Cognitve ranging
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Transcript of Cognitve ranging
Cognitive Engine Design
By,Anusree A(208114016)
Tomin Francis(208114017)Samuel Cherukutty
C(208114018)
What we'll be seeing...
Introduction Functions of a typical Cognitive engine AI techniques in Congitive Engine Design Performance Measurements of Cognitive Engine Cognitive Engine Modules Cognitive Learning Cycle Cognitive Paradigms Comparison of Algorithms
Introduction
SDR + AI = CGR Cognitive Engine provides the
'AI' part of the CGR The abilities or performances
of CGR are determined by the
algorithms implemented in the Cognitive engine
Cognitive Engine
Cognitive engine decision making process is highly dependant upon parameters Radio transmission parameters Environmental measurements Performance Objectives
How can these parameters be related to radio objectives analytically? Engine must understand how parameters affect the environment Multiple parameters must be related to multiple objectives
Performance Parameters
Responsiveness Measure of how fast the system responds to the variations in
surroundings Complexity
Complexity of the algorithm determined by the number of LUT's that will be used
Its a direct factor in determining the cost of the CGR system Security
Measure of the security of the data transmission channel Robustness
Measure of CE's performance in harsh and difficult environments Stability
Measure of variation in design parameters with the changing environment
AI Techniques implemented in CE
Genetic Algorithm(Ontology Based) Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Case-based Systems (CBSs) Metaheuristic Algorithms Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) Rule-based Systems (RBSs)
Cognitive Engine Modules
Sensing Module provides radio environment sensing results
REM(Radio Environment Maps) provides a snapshot of the radio scenario through time
Main Controller decides which algorithm to use
Case and Knowledge Reasoner provides coarse solution, starting point for the Multi-
objective Optimizer Multi-objective Optimizer
further refines the solution obtained by the CBR
Typical Design
Radio TX Channel Statistics
Cognitive Engine
Radio RX
“Meters” “Old KnobsSettings”
“Old KnobsSettings”
Software DefinedRadio Parameters“Knobs and Meters”
“Optimized Solution”
“New Settings” “New Settings”
CR reads the meters and turns the knobs.
Knobs– Transmit
power– Modulation– Coding– Symbol rate– Spectrum
shaping– Spreading– Antenna
Beamforming– Etc.
Meters– Bit error rate
(BER)– Frame error rate
(FER)– Signal power– Battery life– Computational
resources– Etc.
Two-Loop Cognition Cycle– Inner loop: Learning– Outer loop: Recognition and Adaptation
Environment awareness and evolving knowledge lead to optimal radio reconfiguration
Cognitive Radio Paradigms
Underlay Cognitive radios constrained to cause minimal interference to
noncognitive radios Interweave
Cognitive radios find and exploit spectral holes avoiding interference with noncognitive radios
Overlay Cognitive radios overhear and enhance noncognitive radio
transmissions
Knowledgeand
Complexity
Underlay Systems
Cognitive radios determined by their interference in transmission to noncognitive nodes Transmit if interference below a given threshold
The interference constraint may be met Via wideband signalling to maintain interference below the
noise floor (spread spectrum or UWB) Via multiple antennas and beamforming
NCR
IP
NCRCR CR
Underlay Challenges
Measurement challenges Measuring interference at primary receiver Measuring direction of primary node for beamsteering
Policy challenges Underlays typically coexist with licensed users Licensed users paid $$$ for their spectrum
Licensed users don’t want underlays Insist on very stringent interference constraints Severely limits underlay capabilities and applications
Interweave Systems Measurements indicate that even crowded spectrum is
not used across all time, space, and frequencies Original motivation for “cognitive” radios (Mitola’00)
These holes can be used for communication Interweave CRs periodically monitor spectrum for holes Hole location must be agreed upon between TX and RX Hole is then used for opportunistic communication with minimal
interference to noncognitive users
Interweave Challenges
Spectral hole locations change dynamically Need wideband agile receivers with fast sensing
Compresses sensing can play a role here Spectrum must be sensed periodically TX and RX must coordinate to find common holes Hard to guarantee bandwidth
Detecting and avoiding active users is challenging Fading and shadowing cause false hole detection Random interference can lead to false active user detection
Policy challenges Licensed users hate interweave even more than underlay
Overlay Systems
Cognitive user has knowledge of other user’s message and/or encoding strategy
Used to help noncognitive transmission Used to presubtract noncognitive interference
RX1
RX2NCR
CR
Algorithms:Genetic Algorithm
Biologically inspired optimization method based on Genetics and Natural Selection
Robust problem solving method by starting out with a set of random answers and gradually defining them
Solves Problems heuristically and loops through iterations which finally converges to the desired solution
Rondeau and Raiser from VirginiaTech designed first cognitive engine with genetic algorithm
Problems With Genetic AlgorithmProblems With Genetic Algorithm
Convergence of Genetic Algorithm is not good Algorithm doesnt scale well with complexity Operation on dynamic data set is difficult
To Conclude:
Cognitive Engine is the vital part of a cognitive radio. There are basically 5 modules to be designed for a cognitive
engine The hardware and software should be so chosen to fit the
design of cognitive radio into any of the three paradigm
References:
Cognitive Engine Design for Cognitive Radio By Salma BOURBIA, Madiha ACHOURI, Khaled GRATI, Daniel LE GUENNEC,
Adel GHAZEL Design and implementation of a cognitive engine functional
architecture ByDONG Xu, LI Ying & WEI ShengQun
Cognitive Radio Engine Design for Link Adaptation by Haris I. Volos
Tactical Wireless Communications and Networks: Design Concepts and Challenges By George F. Elmasry