TO: SIR ASGHAR MALIK

BY:AALIA FERDOUS

ROLL NO#444

M.PHIL(LING) 2ND SEMESTER

Introduction code switiching and code mixing

To Find out code mixing and code switiching devices in THINGS FALL APART

How in Pakistani context such research can be conducted.(Suggestions/Applications)

The use of English, a second language in

Nigeria, as a lingua franca is the result of

British rule. In a complex speech community,

Nigerians communicate in English or in the

indigenous Nigerian languages, depending on

the situation in which they operate at a

particular time. English is employed for formal

occasions while the indigenous languages are

used for informal occasions.

Nigeria has a very complex linguistic system, withmany indigenous languages, various dialects, and theEnglish language. In a multilingual and biculturalsociety, literary artists are constrained in their literaryworks by many problems. One of such problems isthe expression of African/Nigerian culture,experiences and worldview in English the language ofanother culture. Nigerian novelists, like the poets andthe dramatists, create literature deriving fromNigerian background, with varying local situations.To proffer solutions to language problems, thenovelists modify English language and adopt variousstylistic-creative strategies. Among these are code-switching and code-mixing.

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The culture of a people is best expressed and preserved in theirliterature through language. Every culture has its peculiar wayof looking at the general world. Language, culture andliterature areintimately related. To effectively and adequately articulate theNigerian culture in English, the language undergoesstructural adjustments and changes. In the attempts by Nigerianprose writers to adequately cater for the varying localsituations in their works, they employ various stylistic-creativedevices and strategies, among which arecode-switching and code-mixing.The novels under study is THINGS FALL APART by ChinuaAchebe

Code-switching and code-mixing aresociolinguistic phenomena. They are features oflanguage in contact, and the effects ofbilingualism and multilingualism. They arestylistic devices employed by Nigerian novelistsin their attempts to tackle the nagging problemsof language in Nigerian literature. Codeswitching and code mixing are, therefore,aspects of language use in Nigerian prosefiction, and by implication, the Nigerian society.

No similar words in English

Did not know the English word

To fill the gap in speaking

Easier to speak in own language

To avoid misunderstanding

To convey intimacy

So others would not understand (Privacy)

To add emphasis

Chi: personal god. efukfu: worthless man. egwugwu: a masquerader who impersonates one of the ancestral spirits of the village. ekwe: a musical instrument; a type of drum made from wood. eneke-nti-oba: a kind of bird. eze-agadi-nwayi: the teeth of an old woman. iba: fever. ilo: the village green, where assemblies for sports, discussions, etc., take place. inyanga: showing off, bragging. isa-ifi: a ceremony

When they finished, each brought her bowl of foo-foo and bowl of soup to her husband

He still remembered the song: Eze elina, elina!(P.17) Sala

Eze ilikwa ya Ikwaba akwa ogholi Ebe Danda nechi eze Ebe Uzuzu nete egwu Sala(P.18)

He is Okonkwo kpom-kwem, exact, perfect (Things Fall Apart, p.49).

The proper name for a corn-cob with only a fewscattered grains was eze-agadi-nwayi, or the

teeth ofan old woman (Things Fall Apart, p. 25).Where did you bury your iyi-uwa?... You buried

it inthe ground somewhere so that you can die and

returnagain to torment your mother (Things Fall

Apart)1

Dhum!qalander,God will give,Dhum!qalander,God alone

Zindagi hai ya koi tufan haiHum tou is jenay kay hathon mer chalay

Hay,hai,what was it?

Just then the moazzin began to call the evening azaan……………….. (Twilight in Dehli)

Tere liye hi to signal tod-taad keAaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad keHo tere liye hi to signal tod-taad keAaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad ke

Ho teri aankh da ishaara mujhe fraud lageTu to majnu aawara by God lage..Kasmein waade kha keApni pocket money bachaa keAaya tere liye paise-vaise jod-jaad ke..Ghar waalon ko bhi bye-shaaye bol-baal keAaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad keTere liye hi to signal tod-taad keAaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad ke

Shining in the shade in sun like A pearl upon the ocean Come on feel me Come on heal me..

Hua jo tubhi mera mera Tera jo ikraar hua To kyun na main bhi keh doon keh doon Hua mujhe bhi pyaar hua Tera hone laga hoon, khone laga hoon Jab se mila hoon Tera hone laga hoon, khone laga hoon Jab se mila hoon

Shining in the shade in sun like A pearl upon the ocean Come and feel me.. How feel me

In Pakistani context where different languages are used,code mixing and code switiching are frequently practiced phenomenon in our news papers, short stories, media print / electronic. Suggested research can be conducted in all these areas

Code switiching and code mixing in Mediacode switiching and code mixing in classroom

instructions