Cognitive Disorders Madiha Anas Institute of Psychology Beaconhouse National University.
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Transcript of Cognitive Disorders Madiha Anas Institute of Psychology Beaconhouse National University.
Cognitive Disorders:Areas affected
Thoughts The capacity of memory Perception The ability to be attentive
Nature of Cognitive Disorders:
Perspectives on Cognitive Disorders Affect cognitive processes such as learning, memory, and
consciousness Most develop later in life
Three Classes of Cognitive Disorders Delirium – often temporary confusion and disorientation Dementia – degenerative condition marked by broad cognitive
deterioration Amnestic disorders – memory dysfunctions caused by
disease, drugs, or toxins
Delirium
clouding of consciousnessunawareness of what’s happening aroundunable to focus or pay attentionmemory is foggy
Delirium: An Overview Nature of Delirium
Central features – impaired consciousness and cognition
Impairments develop rapidly over several hours or days
Examples include confusion, disorientation, attention, memory, and language deficits
Facts and Statistics Affects 10% to 30% of persons in acute care facilities Most prevalent in older adults, AIDS patients, and
medical patients Full recovery often occurs within several weeks
Medical Conditions Related to Delirium Medical Conditions
Drug intoxication or withdrawal from drugs Infections, head injury, and several different forms of brain
trauma Sleep deprivation, immobility, and excessive stress
DSM-IV and DSM-IV Subtypes of Delirium Delirium due to a general medical condition Substance-induced delirium Delirium due to multiple etiologies Delirium not otherwise specified
Dementia
“ progressive deficits in a person’s memory and learning of new information, ability to communicate, judgment, and motor co-ordination. It impacts on a person’s ability to work and interact normally with other people”.
Dementia
Nature of Dementia Gradual deterioration of brain functioning Affects judgment, memory, language, and other cognitive processes Dementia has many causes and may be reversible or irreversible
Progression of Dementia: Initial Stages Memory impairment, visuospatial skills deficits Agnosia – inability to recognize and name objects (most common
symptom) Facial agnosia – inability to recognize familiar faces Other symptoms – delusions, depression, agitation, aggression, and
apathy
Dementia: An Overview
Progression of Dementia: Later StagesCognitive functioning continues to deterioratePerson requires almost total support to carry
out day-to-day activitiesDeath results from inactivity combined with
onset of other illnesses
Dementia: Facts and Statistics
Onset and Prevalence most common in the elderly Affects 1% of those between 65-74 years of age Affects over 10% of persons 85 years and older 47% of adults over the age of 85 have dementia of the
Alzheimer’s type
Gender and Sociocultural Factors Dementia occurs equally in men and women Dementia occurs equally across educational level and social
class
DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Classes of Dementia Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type Vascular Dementia Dementia due to other general medical
conditions Substance-induced persisting Dementia Dementia due to multiple etiologies Dementia not otherwise specified
Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type: An Overview
DSM-IV-TR Criteria and Clinical FeaturesMultiple cognitive deficits that develop
gradually and steadilyPredominant impairment in memory,
orientation, judgment, and reasoningCan include agitation, confusion, depression,
anxiety, or combativenessSymptoms are usually more pronounced at the
end of the day
Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type Range of Cognitive Deficits
Aphasia – difficulty with language Apraxia – impaired motor functioning Agnosia – failure to recognize objects Difficulties with planning, organizing, sequencing, or
abstracting information Impairments have a marked negative impact on social
and occupational functioning
Alzheimer’s Disease: Nature and Progression of the Disease
Deterioration is slow during the early and later stages, but rapid during middle stages
Average survival time is about 8 yearsOnset usually occurs in the 60s or 70s,
but may occur earlier
Vascular Dementia
Nature of Vascular Dementia Progressive brain disorder caused by blockage or damage to
blood vessels Second leading cause of dementia next to Alzheimer’s Onset is often sudden (e.g., stroke) Patterns of impairment are variable, and most require formal
care in later stages
Other Causes of Dementia:Head Trauma and Parkinson’s Disease Head Trauma
Accidents are leading causes of such cognitive impairments
Memory loss is the most common symptom Parkinson’s Disease
Degenerative brain disorder Affects about 1 out of 1,000 people worldwide Motor problems are characteristic of this disorder
Other Dementias: Substance-Induced Dementia
Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia Results from drug use in combination with poor diet Examples include alcohol, inhalants, sedative,
hypnotic drugs Resulting brain damage may be permanent Dementia is similar to that of Alzheimer’s Deficits may include aphasia, apraxia or agnosia
Amnestic DisordersPeople with Amnestic disorders are unable to recall previously learned information or to register new memories.
Amnestic Disorder
Nature of Amnestic Disorder loss of memory Inability to transfer information into long-term memory Often results from medical conditions, head trauma, or long-
term drug use DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Amnestic
Disorder Cover the inability to learn new information Inability to recall previously learned information Memory disturbance causes significant impairment in
functioning
Types of Amnestic Disorders
Retrograde Amnesia: Characterized by inability to recall past
information/memory. Anterograde Amnesia:
Characterized by inability to learn and recall new information.
In severe forms of anterograde amnesia, people newly met are, immediately forgotten.
Types according to DSM-IV TR:
The DSM-IV TR includes two major categories of amnestic disorders:
Amnesia due to general medical condition: It may be chronic (lasting a month or more) or transient. That can result from a wide variety of medical problems, such as
head trauma or lack of oxygen Substance induced persisting amnestic disorder:
This condition may be caused by an array of substances including medications, illicit drugs or environmental toxins such as lead, mercury, and industrial solvents.
Causes of Cognitive Disorders
1.Biological Perspective: Cognitive disorders caused by the less blood flow to the brain areas or
when there is some clot in the brain can cause cognitive impairment. A variety of other factors like substance intoxication or withdrawal, high
fever, vitamin deficiency can also cause cognitive impairment. 2.Genetic Perspective:
Cognitive disorders can be genetic if a person has a family history of dementia and other cognitive disorders.
3.Other Factors: Other factors such as head injury, trauma, surgery, substance
intoxication can also lead to cognitive impairment.