

    23

    FAUSTINA 1

    (14)

    Rome

    126

    Den.

    After

    147 A.D.

    AVGVSTA

    Ceres

    1.

    BMC,

    IV,

    p.

    58,

    399-402 1

    127 Den.

    ,,

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    BMC, IV,

    pp.

    62f.,

    443-446

    1

    128*

    Ses.

    141-147 A.D.

    PIETASAVG SC

    Pietas

    1.

    cf.

    BMC, IV,

    p.

    233,

    1442 1

    129

    Ses.

    After

    147 A.D.

    AETERNITAS