Cohesion in English Seminar_ppt

7/27/2019 Cohesion in English Seminar_ppt

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Cohesion in English

SeminarDr. Kerstin Kunz

Saarland University

Germany


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Overview

18/08: Conceptualizing cohesion

19/08: Analyzing cohesion I

20/08: Analyzing cohesion II


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What is CohesionExample


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Definition of Cohesion - quotations

Cohesion concerns the ways in which the components of theSURFACE TEXT, i.e. the actual words we hear or see, are mutually

connected within a sequence. The surface components

depend upon each other according to grammatical forms and

conventions, such that cohesion rests upon GRAMMATICAL

DEPENDENCIES. []

All of the functions which can be used to signal relations among

surface elements are included under our notion ofCOHESION.

(de Beaugrande & Dressler )

Note that our use of the term is extremely broad, including allmeans of signalling surface dependencies (cf. Halliday 1964: 303).

(de Beaugrande & Dressler)


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[]set of lexicogrammatical systems that haveevolved specifically as a resources for making it

possible to transcend the boundaries of the

clausethat is the domain of the highest-ranking

grammatical unit. (Halliday & Matthiessen

2004:523)


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relations between sentences that are indicated

by explicit syntactic or semantic ties between

linguistic elements (see Linke et. al 2004:245).


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The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refersto relations of meaning that exist within the text,and that define it as text.

Cohesion occurs where the INTERPRETATION of

some element in the discourse is dependent on thatof another. The one PRESUPPOSES the other, in thesense that it cannot be effectively decoded exceptby recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of

cohesion is set up, and the two elements, thepresupposing an the presupposed, are thereby atleast potentially integrated into a text. (Halliday &Hasan 1976:4)


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Prince Charles usually plays polo on Monday. He is

preparing the bullfight. He has long black hair. He isthe first man to travel to Mars.

The dog growled and barked even louder. Mary triedto get up the tree as quickly as possible.

It is raining.

Arab nations yesterday backed the Palestinian President's refusal toimmediately restart direct talks with Israel despite heavy US pressure.

The cat has been waiting for hours in front of the mouse hole. Ifproduct gets in eyes, rinse well with plenty of water and consult adoctor. Get away!

Cohesion CoherenceExample

No smoking


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What is CohesionExample


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Cohesionlinguistic levels

Phonological

Morphological

Lexical

Syntactical

Textual: structural (information structure,

focus, theme), cohesive

(Semantic)

(Conceptual, coherence)


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Cohesion coherence

Often no detailed differentiationHalliday & Hasan 1976 only use cohesionWerlich 1983 only talks about coherence

For Brinker the cohesion-coherence distinction is

unnecessary (2005)

Two out of seven standards of textuality in deBeaugrande & Dressler (1981)

=> along with intentionality, acceptability,informativity, situationality, intertextuality

See:http://www.beaugrande.com/introduction_to_text_linguistics.htm


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Linguistic

structure

Mentaltextual

world

phonemes

morphemes

lexemes

phrases

clauses

cohesive

devices

coherence

CohesionCoherence


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Linguistic

structure

Mental

textual

world

cohesivedevices

coherence

CohesionCoherence

Speech situation


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Linguistic

structure

cohesivedevices

coherence

CohesionCoherence

Speech situation

Long term memory

Mental

textual

world


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Peterwasnt at work yesterday. He was ill.

CohesionCoherence

He refers to the same person

as Peter.


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Peterwasntat work

yesterday.

He was ill.

He refers

to the

same

person as

Peter.

coreference

identity of

reference

CohesionCoherence


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Peter wasnt at work yesterday. He was ill.

CohesionCoherence

The second sentences

provides the cause for the first

sentence.

inference


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Peter wasntat work

yesterday.

He was ill.

The secondsentences

provides the

cause for the

first sentence.

cause

CohesionCoherence


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CohesionCoherence

The second sentences provides the

cause for the first sentence.

Peter wasnt at work yesterday because he was ill.

Peter was ill yesterday. Therefore, he wasnt at work.


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Definition of coherence -

quotations

Coherence is a semantic property of

discourse formed through the

interpretation of each individual sentence

relative to the interpretation of othersentences, with "interpretation" implying

interaction between the text and the

reader (van Dijk 1979: 93).


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quotations

COHERENCE concerns the ways in which

the components of the TEXTUAL WORLD,

i.e. the configuration ofCONCEPTS and

RELATIONS which underlie the surface textare mutually accessible and relevant.(deBeaugrande 1981:73).


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quotations

Coherence can be viewed as a covertpotential meaning relationship among partsof a text, made overt by the reader or listener

through processes of interpretation. (Blum-Kulka 1986:17).


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So what is coherence?

Creation of semantic/ logical/ conceptualrelations of meaning during text

processing on the basis of:

the linguistic structure of the text linguistic knowledge

world knowledge

knowledge about speech events


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So what is cohesion?

Cohesion is the explicit marking ofsemantic/ logical/ conceptual relations of

meaning via grammatical and lexical ties

between linguistic expressions in differentclauses, clause complexes and/ or text

passages.


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Cohesion Coherence

briefly put

A text is cohesive if its elements are tiedtogether.

=> Objectively verifiable through text analysis

=> Cohesion: explicit linguistic marking ofmeaning relations above the clause level

A text is coherent if it makes sense.

=> More subjective=> Coherence: mental creation of meaning

relations during text processing


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Reference

Lexical cohesion

Substitution

Ellipsis

Conjunctions

Halliday / Hasan (1976)

Concepts of cohesion

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Reference

Lexical cohesion

Substitution

Ellipsis

Conjunctions



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Items, which, instead of being interpreted

semantically in their own right, make reference tosomething else for their interpretation

Cohesive effect achieved by the selection

of the vocabulary

Conjunctive elements are cohesive not in

themselves but indirectly, by virtue of their specific

meaning; []they express certain meanings which

presuppose the presence of other components in

the discourse

Substitution by zero

Replacement of one item by another, in contrast toreference, a relation of wording rather than

meaning


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Reference

Lexical cohesion

Substitution

Ellipsis

Conjunctions



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personal

demonstrative

comparative

general nouns

repetition

sense relations

collocation

nominal

verbal

clausal

nominalverbal

clausal

additive

adversative

causal

temporalcontinuatives

f


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Reference

29

REFERENCE

endophoricexophoric

homophoric situational anaphoric cataphoric

f


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homophoric

situational

anaphoric

cataphoric

Reference

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The sun wont come out todayThe president of the United States just has announced that,

When he struggled to deliver a "peace with honor" inVietnam, Nixon could sense he was further alienating

America's youth,

Dont go, the train is coming.Look at that man over there.

Are you coming.

Thats not funny!

When Nixon struggled to deliver a "peace with honor" inVietnam, he could sense he was further alienating America's

youth,

R f


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personal

demonstrative

comparative

Reference

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Tad Williams is one of the most writers of modern times. In addition toMemory, Sorrow and Thorn he has written the acclaimed Otherlandseries.

Tad Williams? I just read on of his novels.

Tad Williams? I just read a novel of his.

Mr Bells clubs were privately owned. Like most such clubs [...]We accept that thought is a common property of the human race. Butwe cannot make the same assumption about machines.

Germany, Denmark and France face declines in young people. Irelandis confronted with a contrastingproblem.

The United States will be taking three very important messages toJohannesburg. America's vision for Johannesburg is to build on these

three messages [...].During the November/December ministerial, we created consensus insome very important areas. These would include []

At present, the only sure way to circumvent the problem of immunerejection would be to create an ES cell line using a patient's own

genetic material through nuclear transfer or cloning. This technique[]


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HAMBURG, 06.11.2009 32

This past spring, the U.S. Department of Education issued a report,

The Condition of Education 2000. Some of the trends it pinpointed

offer evidence that [].

The report found that the benefits of attending college are greatertoday than ever before. []

With significant increases in the number of students who may not

speak English at home, this report suggests that []. [EO_06].

Nominal CoreferenceExample


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HAMBURG, 06.11.2009 33

This past spring, the U.S. Department of Education issued a

report, The Condition of Education 2000. Some of the trends

it pinpointed offer evidence that [].

The report found that the benefits of attending college aregreater today than ever before. []

With significant increases in the number of students who may not

speak English at home, this report suggests that []. [EO_06].

Nominal CoreferenceExample

C f h i


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Co-reference chains

This evening I find myself settled here in this comfortable guest house in astreet not far from the centre of Salisbury.[...] The landlady, a woman ofaround forty or so, appeals to regard me as a rather grand visitor on accountof Mr Farraday' s Ford and the high quality of my suit. [...]. She informed methat a double room at the front was available, though I was welcome to it forthe price of a single.I was then brought up to this room, in which, at that point of the day, the sunwas lighting up the floral patterns of the wall paper quite agreeably. Therewere twin beds and a pair of good-sized windows overlooking the street. Oninquiring where the bathroom was, the woman told me in a timid voice thatalthough it was the door facing mine, there would be no hot water availableuntil after supper. I asked her to bring me up a pot of tea, and when she had

gone, inspected the room further. [...] The basin in the corner was also very

clean.

L i l h i


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Lexical chainsRepetition



clean.

L i l h i


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Lexical chainsSemantic relations



clean.


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Types of cohesion or coherence?Hasan (1985)

Coreference

=> Situational identity of reference

Coclassification=> Class identity of reference

Coextension

=> Same field of meaning


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Coreference

Recognizing the growing strains on energy systems as he took office, PresidentBush sought to develop a comprehensive and balanced energy policy.

Nelson Mandela is to make a rare public appearance in London next monthfor a Live Aid-style concert to mark his 90th birthday[]. The former South

African president[]will be joined by some of the biggest names from theworlds of pop and politics at the Hyde Park event.

A lot of these activities go on in parallel. Others are sequential, particularproteins being synthesized in a well-defined sequence determined by thefeedback circuits of gene activities changing cytoplasmic properties that inturn change gene activities. This dynamic sequence of events with its changingpatterns of gene activities during cell reproduction is called

the genetic program and it directs the development of a new organism.


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Coclassification

Why does this boy wriggle all the time? Other boys don't wriggle.(Halliday & Hasan 1976:282)

Can I borrow your pen? - Yes, but what happened to yours? (Hasan1985a:74)

Mummy will you buy me a bus? - I want that red one. (Halliday &Hasan 1976:99)


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Coextension

Yesterday I had an accident with my car. The breaks weren'tfunctioning.

Soybean blossoms resemble orchids. The seeds ripen in pods andvary in terms of shape, color and size, depending on the variety.


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Reference

Lexical cohesion

general nouns

repetition

reiteration by means of

other sense relations

collocationSubstitution

Ellipsis

Conjunctive relations

Pro-forms

Article

Deixis

Recurrence

Explicit text connection

Tense

SubstitutionEllipsis

Connectives

Halliday & Hasan (1976) Linke et al. (2004)

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Concepts of cohesion in the

literature


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Grammatical Cohesion

Proforms

Reference

Substitution

Syntactic constructions

Ellipsis

Parallelism Conjunction

Grammatical categories

Tense

Aspect

Schubert (2008)

Concepts of cohesion in the

literature

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Lexical Cohesion

Repetition

total

partial

Semantic relations

Synonymy

Antonymy

Hyponymy

Meronymy

Paraphrase

Collocation


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Cohesivenon cohesive

Clause internal clause external relations

Referring non-referring expressions

Endophoric exophoric reference


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Cohesivenon cohesiveExamples

He, who hesitates is lost.He was annoyed by the fact that she was lateagain.

He has been cleaningandwashing all day.

It is raining.

Is this yourpen?


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Analysis of cohesionTypes of variation

Variation over time

Variation across registers

Variation across languages Variation across originals and translations


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Analysis of cohesion

Analysis of systemic inventory of cohesionAnalysis of instances of cohesion in texts


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Analysis of cohesion

Methodology

Theoretical and example-based analysis

In-depth text analysis

Empirical analysis


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Variation over time: ButAber/Doch

EngOrig: But what caused these calamitiesin the first place [...]?

GerTrans: Aber Wie kam es zu der

erstaunlichen Klima-Instabilitt [...]?But How did the astonishing climateinstability come about?

Butregularly left untranslated due tointeractional function as question marker(Becher et al. forthc.)

Becher, Hdder, Kranich 2009

Variation over time:


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Variation over time:

But/Aber/Doch

19781982 vs. 19992002



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Variation through contactContact through Translation English-German

Shining-through easily occurs in English-

German translations. (= a first step towards

change)

Seems to be favored by perceivable form-

function equivalence (e.g. but-aber, but not

may- knnte, mag, vielleicht, wohl)

In a second step, spread to monolingualGerman text production


RegisterVariation


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Compared to the texts in other registers, political essaysexhibit:

a high distribution of first person pronouns

a high distribution of full lexical anaphors

a high number of semantic relations of repetition

a medium number of coreference chains per text

a medium number of coreferential elements per coreference chain

a high number of coreferential ties with longer distance spans

a high distribution of coreferential subjects

a high distribution of coreferential NPs realized in sentence initial

position

Kunz 2009

Register VariationExample: syntactic position and function of coreferential

NPs

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Systemic differences English-German


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y g

Personal reference

Personal

reference

(English /

German)

person

referential

status as

participant

attribute

speech

roles

other

speaker

addressee

singular

plural

social distance

non-d istance

specific

non-specific

singular

plural

human

non-human

enti ty

extendedreference

textual

reference

direct part.

attributed

meiner

der mein ige

pers. pronoun

poss. pronoun

possessive

determiner

pers. pronoun

poss. pronoun

it

er

s ie

es

Systemic differences English-German


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Demons-trative

reference

(English /

German)

neutral

selective

participant

singular

plural

article (as attribute)

as attribute

as entity

near

not near

circumstance

place

time

+ direction

direction

towards

speaker

away from

speaker

logico-semantic

relationship

pronominal adverbs

y gDemonstrative reference

In depth text analysis


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English original German translation

WHY DO YOU want me to go?I asked herthe night before.Because if you don't go, I'll have to go toprison.She picked up the knife. How manyslices do you want?Two,I said. What's goingin them?Potted beef, and be thankful.

But if you go to prison you'll get out again.St. Paul was always going to prison.I know that(she cut the bread firmly, sothat only the tiniest squir t of potted beef oozedout) ... but the neighbours don't.Eat this and be quiet.

She pushed the plate in front of me. Itlooked horrible. Why can't we have chips?Because I haven't time to make you chips.There's my feet to soak,your vest to iron,and I haven't touched all those requests forprayer. Besides, there's no potatoes.(EO_FICTION_008)

Warum willst du, da ich hingehe?fragte ich sie amAbend vorher.Weil ich, wenn du nicht gehst, ins Gefngnis komme.Sie griff nach dem Messer. Wieviele Scheiben willstdu?Zwei, sagte ich. Was machst du drauf? Slze, undsei geflligst dankbar.

Aber wenn du ins Gefngnis kommst, kommst du auchwieder raus. Der heilige Paulus warauch dauernd imGefngnis.Ich wei(sie schnitt das Sandwich mit fester Handdurch, so da nur ein ganz kleines bichen Slze an denSeiten herausquoll). Aber die Nachbarn wissen es

nicht. Ijetzt und sei still.Sie schob den Teller vor mich. Er sah grlich aus.Wieso gibt es keine Pommes?Weil ich keine Zeit habe, dirwelche zu machen. Ichmu noch ein Fubad nehmen unddeine Bluse bgeln,und dabei habe ich mit den vielen Bitten um Gebetenoch nicht einmal angefangen. Auerdem sind keine

Kartoffeln da.(GTrans_FICTION_008)

In-depth text analysis

Corpuslinguistic analysis


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55

5555

Corpuslinguistic analysis

CroCo corpus design

English texts

German texts

Reference

Corpus ER

Reference

Corpus GR

Register-

controlled

Corpus EO

Register-

controlledCorpus GO

TranslationCorpus

GTrans

TranslationCorpus

ETrans

17 registers,2,000 word

samples each

68,000 words

8 registers, at

least 10 texts

each, 3,125

words (av.)

1 million words


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56

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The CroCo registersEnglish texts

German texts

Reference

Corpus ER

ReferenceCorpus GR

Register-controlled

Corpus EO

Register-

controlledCorpus GO

Translation

Corpus

GTrans

Translation

Corpus

ETrans

English texts

German texts

Reference

Corpus ER

ReferenceCorpus GR

Register-controlled

Corpus EO

Register-

controlledCorpus GO

Translation

Corpus

GTrans

Translation

Corpus

ETrans

ESSAY

FICTION

INSTR

POPSCI

SHARE

SPEECH

TOU

WEB

56

A i l


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57

5757

Annotation layers

Register-

controlled

Corpus

Translation

Corpus

Word layerWord layer

Chunk layer

Clause layer

Sentence layer

+ Metainformation

+ Tokenization

+ PoS tagging

+ Morphology

+ Sense relations

+ Phrase structure

+ Grammatical functions

Chunk layer

Clause layer

Sentence layer

Ali l


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58

5858

Alignment layers

Register-

controlled

Corpus

Translation

Corpus

Word layerWord layer

Chunk layer

Clause layer

Sentence layer

Chunk layer

Clause layer

Sentence layer

+ Alignment

cf. Hansen-Schirra et al. (2006)

Differences in cohesive instances English-German


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ESSAY EO ETrans GTrans GO

tokens 34998 42040 35345 35668

it 118 177 99 130 es

It 40 36 42 41 Es

total 158 0.45 % 206 0.49 % 141 0.39 % 171 0.48 % total

Cohesive

It 19 47.9 % 21 58.3 % 6 14.29 % 5 12.20 %Cohesive

Es

FICTION EO ETrans GTrans GO

tokens 36916 40037 35345 36781

it 330 335 260 244 es

It 61 72 50 65 Es

total 391 1.06 % 407 1.02 % 310 0.88% 309 0.84% total

Cohesive

It38 62.3 % 35 48.61 % 16 36.29 % 23 32 %

Cohesive

Es

e e ces co es e sta ces g s Ge aExample: frequencies "it/es"

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Differences in cohesive instances English-German/


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tokens 34998 42040 35345 35668

it 118 177 99 130 es

It 40 36 42 41 Es

total 158 0.45 % 206 0.49 % 141 0.39 % 171 0.48 % total

Cohesive

It 19 47.9 % 21 58.3 % 6 14.29 % 5 12.20 %Cohesive

Es


tokens 36916 40037 35345 36781

it 330 335 260 244 es

It 61 72 50 65 Es

total 391 1.06 % 407 1.02 % 310 0.88% 309 0.84% total

Cohesive

It38 62.3 % 35 48.61 % 16 36.29 % 23 32 %

Cohesive

Es

Example: frequencies "it/es"

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Differences in cohesive instances English-Germanl f i "i / "


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tokens 34998 42040 35345 35668

it 118 177 99 130 es

It 40 36 42 41 Es

total 158 0.45 % 206 0.49 % 141 0.39 % 171 0.48 % total

Cohesive

It 19 47.9 % 21 58.3 % 6 14.29 % 5 12.20 %

Cohesive

Es


tokens 36916 40037 35345 36781

it 330 335 260 244 es

It 61 72 50 65 Es

total 391 1.06 % 407 1.02 % 310 0.88% 309 0.84% total

Cohesive

It38 62.3 % 35 48.61 % 16 36.29 % 23 32 %

Cohesive

Es


61



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tokens 34998 42040 35345 35668

it 118 177 99 130 es

It 40 36 42 41 Es

total 158 0.45 % 206 0.49 % 141 0.39 % 171 0.48 % total

Cohesive

It 19 47.9 % 21 58.3 % 6 14.29 % 5 12.20 %

Cohesive

Es


tokens 36916 40037 35345 36781

it 330 335 260 244 es

It 61 72 50 65 Es

total 391 1.06 % 407 1.02 % 310 0.88% 309 0.84% total

Cohesive

It38 62.3 % 35 48.61 % 16 36.29 % 23 32 %

Cohesive

Es

p q /

62

Differences in cohesive instances English-GermanE l f i "i / "


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tokens 34998 42040 35345 35668

it 118 177 99 130 es

It 40 36 42 41 Es

total 158 0.45 % 206 0.49 % 141 0.39 % 171 0.48 % total

Cohesive

It 19 47.9 % 21 58.3 % 6 14.29 % 5 12.20 %

Cohesive

Es


tokens 36916 40037 35345 36781

it 330 335 260 244 es

It 61 72 50 65 Es

total 391 1.06 % 407 1.02 % 310 0.88% 309 0.84% total

Cohesive

It38 62.3 % 35 48.61 % 16 36.29 % 23 32 %

Cohesive

Es


63

Shifts: EO GTrans


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The UK has always been a strong supporter of Europeanenlargement and I am very pleased to mark this latestaccession of ten new members on 1 May. We welcome it asanother important and historic step towards sealing over theartificial divisions created by the Cold War. [EO_ESSAY_003]

Grobritannien hat sich immer schon fr die europischeErweiterung stark gemacht und deshalb begre ich denBeitritt von zehn neuen Mitgliedstaaten am 1. Mai von ganzemHerzen. Erist ein historischer Schritt auf dem Weg, dieknstlichen Risse zu kitten, die der Kalte Krieg hinterlassen hat.[GTrans_ESSAY_003]

Shifts: EO GTrans

Shifts: EO GTrans


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Shifts: EO GTrans

We work for prosperity and opportunitybecause theyre right.

Its the right thing to do. [EO_ESSAY_006]Wirarbeiten frWohlstand und Chancen, weildas richtig ist.Wir tun damit das Richtige. [GTrans_ESSAY_006]

And he answered them courteously that they should speak on,

for he had not come so far and so wearily simply in order toturn back. Moreover he was charged by his father with amission, which he might not reveal in that place . It is known tous already, said the three damsels. [EO_FICTION_002]

Und er erwiderte ihnen artig, da sie weitersprechen sollten,

denn er habe die Mhsal und Beschwerden des weitenWegesnicht auf sich genommen, um nun kehrtzumachen. Und zudemhabe seinVater ihn mit einer Aufgabe betreut, die er an diesemOrt zu enthllen nicht gesonnen sei. Dies ist uns bekannt,sagten die drei Jungfrauen. [GTrans_FICTION_002]

Shifts: GO ETrans


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Er war ein eher ngstliches Kind, sagte die Mutter. Er log nicht.Er war anstndig. Und vor allem, er war tapfer, sagte der Vater,schon als Kind. Der tapfere Junge.So wurde er beschrieben, auch von entfernten Verwandten. Es

waren wrtliche Festlegungen, undsie werden es auch fr ihngewesen sein. [GO_FICTION_008]

He was rather a timid boy, said our mother. He didn't tell lies.He was well-behaved, and above all, said our father, he was

brave even as a child.People described him as that brave boy, even distant relations.These were verbatim observations, andtheywill have beenmeant for him too. [ETrans_FICTION_008]

Shifts: GO ETransdue to ambiguous scope

Empirical corpus linguistic analysis


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Frequencies ofdemonstrative der/ die/

das in German subcorpora

d as d er d i e

GO_SPEECH 173 4 4

GTrans_SPEECH 38 3 -

GO_FICTION 113 15 12

GTrans_FICTION 100 10 7

GO_POPSCI 110 4 1

GTrans_POPSCI 44 3 1

GO_TOU 31 9 2

GTrans_TOU 14 2 1

GO_SHARE 44 3 1

GTrans_SHARE 46 3 -

GO_ESSAY 90 1 3GTrans_ESSAY 49 - -

GO_INSTR 20 - -

GTrans_INSTR 18 - -

GO_WEB 31 1 2

GTrans_WEB 27 1 -

Empirical corpus-linguistic analysis


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Shifts: GO ETrans

Ich lenkte mich ab, suchte Schlaf, verga, sank weg - prompt schoss mir dasentscheidende Bild in den Kopf: mein Freund Axel am Tisch der Mensa, nebenuns die Zeitung, aufgeschlagen die Seite mit einer berschrift zumbeginnenden Prozess gegen diesen Richter, der am Volksgerichtshofmindestens 230 Todesurteile gefllt hatte. Sogleich stellte sich der Ton

zu diesem Bild ein, der bittere, verchtliche Satz, den Axel hatte fallen lassenund der mich erst jetzt, im Bett, wie eine bse Erleuchtung traf: Derhat dasUrteil fr meinen Vater fabriziert, derund der Freisler. [GO_FICTION_001]

I distracted myself, sought sleep, forgot, drifted off - and promptly the crucialimage popped into my head: my friend Axel at the cafeteria table, thenewspaper next to us opened to a headline about the start of the trial ofthis judge who had passed at least 230 death sentences at the

People's Tribunal. Immediately the soundtrack to this image kicked in,Axel's bitter, contemptuous words which hit me only now, in bed, like an evilepiphany:He fabricated my father's verdict - him and Freisler.[ETrans_FICTION_001]


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Shifts: GO ETrans

Bei den Gebhren fr Rundfunkkann ich es mir, verehrterHerr Ministerprsident, ganz leicht machen: die drfen nur die

deutschen Lnder erheben. [GO_SPEECH_012]

As forthe licence fee issue, I have a very simple answer, forthese, Mr Minister-President, are a matter purely for theLnder." [ETrans_FICTION_012]

corpuslinguistic analysis


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a) additional possibilities

not covered in purely

theoretical approaches

Which devices do exist?

b) the use of cohesive

devices

c) the nature of the

cohesive ties set up

between a cohesive

device and its

antecedent

d) the nature of cohesive

chains

concerning the

actual utilization of

the theoretical

possibilities

Which of them are used?

in the sense of

frequency How often are they used?

Are there typical co-

occurrences in texts of thesame language?

in relation to their

cognitive function

Which mechanisms of

cognitive text processing do

they reflect?

in relation to their

pragmatic/interpersonal

function

In which contexts of

situation/ registers do theyoccur?

Which cohesive devices do

co-occur in which registers?

in translations What can be said on their

range, frequency and

function in translations? 70

features to analyze: questions to answer:


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LiteratureBecher, V., Hdder S. & S. Kranich.A Tentative typology of language change through

translation. Talk held at !!!Blum-Kulka, S. 1986. Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation. In: House, J.

& S. Blum-Kulka (eds.), Interlingual and Intercultural Communication. Tbingen:Narr,17-35.

Brown, G. & G. Yule.1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge, UK: CambridgeUniversity Press.

De Beaugrande, R.-A. and W. Dressler. 1981. Introduction to Text Linguistics. London,New York: Longman (German version also in 1981 published by Niemeyer).Halliday, M.A.K. & R. Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.Halliday, M.A.K & C. Matthiessen. 2004.An Introduction to Functional Grammar. New

York: Oxford University Press.

Hasan, R. 1985a. The texture of a text. In: Halliday, M.A.K. & R. Hasan. Language,

context and text: aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Oxford:Oxford University Press.Kunz, K. 2009. English and German Nominal Coreference. A study of Political

Essays. Saarbrcken: PhD thesis

Schubert, C. 2008. Englische Textlinguistik. Eine Einfhrung. Berlin: Schmidt.Werlich, E. 1983.A text grammar of English. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meier


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To Our Shareholders

Fiscal 2002 was a very challenging year for the entire industry, and the mostdifficult environment Cisco Systems has ever faced. In a tough market, we focusedon the four elements that we could influence and control-profit contribution, cashflow from operations, available market, and productivity. And although we all wishthe market conditions had been different, we were pleased with our progress ineach of these areas. One area where we set aggressive stretch goals was our focuson the available market, with our goal being to grow 10 percent faster than ourtop ten North American competitors. We achieved this goal consistentlythroughout the year. And in Q4 fiscal 2002, for example, the delta was impressivewhen our fourth quarter revenues from 2001 to 2002 increased 12 percent, whilethe revenue of our top ten competitors shrunk by 44 percent in their mostrecently reported quarters, compared with the prior year. During challengingmarket transitions, successful companies usually get surprised by the downturn,they determine how long it will last and how deep it will be, and then they get

ready for the upturn. We mapped these three stages to our business strategy, thefirst being aligned with our breakaway opportunity, the second being aligned withour six-point plan, and the third stage focusing on the four elements that we couldinfluence or control, as mentioned above. In each of our quarterly resultannouncements for fiscal 2002, we attempted to cover our progress in this way,and I will summarize the entire year on this basis.

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