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Coffee and elderly

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Introduction The health effects of coffee have been

studied to determine how coffee drinking affects humans. 

The coffee bean itself contains caffeine which are mild psychotropics for humans

These chemicals are toxic in large doses, or even in their normal amount when consumed by many creatures which may otherwise have side effects.

caffeine stimulates the production of cortisone and adrenaline

two stimulating hormones -caffeine dependency and withdrawal symptoms

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 Benefits Reduced risk of Alzheimer's

disease and Dementia Reduced risk of gallstone

disease Reduced risk of Parkinson's

disease Cognitive performance  Analgesic property Antidiabetic Liver protection Cancer Cardioprotective Laxative/diuretic Antioxidant Prevention of dental caries

Adverse effects• Caffeine dependency• Bone density loss• Anxiety and

sleep change• Gastrointestina

l problems• Cholesterol

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Beneficial effects

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Reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and Dementia Several studies comparing moderate coffee drinkers (defined as

3–5 cups per day) with light coffee drinkers (defined as 0–2 cups per day) found that those who drank more coffee were significantly less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease later in life.-caffeine significantly decreased abnormal levels of the protein (beta amyloid protein ) linked to Alzheimer's disease

A longitudinal study in 2009 found that moderate coffee drinkers had reduced risk of developing dementia in addition to Alzheimer's disease

Caffeine consumers did not seem to have lower rates of dementia. -it might be that caffeine could slow the dementia process rather than preventing it

1. Caffeine Reverses Cognitive Impairment and Decreases Brain Amyloid-β Levels in Aged Alzheimer's Disease Mice; Gary W Arendash, Takashi Mori, Chuanhai Cao, Malgorzata Mamcarz, Melissa Runfeldt, Alexander Dickson, Kavon Rezai-Zadeh, Jun Tan, Bruce A Citron, Xiaoyang Lin, Valentina Echeverria, and Huntington Potter; Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, Volume 17:3 (July 2009).

2. Caffeine Suppresses Amyloid-β Levels in Plasma and Brain of Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Mice; Chuanhai Cao, John R Cirrito, Xiaoyang Lin, Lilly Wang, Deborah K Verges, Alexander Dickson, Malgorzata Mamcarz, Chi Zhang, Takashi Mori, Gary W Arendash, David M Holzman, and Huntington Potter; Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, Volume 17:3 (July 2009).

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Reduced risk of gallstone diseaseDrinking caffeinated coffee has

been correlated with a lower incidence of gallstones and gallbladder disease in both men and women in two studies performed by the Harvard School of Public Health

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Reduced risk of Parkinson's diseaseA study comparing heavy coffee

drinkers (3.5 cups a day) with non-drinkers found that the coffee drinkers were significantly less likely to develop Parkinson‘s disease later in life

Likewise, a second study found an inverse relationship between the amount of coffee regularly drank and the likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease

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Cognitive performance

A study published in the August 7, 2007, issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology stated that caffeine is a psychostimulant which appears to reduce cognitive decline in women but not in men-Women may be more sensitive to the effects of caffeine as their bodies may react differently to the stimulant, or they may metabolize caffeine differently.

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Liver protectionCoffee can also reduce the incidence

of cirrhosis of the liver and has been linked to a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

caffeine have potent anti-fibrotic that able to antagonize the Smad pathway (by Gressner and colleagues report published in the Journal of Hepatology)

This preventative effect was only seen in people at higher risk for liver disease due to heavy alcohol intake, being overweight or having diabetes or iron overload.

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Cancer

Coffee consumption is also correlated in Africa to a reduced risk of oral, esophageal, and pharyngeal cancer

In ovarian cancer, no benefit was found. In the Nurses‘ Health Study, a modest reduction in breast

cancer was observed in postmenopausal women only, which was not confirmed in decaffeinated coffee, and a reduction in endometrial cancer was observed in people who drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee.

According to one study, coffee protects the liver cancer. Another preliminary study found a correlation between

coffee consumption and a lower risk of aggressive prostate cancer-coffee has effects on insulin and glucose metabolism as well as sex hormone levels, all of which play a role in prostate cancer.

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CardioprotectiveCoffee moderately reduces the incidence

of dying from cardiovascular disease, according to a large prospective cohort study published in 2008. 

A 2009 prospective study in Japan following nearly 77,000 individuals aged 40 to 79 found that coffee consumption, along with caffeine intake, was associated with a reduced risk of dying from cardiovascular disease.

1. Dórea, J.G. and da Costa, T.H.M. 2005. Review article: Is coffee a functional food? Brit. J. Nutr. 93: 773-782.

2.  Higdon, J.V. and Frei, B. 2006. Coffee and health: A review of recent human research. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 46(2): 101-123

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Laxative/diuretic

Coffee is also a powerful stimulant for peristalsis and is sometimes considered to prevent constipation.-However, coffee can also cause excessively loose bowel movements

Caffeine does not act as a diuretic when consumed in moderation -does not lead to dehydration or to a water-electrolyte imbalance

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Antioxidant

Coffee contains the anticancer compound methylpyridinium. -Methylpyridinium is not present in raw coffee beans but is formed during the roasting process from trigonelline, which is common in raw coffee beans. -It is present in both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, and even in instant coffee.

Research funded by Kraft shows that roast coffee contains more lipophilic antioxidants and chlorogenic acid lactones that is more protective against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in primary neuronal cells

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Prevention of dental caries

The tannins in coffee may reduce the cariogenic potential of foods.

In vitro experiments have shown that these polyphenolic compounds may interfere with glucosyltransferase activity of mutans streptococci, which may reduce plaque formation

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Adverse effects

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Loss of bone densityAccording to a study on osteoporosis,

Rupuri et. al found that that women with homozygous vitamin D receptor taking high caffeine has significantly higher rates of bone loss at spine

However, an editorlial by Linda Massey in the American Journal of clinical nutrition recommend that moderate caffeine intake in elderly women is normal as the VDR genotype theory is not practical to be put in every elderly

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Anxiety and sleep changes

elderly with excessive coffee consumption may develop anxiety and irritability as well as withdrawal symptom.

Coffee can also cause insomnia others than causing narcolepsy

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Gastrointestinal problems

Coffee can damage the lining of the gastrointestinal organs, causing gastritis and ulcers.

The consumption of coffee is therefore not recommended for people with gastritis, colitis, and ulcers

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CholesterolA 2007 study by the Baylor

College of Medicine indicates that cafestol and kahweol, found only in coffee beans, may raise levels of low-density lipoprotein or LDL in humans.

This increase in LDL levels is an indicator that coffee raises cholesterol in the body.

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Conclusions Coffee drinkers gain more

benefitsModerate coffee intake is useful

for elderly in term of reducing risk of Alzheimer disease, dementia, gallstone and preventing cancer.

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Thank you