COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 What’s A Brain? Part 1
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Transcript of COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 What’s A Brain? Part 1
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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17
What’s A Brain?
Part 1
Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.
Meshberger, JAMA 264:1837-1841
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The Fundamental Circularity of Being
“The world is inseparable from the subject, but from a subject which is nothing but a projection of the world,and the subject is inseparable from the world, but froma world which the subject itself projects.”
Merleau-Ponty (1906-1961)
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Mind-Body Question
• Dualism– Belief in the dual
nature of reality– Mind and body are
separate– Body is made of
ordinary matter– Mind is not
• Monism– Belief that everything
in the universe consists of matter and energy
– Mind is a phenomenon produced by the workings of the nervous system
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The goal of Cognitive Neuroscience is to provide andexplain the mapping between
brain and mind
Or put another way, between
structure and function
Is there an identity such that brain=mind?Is it more of a correspondence?Just what is the relationship?
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BODY-MIND RELATIONSHIP(STRUCTURE-FUNCTION)
• BODY/BRAIN • MIND MemoryAttentionLanguagePlanningCreativityAwarenessConsciousness
Classical physics
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BODY-MIND RELATIONSHIP(STRUCTURE-FUNCTION)
• BODY/BRAIN • MIND MemoryAttentionLanguagePlanningCreativityAwarenessConsciousness
Self-directed neural plasticity?Quantum physics and the causal efficacy of thought?
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Is Reality a “Construction”?
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Stimulus Selection InterpretationBottom-up processing Top-down processing
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Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
De Homine – 1662
Mechanistic view of brain
Pineal gland – gateway to soul
“…ingenuity and originality were unfortunately based onpure speculation and incorrectanatomical observations.”
“I think therefore I am”
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Luigi Galvani
(1737-1798)
Professor of Obstetrics
Moves frog leg with static electricity
Detects electricity in the nerves offrogs
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Bell –Magendi Law 1811
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Paul Broca(1824-1880)
Anthropologist and anatomist
Paris educated MD pathologist
“Tan” aphasic patient died inApril 1861
“Nous parlons avez l’hemispheregauche”
(We speak with the left hemisphere)
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Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
Analysis of the shapes and lumps of the skull would reveal a person’s personality and intellect.
Phrenology
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Modern Phrenology
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Unilateral Neglect
- lesions to right parietal cortex - failure to notice things on the left side- failure to remember things on the left side
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Split Brain
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Neurons• Functional units of
communication• 100 billion + a few million• Independent units (Neuron
Doctrine)• Bioelectrically driven
(Functional polarity)• Categorized in terms of
Function (sensory, motor); Location (cortical, spinal); NT (cholinergic);
Shape (pyramidal, stellate)
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Bipolarcells
axon
dendrites
terminalbouton
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Variety of Multipolar NeuronsDiffer in terms of:
• genes expressed• chemicals • shape• arborization • connectivity patterns…
Structure function
104 connections per neuron
1014 total interconnections(one hundred trillion)
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Dendritic Spines
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Myelination
• Insulates axon• Speeds up conduction
without increasing diameter of axon
• Saves energy
Nodes of Ranvier
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Neuroglial Cells
• Physical and metabolic support• 90% of cells in brain• Four types
– Astrocytes (maintenance/support)– Oligodendrocytes (myelin)– Ependymal (line ventricles)– Microglia (macrophages)
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Einstein’s Brain
Greater number ofneuroglia
Larger inferior parietalcortex