Cognitive Engineering Perspective of ASAS Amy Pritchett Cognitive Engineering Center School of...
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Transcript of Cognitive Engineering Perspective of ASAS Amy Pritchett Cognitive Engineering Center School of...
Cognitive Engineering Perspective of ASAS
Amy Pritchett
Cognitive Engineering Center
School of Aerospace Engineering
Georgia Tech
Atlanta, GA
Our View of ‘the System’
human
& physical environment
& procedural environment
& social/organization environment
Behaviours of Interest
Alerting Component Command Component
Comprehension of Occurrence Comprehension of Directions of Alert Given By Command
Base Reaction Time Ability to Follow Command
Perception of Alert Correctness Perception of Command Correctness
Willingness to Act Upon Alert Willingness to Follow Command
Propensity to Follow Alert Propensity to Follow CommandIn Operational Context In Operational Context
Impact on Monitoring Impact on Decision Making Behaviour Behaviour
Impact of False Alarms Impact of Erroneous Commandson Pilot Behaviour on Pilot Behaviour
Impact of False Alarms Impact of Erroneous Commandson System Performance on System Performance
Op
erat
ion
al I
mp
act
Con
trol
lab
ility
Du
rin
g T
esti
ng
Simultaneous, Closely Spaced Parallel Runway Operations
Motivation: The Ability to Land Aircraft Simultaneously on Closely-Spaced Runways During Instrument Meteorological Conditions Could Substantially Reduce Flight Delays
Problem: Aircraft are Closer Together Than During Any Other Phase of Flight
Parallel Runway Operations Experiment -
Effects of Displays on Performance
0%
10%
20%
30%
Baseline PFD EHSI Combo
Ap
proa
ches
% Under 500'% Under 1000'
Display
Parallel Runway Operations Experiment -
Non-Conformance Rate By Displays
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
BaselineEHSI
EnhancedEHSI
PFD &Baseline
EHSI
PFD &Enhanced
EHSI
Parallel Runway Operations Experiment -
Effects of Non-Conformance
Matches DisplayedManeuver
Does Not Match
Matches DisplayedManeuver
Does Not Match
No Alert or Maneuver Shown Alert & Maneuver Is Shown
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
% o
f Ap
proa
ches
Under 500' Under 1000'
Comparing Experiment Results
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
NTZ Alert MIT Alert No Alert NTZ Alert MIT Alert No Alert NTZ Alert MIT Alert
Best Reaction Time Experiment Best Judgement Experiment
Basic Display NTZ Display MIT Display
Similar Differences Found Between Operational Studies!
Implications for Situation Awareness
Situation awareness OF WHAT? Good traffic information
and hope they will arrive at the same conclusions as the ASAS?
Would like to communicate the alerting/maneuver logic Requires it to be
COMMUNICABLE
Achieved Separation Distance
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
Baseline Display Display withSpeed
Display withSpeed andAutopilotTargets
Baseline STAR
STAR with Speed
STAR with Speed andMerging Path
•Significant display/procedure interactions (F=2.91, p<.04)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Baseline Display Display withSpeed
Display withSpeed and
Autopilot Targets
Per
cen
tag
e o
f T
ota
l S
pee
d C
han
ges
Mad
e w
ith
in 8
Sec
on
ds
of
ST
AR
Ch
art
Ref
eren
ce
Baseline STAR
STAR with Speed
STAR with Speed andMerging Path
Percentage of Total Speed Changes Made Within 8 Seconds of STAR Chart Reference
•Marginal effects due to displays (F=3.06, p<.06)
•Marginal effects due to procedures (F=2.83, p<.07)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Baseline Display Display with Speed Display with Speedand Autopilot Targets
Sep
arat
ion
(n
m)
•Marginally significant display effects (F=3.05, p=.10)
(Error Bars Represent )
Deviant Scenario Average Separation Values
Implications for Procedures
Procedures can be as rigorously designed as technology Includes procedures for using the system, for
crew interaction, and for ATC/ATM Procedures provide a baseline for behavior
And as such are often the basis for:• Expectation• Monitoring • Planning• etc
Modeling the Role of Alerting Systems
Do machine-driven definitions of role define everyway that pilots will use alerting systems? They direct attention to signals or hazards and that’s it?
NO! Pilot-determined roles?
How alerting system is used, and what it is useful for, is:• Context sensitive• Opportunistic by the pilot• Idiosyncratic
Attention Director
Environment
Displays Controls
ComputerHuman
NominalTask Alerted
Task
X
Look!
Task Management Aid
Environment
Displays Controls
ComputerHuman
NominalTask 1 Nominal
Task 2
Trusted Monitor
Environment
Displays Controls
ComputerHuman
NominalTask Alerted
Task
X
Look!
Nuisance
Environment
Displays Controls
ComputerHuman
NominalTask Alerted
Task
Overload
Environment
Displays Controls
ComputerHuman
NominalTask Alerted
Task
Final Authority of Problem
Environment
Displays Controls
ComputerHuman
NominalTask Alerted
Task
It’s OK, blame it on me
Resolution Assessor
Environment
Displays Controls
ComputerHuman
NominalTask Alerted
Task
Desired Cue
Environment
Displays Controls
ComputerHuman
NominalTask
Initiator of Procedures
Environment
Displays Controls
ComputerHuman
NominalTask Alerted
Task
Command Device
Environment
Displays Controls
ComputerHuman
NominalTask Alerted
Task
Take-Aways
How ASAS will be used, and how well, needs to consider behavior in context Understanding of the logic relative to the needs
of the situation Operating procedures ‘Roles’ of the ASAS
Difficult to predict – but it can be done!
Thank You!
Questions?