Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 3 Cognition Chapter 3 Perceptual Processes II: Attention and...
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Transcript of Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 3 Cognition Chapter 3 Perceptual Processes II: Attention and...
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
CognitionCognition
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Perceptual Processes II: Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Attention and
ConsciousnessConsciousness
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
IntroductionIntroduction
attention
top-down and bottom-up processing
attention and visual phenomena
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention Three Kinds of Attention ProcessesProcesses
Divided AttentionDivided Attention trying to pay attention to two or more
simultaneous messages perform two tasks at the same time
Simulated-driving studiesLevy and coauthors (2006)
braking & tone
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention Three Kinds of Attention ProcessesProcesses
Divided AttentionDivided AttentionSimulated-driving studies (continued)
Strayer and colleagues (2003)hands-free cell phones, traffic, braking
inattentional blindness
Wikman and colleagues (1998)experienced drivers vs. novices
Driven to distraction: dual-Task Driven to distraction: dual-Task studies of simulated driving and studies of simulated driving and
conversing on a cellular telephoneconversing on a cellular telephone
Performance was not disrupted by • Listening to radio broadcasts or listening to a book on tape. • A continuous shadowing task using a handheld phone, ruling
out, in this case, dual-task interpretations associated with holding the phone, listening, or speaking,
Significant interference was observed in a word-generation variant of the shadowing task, and this deficit increased with the difficulty of driving.
Unconstrained conversations using either a handheld or a hands-free cell phone resulted in a twofold increase in the failure to detect simulated traffic signals and slower reactions to those signals that were detected.
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Driving Simulator VideosDriving Simulator Videosfrom APPLIED COGNITION LAB at from APPLIED COGNITION LAB at
Univ. of UtahUniv. of Utah
http://www.psych.utah.edu/lab/appliedcognition/news.html
Driving + Phone ConversationDriving + Phone Conversation
Driving + Passenger ConversationDriving + Passenger Conversation
Driving + Text MessagingDriving + Text Messaging
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention Three Kinds of Attention ProcessesProcesses
Selective AttentionSelective Attentionrespond selectively to certain kinds of information, while ignoring other information
people notice little about the irrelevant tasks
Dichotic Listeningone message presented to left ear and a different message presented to right ear
shadow one of the messages
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention Three Kinds of Attention ProcessesProcesses
Selective AttentionSelective AttentionDichotic Listening (continued)
people notice very little about the unattended message
in general, we can process only one message at a time
may process the unattended message when1. both messages are presented slowly
2. the task is not challenging
3. the meaning of the unattended message is relevant
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention Three Kinds of Attention ProcessesProcesses
Selective AttentionSelective AttentionDichotic Listening (continued)
cocktail party effect
Specialized cells that scan relatively long stretches of sound, to pick out a particular
vocal feature, despite all the background noise
tell other brain cells in the area to stay quiet, to stop responding to the background noise
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention Three Kinds of Attention ProcessesProcesses
Selective AttentionSelective AttentionThe Stroop Effect
naming the colors of words
incongruent words vs. colored patches
practice
emotional Stroop task—naming the ink color of words related to a psychological disorder
explanations in terms of PDP and automatic processing
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention Three Kinds of Attention ProcessesProcesses
Selective AttentionSelective AttentionVisual Search
more accurate if the target appears frequently
1. The isolated-feature/combined-feature effectTreisman and Gelade (1980)—searching for blue Xs
2. The feature-present/feature-absent effectTreisman and Souther (1985)—searching for "circle with
the line" or "circle without the line"
Royden and colleagues (2001)—moving vs. stationary targets
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention Three Kinds of Attention ProcessesProcesses
In Depth: Saccadic Eye MovementsIn Depth: Saccadic Eye Movementseye movements during reading
saccadic eye movement
fovea
fixation
perceptual span
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention Three Kinds of Attention ProcessesProcesses
In Depth: Saccadic Eye Movements In Depth: Saccadic Eye Movements (continued)
patterns—blank spaces, short words, highly predictable words, misspellings, unusual words
good readers vs. poor readers—size of saccadic movements, regressions, pauses
meaning of the text—themes, puzzling endings
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Explanations for Explanations for AttentionAttention
Neuroscience Research on AttentionNeuroscience Research on AttentionThe Orienting Attention Network
selecting information from sensory input
visual search
parietal lobe
brain lesions
unilateral neglect
PET scans
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Explanations for Explanations for AttentionAttention
Neuroscience Research on AttentionNeuroscience Research on AttentionThe Executive Attention Network
used when task features conflictinhibiting automatic responses to stimuliStroop tasklistening to words and stating use of each wordtop-down control of attentionacademic learning
The Alerting Attention Network—responsible for sensitivity to new stimuli, alertness, vigilance
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Explanations for Explanations for AttentionAttention
Theories of AttentionTheories of AttentionEarly Theories of Attention
Bottleneck theoriesinformation either passes through bottleneck or is losttoo simpleinformation not lost at just one phase of the attention processattention as many separable processes
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Explanations for Explanations for AttentionAttention
Theories of AttentionTheories of AttentionFeature-Integration Theory (Anne Treisman)
1. The basic elements distributed attention
all parts of the scene processed at the same timeregister features automaticallyparallel processinglow-level processing
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Explanations for Explanations for AttentionAttention
Theories of AttentionTheories of AttentionFeature-Integration Theory (Anne Treisman)
What do we focus on?What do we focus on?
Preattentive Stage: perception of Preattentive Stage: perception of primitives - these are perceived before primitives - these are perceived before the object is recognizedthe object is recognized
CurvatureCurvatureTiltTiltLine endsLine endsMovementMovementColorColorBrightnessBrightnessDirection of illuminationDirection of illumination
What do we focus on?What do we focus on?Preattentive Stage: perception of primitives - Preattentive Stage: perception of primitives -
orientation, contours, curvature, color and orientation, contours, curvature, color and movementmovement
What do we focus on?What do we focus on?Preattentive Stage: perception of primitives - texture Preattentive Stage: perception of primitives - texture
differences produce differences produce ““pop-outpop-out”” boundaries boundaries
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Explanations for AttentionExplanations for Attention
Theories of AttentionTheories of AttentionFeature-Integration Theory (Anne Treisman)
2. Research on the theoryisolated features vs. combined features
distributed attention vs. focused attention
feature-present/feature-absent effect
illusory conjunction—inappropriate combination of features
binding problem
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
Explanations for Explanations for AttentionAttention
Theories of AttentionTheories of AttentionFeature-Integration Theory (Anne Treisman)
3. Current status of the theoryrole of practice
distributed attention can occasionally resemble focused attention
looking for explanations at the cellular level
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
ConsciousnessConsciousness
• the awareness people have about the outside world and about their perceptions, images, thoughts, memories, and feelings
• generally associated with controlled, focused attention that is not automatic
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
ConsciousnessConsciousness
Consciousness About Our Higher Mental Consciousness About Our Higher Mental ProcessesProcesses
Nisbett & Wilson (1977)little direct access to our thought processes
products vs. processes
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
ConsciousnessConsciousness
Consciousness About Our Higher Mental Consciousness About Our Higher Mental ProcessesProcesses
we have only limited access to some thought processes such as:
• whether our attention is drifting• how well we understand something we have read• our awareness of step-by-step procedures in a
motor activity that has become automatic
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
ConsciousnessConsciousness
Thought SuppressionThought Suppressionironic effects of mental controlWegner—Tolstoy's "white bear" taskrebound effect
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
ConsciousnessConsciousness
Individual Differences: Thought Individual Differences: Thought Suppression and Obsessive-Compulsive Suppression and Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderDisorder
obsessioncompulsionobsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)"white bear" task
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3
ConsciousnessConsciousness
BlindsightBlindsightvision without awarenessdamage to visual cortexcan still identify some visual attributes of stimulus
reported as "not seen" (no conscious awareness of object)