Rules And Regulations for Class

Rules And Regulations for ClassKindly keep silence during the presentation.Kindly keep your cell phones off or silent.Kindly do cooperate with the presenter.Kindly do not go out side/ inside the class during presentation. Ask questions at the end of the presentation.

Group members.

Mr. Mian Sarwar Shah Mr. AbdurraufMr. Attaullah

Objectives.

At the end of presentation the student will be able to :

Define cognitive perception.What is cognition.What is perception.Define memory.Define pain.What is pain threshold.

ContiDiscuss types of pain.Discuss pain management . Discuss about the beliefs related to pain.Describe about pain and culture.

Cognitive perceptionThe mental act or process which knowledge is acquired including perception, intuition and reasoning.The knowledge that result from such an act or process is known as cognitive perception.

CognitionCognition is define as perceiving, imagining, thinking, remembering, forming concepts and solving problems indeed all aspects of peoples mental lives, is known as cognition.

PerceptionTheactorfacultyofperceiving,or apprehendingby meansofthesense organs through the processing of sensory information such as auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory and visual representation.

MemoryMemoryis the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information that is from the outside world to reach our senses in the forms of chemical and physical stimuli.Encoding: receiving, processing and combining of received informationStorage: creation of a permanent record of the encoded informationRetrieval: calling back the stored information

Types of memorySensory MemoryShort-Term Memory Long-Term Memory

Sensory memorySensory memory holds sensory information for a few seconds or less after an item is perceived.It is out of cognitive control and is an automatic response.It seems to "see" more than a person can actually report.A person would see the display but be unable to report all of the items.

Short-term memoryShort-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal. Its capacity is also very limited. (George A. Miller(1956)For example, , given a random seven-digit number we may remember it for only a few seconds before forgetting, suggesting it was stored in our short-term memory.

Long-term memory Long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole life span).Its capacity is immeasurably large.For example, we can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition; this information is said to be stored in long-term memory.

PainAn unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage ( American pain society 2003; Gordon;)

Pain thresholdThepain thresholdis the point at which sensation becomes pain. For example, imagine someone is tapping on your arm and taps progressively harder. Eventually, the tapping will become hard enough to hurt, and that is when it has reached your pain threshold.

AlgometerAdevicefordeterminingsensitivenesstopaincausedbypressure.

Pain toleranceThe term pain tolerance has a completely different meaning and basically defines how much pain a person can actually take without breaking. We can think of tolerance as the acceptance level of an existing pain.

Types of pain.Acute painChronic painCancer pain

Acute pain

Onset is sudden Usually lasts less then 3 to 6 monthsCan be mild or sever Decreases over time Typically has related sign and symptoms Elevated HR, RR , and BpIncreased anxiety , agitation, confusion, and urinary retention.

Chronic pain.Long term pain for over six months Typically, the pain does not go awayDecreased physical and social activityFatigue and sleep problemsDecreased appetite More difficult to treat then acute pain

Cancer pain Cancer pain includes acute cancer related and chronic cancer pain from tumor progression or therapy.

Pain may be Classified Nociceptive painOriginates from damage to somatic or visceral tissueSomatic pain: pain arises from bone, joint, muscle, skin or connective tissue. It is usually localized and feels like an aching or throbbing in quality.Visceral pain: Arises from visceral organs such as the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas.

ContNeuropathic painCaused by damage to nerve cells or changing in spinal cord processingPsychogenic pain: has emotional or psychological originReferred pain: felt in a deferent body partsMI, liver, Gallbladder.

Pain Scale

Pain AssessmentLocation of painQualityIntensity (Use pain of scale to rate pain)Observe any physical findingsTimingAggravating and elevating factorsAnalgesic historyGoals and expectation for pain controlAffects on ADLs

Pain and cultureExpression of pain vary from culture to culture and many vary from person to person with culture

Examples of cultural DifferencesDifferent cultural beliefs related to pain (Leiningers 1997)German .Irish. Russian. Mexian-American cultures-StoicJewish, italian-dramaticArab Muslim- pray times take priority over medication or procedure timesAfrican-Americans- believes soul food will help them recover.

Pain Management Positioning / PostureEducation / anticipatory guidanceTouch gentile pressure or massageHeat cold treatmentRelaxation / distraction / musicMeditation / guided imageryAromatherapyAcupuncture / acupressure

References:http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/perceptproc.htmhttp://www.journals.elsevier.com/cognition/Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painhttp://chronicfatigue.about.com/od/glossary/g/painthreshold.htmCore curriculum for pain management nursing. American society of pain management nursing: second edition; Barbara St. Marie, ed., 2010