CODE -MIXING USED BY INDONESIA N MARINE … Mixing and Code Switching ... seven reasons stated by...

CODE-MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE AFFAIRS

AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS SEEN IN

MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

By

DWI RATNASARI LEWI

Student Number: 104214056

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2016

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

By

DWI RATNASARI LEWI

Student Number: 104214056

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2016


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iv


v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any university, and that, to the best of my

knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by

any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the

undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, July 21, 2016

Dwi Ratnasari Lewi


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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI

KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertandatangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Dwi Ratnasari Lewi

Nomor Mahasiswa : 104214056

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul




Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan

data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya

maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya

sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal, 25 Juli 2016

Yang menyatakan,

Dwi Ratnasari Lewi


vii

Just because you took longer than others,

doesn’t mean you failed.

Anonymous


viii

Dedicated to

My beloved Parents, Brothers,

and Friends,

for the support and prayers; thank you!!!


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty God, Allah SWT for the blessing

during the completion of this thesis, as a requirement to obtain the degree of

Sarjana Sastra in English Letter, Sanata Dharma University.

I sincerely thank and appreciate my advisor Anna Fitriati S.Pd.,M.Hum.

for her guidance, advice, and support. I am so thankful for her patience and

suggestion during my thesis writing. I would like to thank my co-advisor Dr. Fr.

B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A for the correction and suggestion so that I could finally finish

my thesis.

My greatest gratitude goes to my beloved parents, Lewi S.P. and Amin

Munjaroah, for everlasting love, care, support, and prayer. Also, to my lovely

brothers, Eko Diliyanto Lewi S.Kom. and Januar Tri Saputra Lewi, I would like to

say thank their support and prayer for me.

I would like to thank all lecturers and staff of English Letters Department,

B-10 Sasing, English Letters 2010, the members of UKM Mapasadha (whom I

cannot mention one by one), Luisa Dian Arvina, Insan Jati Nirmala, and Dara

Kurniawati, for their care and support. Special thanks go to Riki Riandy, Dona

Windasari, and Jeanne Maria Pingkan Hapsari who always support me during the

completion of this thesis.

Dwi Ratnasari Lewi


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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii

APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .... v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................... vi

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... x

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study .............................................................................. 1

B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................... 3

C. Objective of the Study .................................................................................. 3

D. Definition of Term ....................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................................... 5

B. Review of Related Theories ......................................................................... 7

1. Bilingualism ........................................................................................... 7

2. Code Mixing and Code Switching ......................................................... 8

3. Borrowing ............................................................................................ 10

4. Types of Code Mixing ......................................................................... 12

a. Unit Insertion ................................................................................. 12

b. Unit Hybridization ......................................................................... 12

c. Sentence Insertion .......................................................................... 13

d. Idiom and Collocation Insertion..................................................... 13

e. Reduplication ................................................................................. 14

5. Reasons for Code Mixing .................................................................... 14

a. Talking about Particular Topic....................................................... 14

b. Quoting Somebody Else ................................................................. 15

c. Being Emphatic about Something .................................................. 15

d. Repetition for Clarification ............................................................ 16

e. Express Group Identity .................................................................. 16

f. Interjection ..................................................................................... 17

g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor ........................ 18

C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study..................................................................................... 20

B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................... 20

C. Method of the Study ................................................................................... 21


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1. Data Collection..................................................................................... 21

2. Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS

A. The Types of Code Mixing ........................................................................ 23

1. Unit Insertion ....................................................................................... 24

2. Unit Hybridization ............................................................................... 31

3. Sentence Insertion ................................................................................ 33

4. Idiom and Collocation Insertion........................................................... 34

5. Reduplication ....................................................................................... 35

B. The Reason of Using Code Mixing ............................................................ 36

1. Talking about Particular Topic............................................................. 36

2. Quoting Somebody Else ....................................................................... 38

3. Being Emphatic about Something ........................................................ 40

4. Repetition for Clarification .................................................................. 41

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 43

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 45

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Types of Code Mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata

NajwaFebruary 11, 2015 ...................................................................... 48

Appendix 2: Reasons of Code Mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in

Mata NajwaFebruary 11, 2015 ......................................................................... 62


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ABSTRACT

LEWI, DWI RATNASARI. Code Mixing Used by Indonesian Marine Affairs

and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti As Seen in Mata Najwa February 11,

2015. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata

Dharma University, 2016.

English is a world language that is learned and spoken internationally. In

Indonesia, English is still a foreign language. However, some Indonesians master

English and use English as the second language. The ability of speaking English

enriches their communication skills and reveals bilingualism or multilingualism in

the society. The fact is the ability of speaking more than one language allows

people to mix the codes whenever they speak. The phenomenon of using two or

more codes in the same sentence is called code mixing. Based on this background,

this research aims to analyze the code mixing used by Indonesian Fishery Minister

Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa talk show February 11, 2015. Susi

Pudjiastuti is the Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister of Indonesia since 2014.

Though she just graduated from Junior High School, since she loves reading, Susi

Pudjiastuti can speak English well and master English

There are two problems to be answered in this research. They are: (1)

What types of code mixing are used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa

February 11, 2015; (2) What are the reasons of code mixing used by Susi

Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. The objectives of this

research are to identify the types and to identify the reason of code mixing used by

Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015.

This research used the data taken from Mata Najwa talk show. The writer

only listed the utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti that contain code mixing.

After finding all of data that contain code mixing, the writer categorized each of

the code mixing based on the types of code mixing according to Kachru’s theory

(1982) and the reasons of code mixing according to Hoffmann’s theory (1991).

The result of the research shows that there are 176 utterances that contain

code mixing. The writer found that there are five types of code mixing that

occurred in the utterances, namely unit Insertion (72.37%), sentence insertion

(11.85%), unit hybridization (5.26%), idiom and collocation insertion (5.26%),

and reduplication (5.26%). The writer also found the reasons of code mixing used

by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa talk show February 11, 2015. From

seven reasons stated by Hoffman, the writer only found four reasons that were

observed in the utterances, namely talking about particular topic (69.73%), being

emphatic about something (19.73%), quoting somebody else (5.27%), and

repeating word used for clarification (5.27%).


xiii

ABSTRAK

LEWI, DWI RATNASARI. Code Mixing Used by Indonesian Marine Affairs

and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti As Seen in Mata Najwa February 11,

2015. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas

Sanata Dharma, 2016.

Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa global yang dipelajari dan digunakan

dalam skala internasional. Di Indonesia, status bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa

asing. Walaupun demikian, ada sebagian masyarakat Indonesia yang menguasai

bahasa Inggris dan mmenggunakannya sebagai bahasa kedua. Kemampuan

berbicara bahsa Inggris memperkaya penguasaan bahasa seseorang dan

menyebabkan bilingualism dan multilingualisne dalam masyarakat. Faktanya,

kemampuan untuk menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa memungkinkan seseorang

untuk mencampurkan beberapa bahasa ketika berbicara. Fenomena penggunaan

dua bahasa atau lebih secara bersamaan disebut campur code (code mixing).

Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa

campur kode yang digunakan oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show

pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015. Susi Pudjiastuti merupakan Menteri Kelautan dan

Perikanan Indonesia sejak 2014. Meskipun Susi Pudjiastuti merupakan lulusan

Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP), karena kecintaanya membaca, Susi

Pudjiastuti dapat menguasai dan berbicara bahasa inggris dengan baik.

Ada dua permasalahan yang harus dijawab dalam penelitian ini, yaitu: (1)

Apa tipe campur kode yang digunalkan Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk

show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015?; (2) Apa alasan penggunaan campur kode

oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari

2015? Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tipe-tipe dan

alasan penggunaan campur kode oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk

show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015.

Penelitian ini menggunakan data yang diambil dari Mata Najwa talk show.

Penulis hanya mengumpulkan data berupa ucapan-ucapan Susi Pudjiastuti yang

memuat campur kode. Setelah mengumpulkan semua data yang memuat campur

kode, penulis mengklasifikasikan data berdasarkan tipe menurut teori Kachru dan

alasan penggunaan campur kode berdasarkan teori Hoffmann.

Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada 176 ucapan yang

memuat campur kode. Penulis menemukan bahwa ada lima tipe campur kode

yang digunakan, yakni penyisipan unit (72.37%), penyisipan kalimat (11.85%),

hibridasi unit (5.26%), penyisipan idiom dan kolokasi (5.26%), dan reduplikasi

(5.26%). Penulis juga menemukan alasan penggunaan campur kode oleh Susi

Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2011. Dari

tujuh alasan yang dikemukakan Hoffmann, penulis hanya menemukan empat

alasan saja, yakni alasan membicarakan suatu topik (69.73%), rasa empati

terhadap sesuatu (19.73%), mengutip pernyataan orang lain (5.27%), dan

pengulangan kata yang digunakan untuk klarifikasi (5.27%).


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study.

English is a world language that is learned and spoken internationally.

English as a world language is not only characterized by the number of its native

and second language speakers, but also its geographical distribution and in

diplomatic relation. As stated by Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable in “A

History of the English Language”:

The number of speakers who have acquired English as a second language

with near native fluency is estimated to be between 350 and 400 million. If

we add to first and second language speakers those who know enough

English to use it more or less effectively as a foreign language, the

estimates for the total number of speakers range between one and one and

a half billion (2002: 5).

Though in Indonesia English is still a foreign language, some people

master English and use English as the second language. Since people begin to

aware of the importance of English, more people nowadays try to learn and

introduce English to children earlier than several years ago. The ability of

speaking English helps people to speak effectively with people around the worlds.

As stated by Burton;

Language is fundamentally social – it’s one of the most important tools

that human beings have to interact each other. Language not only

communicates thought and ideas, it also communicates which part of

society a person belongs to (Burton, 2012:152).

Indonesian people actually speak Indonesian as the national language and

some of them also master their local language. The ability of


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speaking English enriches their language and reveals bilingualism and

multilingualism in the society. Bilingualism in the individual results from a

person’s contact with two (or more) languages. Multilingualism comes about

when speakers of different languages are brought together within the same

political entity(Hoffman, 1991:157).The fact is the ability of speaking more than

one language not only reveals bilingualism and multilingualism, but also allows

people to mix the codes whenever they speak. The phenomenon of using two or

more codes in the same topic is called code mixing. As stated by Wardaugh, code

mixing occurs when a conversant uses both languages together to the extent that

they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance

(Wardaugh, 1992:106). From the definition, it can be concluded that code mixing

occurs to people who master more than one language and mix the codes in the

conversations.

Code mixing is commonly found in bilingual and multilingual

communities. Code mixing not only occurs in formal and non-formal speech but

also in written texts such as magazines, tabloids, newspapers, and so on. In an

informal conversation code mixing can occur quite frequently. As stated by

Hoffmann:

Children tend to mix more if they are frequently exposed to mixed speech.

And both children and adults appear to mix and switch more when they are

in each other’s company than when talking to monolinguals – indeed, they

may well have their reasons for such linguistic behavior, such as signaling

group identity to outsiders or solidarity to other group members, or

expressing a shared experience (Hoffman, 1991:95).

On the other hand, in a formal speech situation code mixing can occur less

frequently because of the factors relating to prestige, language loyalty, and


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formality. Related to this study, code mixing becomes an interesting topic to be

discussed because code mixing represents phenomenon of language in the society.

This study is focused in the using of code mixing in a talk show as a semi-formal

situation. Then, the data have been collected from the utterances included code

mixing used by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti

as seen in Mata Najwa talk show.

B. Problem Formulation

1. What types of code mixing are used by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery

Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11,

2015?

2. What are the reasons of code mixing used by Indonesia’s Marine and

Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February

11, 2015?

C. Objectives of the Study

This research has two objectives of the study. The first objective of the

study is to identify the types of code mixing used by Indonesia’s Marine and

Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11,

2015. The second objective is to identify the reason of using of code mixing used

by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in

Mata Najwa February 11, 2015.


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D. Definition of Terms

In order to support this study, there are some terms related to the topic:

1. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between society and

language. (O’Grady 2010:485)

2. Code is a system used for communication between two or more parties

(Wardaugh, 1992:103). According to Finch, code is human language.

Code is basically a sign system, and using it to refer to language entails the

recognition that words signs (Finch, 2000:209).

3. Code-mixing occurs when conversant uses both languages together to the

extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a

single utterance (Wardaugh, 1992:106).

4. Mata Najwa is a semi-formal talk show aired on Metro TV. This program

is hosted by a senior journalist, Najwa Shihab. Mata Najwa is one of best

programs on Metro TV, which consistently presents the best topics and

guests.

5. Susi Pudjiastuti is the Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister of Indonesia

since 2014. Before she became a minister, she has become a successful

business woman in the fishery sector who started her business from zero.

Though she just graduated from Junior High School, since she loves

reading, Susi Pudjiastuti can speak English well and master English

(https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2014/10/29/215617830/susi-doyan-baca-

novel-supaya-fasih-bahasa-inggris).


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter consists of three important parts: a review of related studies,

review of related theories, and theoretical framework. A review of related studies

discusses two previous studies which have similar topic with this research.

Review of related theories consists of several theories applied in this research. The

last part is theoretical framework which elaborates the theories to accomplish this

research.

A. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

1. English – Indonesia Code-Mixing Used by Indonesian Twitter Users as

Seen Through Their Tweets (Rinakit, 2012)

This undergraduate thesis discusses the code mixing used in Twitter.

Rinakit sees that the ability of speaking more than one language in Indonesia

influences not only in oral communication, but also in written communication.

Twitter is one of popular media used for communication. As a tool of

communication, the writer found that many Indonesian Twitter users do code

mixing in their tweets. Rinakit‟s study was to find out the types of code mixing

and the possible reasons of using code mixing. She collected 100 tweets and

concluded that there are five types of code mixing namely insertion, unit insertion,

idiom and collocation insertion, unit hybridization, and reduplication. Besides,

there are also seven possible reasons of using code mixing, showing habitual

experience, talking about particular topic, showing mood of the speaker,


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emphasizing a point, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something and

showing the speaker‟s desire to be well understood, and other reasons.

2. The Possible Reasons and the Readers‟ Opinion on a Code Switching

Phenomenon in Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine (Hastoro, 2010)

This undergraduate thesis discusses code switching in Cosmogirl

Indonesia magazine. The writer sees that magazines have an important role as a

media to receive information. In presenting information, there is a possibility to

include code switching from another language, in this case English (2010:4). The

phenomena of code switching in the magazine became the reason of the writer to

find out the possible reasons of using code switching and the readers‟ opinion

about code switching. The result of the study shows that there are seven reasons of

using code switching, they are to show lack of facility, to show lack of register, to

show mood of the speaker, to emphasize a point, to show habitual experience, to

show identity with a group, and to attract attention. The writer also found that

there are advantages and disadvantages on the use of code switching collected

from the readers‟ opinion. The advantage is to support the English language

development, while the disadvantage is to reduce the familiarity of certain words

in Indonesian.

Actually, this present thesis has the same topic with the first previous

study, which is to find out the types code mixing and possible reasons of using

code mixing. The differences can be seen on the data and theories used the thesis.

Both Rinakit‟s and Hastoro‟s thesis uses written text as the data, while this present


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thesis used the utterances spoken by Indonesia‟s Marine and Fishery Affairs

Minister Susi Pudjiastuti in Mata Najwa.

B. REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES

1. Bilingualism

Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages. According to

Weinreich (1968: 1), the practice of alternately using two languages will be called

bilingualism, and the person involved, bilingual (Hoffman, 1991: 15). Spolsky

stated that the simplest definition of a bilingual is a person who has some

functional abilities in a second language (2010: 45). Since there are many

languages in the world, the ability to speak more than one language becomes a

common phenomenon. As stated by Wardhaugh:

In many parts of the world it is just normal requirement of daily living that

people speak several languages: perhaps one or more at home, another in

the village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another contact with

the outside world of wider social or political organization (Wardhaugh,

1992: 98).

Dealing with the bilingualism, the ability to speak more than one language

causes the mixing of languages in conversation. This phenomenon is known as

code-mixing or the process of mixing two or more codes. However, code mixing

and bilingualism are related to each other, as stated by Cantone:

Language mixing is said to occur when the bilingual as in a bilingual

situation, hence when interacting with other bilinguals. In this situation,

both languages will be fully activated and will therefore lead to language

mixing, for example, code-switching, or borrowing (2007: 55).


8

However, that statement is also proved by Hamers & Blanc that

bilingualism refers equally to the state of a linguistic community in which two

languages are in contact with the result that two codes can be used in the same

interaction (1989:6).

2. Code Mixing and Code Switching

Code is particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any

occasion, a system used for communication between two or more parties

(Wardhaugh, 1992: 103). Code is a system of speech used to deliver the message

from one speaker to other speaker(s). The use of code is related to the background

of the speaker, the relation of the speaker to address and the situation.

Bilinguals can actually choose the code they want to use. This situation,

then, allows people to shift from one code to another at the same time. The

switches and mixes of code in conversation come up because of the ability to use

more than one code. Wardaugh stated that people are usually required to select a

particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to

switch from one code to another or to mix codes even within sometimes very

short utterance (2010: 98).

Dealing with code switching and code mixing, people sometimes got

confused with how to differentiate both of them. Code switching involves the

alternate use of two languages or linguistics varieties within the same utterance or

during the same conversation (Hoffman, 1991: 110). According to Wardhaugh,

there are two kinds of code switching (or code mixing): situational and

metaphorical.


9

Situational code switching occurs when the language used change

according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves: they

speak one language in one situation and another in different one. No topic

change is involved. When a change topic requires a change in the language

used we have metaphorical code switching (Wardhaugh, 1992: 106).

Redlinger and Park (1980: 339) wrote: language mixing refers to the combining of

elements from two languages in a single utterance (Hoffman, 1991: 105). Those

theories show that both of code mixing and code switching has the same concept.

The use of code switching in a conversation sometimes requires the use of code

mixing. This statement is also proved by Hoffman, switches occurring at the

lexical level within a sentence (intra-sentential switches) are referred to as „code-

mixes‟ and „code-mixing‟ (1991: 104).

McLaughlin (1984) also emphasizes the distinction between mixing and

switching by referring to code-switches as language changes occurring across

phrase and sentence boundaries, whereas code-mixes take place within sentence

and usually involve single lexical items (Hoffman, 1991: 110). According to

Holmes, some people call the kind of rapid switching as code mixing, but he

prefers the term metaphorical switching. Holmes on his book an Introduction to

Sociolinguistics also stated:

Code mixing suggests the speaker is mixing codes indiscriminately or

perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switches are very well-

motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meanings of the two codes

(2001: 42).

According to Holmes, code mixing occurs because of the incompetence of the

speaker or, because the speaker masters more than one language, the speaker

mixes two or more codes randomly. Code switching occurs because the speaker


10

requires good control of both codes. By switching two or more codes, the speaker

conveys affective meaning as well as information.

As stated before, the phenomenon of code mixing is the result of

bilingualism occurs in society. The ability to speak more than one language

influences the way people to communicate to each other. The code that is used by

the speaker depends on some factors, such as participant, topic, or place. Hoffman

stated that:

In an informal speech conversation between people who are familiar with

each other and have a shared educational ethnic and social-economic

background, code switching can occur quite frequently. On the other hand,

in a formal speech situation between persons who have little in common

code-switches may be avoided because factors relating to prestige,

language loyality and formality influence the language behavior in such a

way as to concentrate the mind of the speaker on trying to approximate or

keep to monolingual standards (1991: 113).

3. Borrowing

Code mixing is different with borrowing. According to Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary borrowing word or loan word is a word from another

language used in its original form (2010: 905). Borrowing contains a restricted set

of expression and practically represents vocabulary and grammar of other

language. As stated in Introduction to Bilingualism, Grosjean (1982) uses the term

“language borrowing” to refer to terms that have passed from one language to

another and have come to be used even by monolinguals (Hoffmann, 1991: 102).

Here are some example given by Grosjean (1982: 308) to illustrate the difference

between code mixing and borrowing:


11

a. „ça m‟ étonnerait qu‟on ait code-switched autant que ça‟

b. „ça m‟ étonnerait qu‟on ait code-switché autant que ça‟

(Hoffmann, 1991: 111-112)

Both sentences have the same meaning; I can‟t believe that we code switched as

often as that. As stated in Introduction to Bilingualism, Grosjean stated that

borrowing involves morphological adoption, while code switching (or code

mixing does not (Hoffmann, 1991: 111). The first sentence contains code mixing

because the word code-switched used the past participle of English language,

while the second sentence contains borrowing because it is adapted from French.

To define whether it is code mixing or borrowing word, it depends on the

main language used by the speaker. For example;

Aku membeli radio baru minggu lalu.

(I bought a new radio last week.)

The example shows that it uses Indonesian as the main language. If the example is

a written sentence, it does not contain code mixing because radio is an Indonesian

word. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia also proves that the word radio is an

Indonesian word. Though the word radio is not classified as code mixing, it can

be classified as a borrowing word which is borrowed from English. If the example

is an utterance, it depends on how the speaker pronounced the word radio. If the

speaker pronounced it as /ra·dio/, it means the speaker used Indonesian. If the

speaker pronounced it as /ˈ reɪ dɪ əʊ /, it means the speaker mixed the utterance

with English word. Though in English the word radio is a borrowing word, since


12

the speaker used Indonesian as the main language, the word radio is classified as a

code mixing.

4. Types of Code Mixing

This research uses five types of code mixing from Kachru‟s theory as seen

in The Bilingual’s Linguistics Repertoire. According to Kachru there are five

types of code mixing namely unit insertion, unit hybridization, sentence insertion,

idiom and collocation insertion, and reduplication.

a. Unit Insertion

Unit insertion means the insertion of word, phrase, or dependent clause

from different language in single utterance. Here are the examples of unit

insertion taken from Redlinger and Park (1980: 340) and Pfaff (1979):

An English-German bilingual:

And the forggie‟s getting nass.

(And the forggie‟s getting wet.)

(Hoffman, 1991: 106)

A Spanish-English bilingual:

Estaba training para pelear.

(He was training to fight.)

(Wardaugh, 1992: 108)

b. Unit Hybridization

As stated in Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, hybrid means a

something that is the product of mixing two or more different things (2010: 764).

Unit hybridization means the mixing of two language in a single word, for


13

example the mixing of a word from one language with suffix from another

language as shown below:

Aku beli HP pavilion mx50, walau processor-nya Celeron 766 tapi

spesifikasinya bagus.

(I bought HP pavilion mx50, eventhough the processor is Celeron 766, the

specification is good.)

(Rinakit, 2012: 12)

This example contains the unit hybridization which the word “processor” is

combined with Indonesian suffix –nya. The example shows that the speaker mixes

the English and Indonesian codes without the changing the meaning of the

sentence.

c. Sentence Insertion

Sentence insertion means inserting the sentences from different language

in the utterance. According to Kachru, it refers to an insertion of a sentence from

another language into the language base of the discourse (1982: 39). Here is the

example taken from Valdes Fallis (1982: 220):

A Spanish-English bilingual:

„I started going to like this. Y luego decia (and then he said), look at the

smoke coming out of my fingers.‟

(Hoffman, 1991: 111)

d. Idiom and Collocation Insertion

Idiom is a group of words whose meaning is different from the meaning of

the individual words (Hornby, 2010: 771). According to Brown and Attardo

(2000: 30), collocation is the way that two or more words are associated, for


14

examples “bread and butter, get away with murder, salt and pepper” (Rinakit,

2012: 13). There are examples of idiom and collocation insertion:

Kita harus menunggu at least satu jam lagi.

(We have to wait at least an hour.)

Itu adalah the biggest mistake yang pernah ku lakukan.

It was the biggest mistake I that ever did

e. Reduplication

Reduplication means repeating the word, phrase or sentence by using

different code without changes the meaning. There is an example of reduplication

in a sentence:

Thank you, terima kasih atas bantuannya.

(Thank you, thank you for your helps.)

The italic word has the same meaning with the word terima kasih. The speaker

mixes the languages by using the different word which has same meaning.

5. Reasons for Code Mixing

According to Hoffman (1991:115-116), there are several reasons of using

code mixing that are described as follows:

a. Talking about Particular Topic

People prefer to talk about particular topic using language(s) they

mastered. Sometimes, people switch the language because of the lack of


15

competence; they cannot find an appropriate word in that language so they use

another language to deliver the message. As stated by Hoffman:

Talking about particular topic may cause a switch, either because of lack

of facility in the relevant register or because certain items trigger off

various connotations which are linked to experiences in a particular

language (1991:115).

Here is an example taken from Grosjean (1982):

A French-English bilingual:

„Va chercher Marc (go and fetch Marc) and bribe him avec un chocolat

chaud (with a hot chocholate) with cream on top.‟

(Hoffman, 1991: 111)

b. Quoting Somebody Else

In this case, code mixing is used to quote somebody else‟s statement.

People sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well-

known figures. The quotation can be words, phrases, sentences or utterances. Here

is the example of quotation taken from Calsamiglia and Tuson (1984:115):

An adult Spanish-Catalan bilingual:

„… y si dices “perdon” en castellano, se te vuelve la mujer y te dice:‟ („…

and if you say “sorry” in Castilan Spanish, the lady turns to you and

says:‟)

„en catala‟ („in Catalan!‟)

(Hoffman, 1991: 112)

c. Being Emphatic about Something

In some cases, code mixing is used when the speaker wants to be emphatic

about something or expressing something forcibly and clearly. People often

intentionally or unintentionally use code mixing by switching from the one


16

language to another language to be emphatic about something. Here is the

example taken from Ibid (115):

A Spanish-Catalan bilingual:

„Hay cuatro sillas rotas y‟ („There are four brouken chair and‟)

Prou!‟ („that‟s enough!‟)

(Hoffman, 1991: 112)

The italic word shows that the speaker switches the language to show the

emphatic utterance. The speaker shows the strong expression to emphasize the

important point of the sentence.

d. Repetition Used for Clarification

As stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, repetition is the fact

of doing or saying the same thing many times. (Hornby, 2010:1294) Repetition is

used to clarify someone‟s speech so the listener will be more understand the

utterances. The example is taken from Silva-Corvalan (1989: 181):

An adult Spanish-English bilingual:

„Tenia zapatos blancos, un poco, they were off-white, you know.‟

(Hoffman, 1991: 112)

e. Express Group Identity

Code mixing can also be used to express group identity and solidarity with such a

group. In some cases, in order to be accepted in a particular group, speakers have

to switch the language. Hewitt (1982) indicates that even members of majority

groups (in this case, young whites in London) may switch (into Jamaican Creole)

in order to be accepted by particular group (cited by Hoffman, 1991: 116).Hewitt


17

stated that for the white boys, creole signifies toughness, street credibility and

adolescent solidarity. Here the example given by Hewitt (1968: 94) which shows

white working-class teenagers in south London mixes the languages by using

London Jamaican Creole:

White boy: Oh Royston, ya goin‟ football on Saturday?

Black boy: Mi na go football! Who for?

White boy: Check some gyal later.

Black boy: Na. Mi wan check gyal now.

White boy: Rasschlaht! Fink ya bent.

(Maybin, 2005: 24)

f. Interjection

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, interjection means a

short sound, word or phrase spoken suddenly to express an emotion, such as Oh!,

Look out!, Ow!, Oops! (Hornby, 2010:814). Here is the example of interjection

taken from Silva-Corvalan (1989: 185):

An adult Spanish-American English speaker:

„...Oh! Ay! It was embarrasing! It was very nice, though, but I was

embarrased.‟

(Hoffman, 1991: 112)

From the example we can see that „Ay!‟ is an expression that has no grammatical

meaning in the sentence. Though interjection has no grammatical value, people

use them quite often. It might be because interjections are kind of expression to

convey surprise, to show a strong emotion, or to gain attention.


18

g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor

In a conversation between two or more bilinguals, there must be a lot of

code mixing occurred. The code mixing not only occurs in a conversation as a

single word, idiom, or sentence, but also at phonological level. Hoffman gives an

example of conversation when the speaker changes the pronunciation:

Cristina (4:0): (introducing her younger brother to a new friend of hers.)

„This is Pascal‟ [paskwal]

Friend: „What‟s his name?‟ (i.e she didn‟t catch it)

Cristina: „Pascual!‟ [pəskwæɫ ]

Friend: „Oh…‟

(Hoffman, 1991: 112)

On the example above, the first speaker changes Pascal into Spanish

pronunciation; the vowel sounds from [a] to „schwa‟ or [ə] and also [a] into [æ].

Hoffman explain that the consonants also change from initial unaspirated to

aspirated [ph] and from non-velarized to velarized [ɫ ], to follow a more English

pattern. (Hoffman, 1991: 112)

C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The Kachru‟s theory about the types of code mixing and Hoffman‟s theory

about the reason for code mixing are the basic understanding to the topic being

discussed in this study. Those theories are needed to answer the problems of this

study to find out the types and the reason of code mixing spoken by Indonesian

Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa

February 11, 2015.


19

In answering the first problem, the writer will use the Kachru‟s theory about the

types of code mixing. According to Kachru, there are five types of code mixing;

they are unit insertion, unit hybridization, sentence insertion, idiom and

collocation insertion, and reduplication. To answer the second problem, the writer

will use Hoffman‟s theory about the reason of using code mixing. According to

Hoffman, there are seven reasons of using code mixing; talking about particular

topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something, repeating words

used for clarification, expressing solidarity, showing emphatic, and clarifying the

speech content for the interlocutor.


20

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology used in this research. The writer

used certain methodology to conduct this study, and this chapter provides the

object of the study, the approach of the study and the description of the procedures

used in data collection and data analysis.

A. OBJECT OF THE STUDY

The object of this study are the utterances consist of code mixing. As

mentioned previously, this study analyzed the use of code mixing in the utterances

spoken by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as

seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. By collecting all the utterances spoken by

Susi Pudjiastuti consisting code mixing, the writer classified the data into the table

to find the reasons of using code mixing and the types of code mixing.

B. APPROACH OF THE STUDY

In this research the writer used a sociolinguistics approach. The writer

chose sociolinguistics approach because this approach is appropriate with the

topic of the research. As mentioned previously, the topic of this research is about

code mixing. Since code mixing is used in communication, the approach of this

study belongs to sociolinguistics approach. Based on the statement given by

Holmes, sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and

the context in which it is used (2001:1). Sociolinguistics not only discusses


21

language, but also discusses and learns it relation with the society or community.

In other words, sociolinguistics is the study of the ways people use language in

social interaction. As stated by Spolsky:

Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and

society, between the use of language and the social structures in which the

users of language live. It is a field of study that assumes that human

society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which

are linguistics (2010:3).

Based on the explanation above, the writer used sociolinguistics approach

because sociolinguistics is a study of language in society. Besides, code of

language is one of linguistics scopes of studies. Dealing with this research, this

approach supports the writer to answer the problems stated in problem

formulation.

C. Method of the Study

This section consists of two parts, namely data collection and data

analysis. Data collection explains how data are collected and organized, and data

analysis presents the analysis of the data to reveal the answer for the problem

formulation.

1. Data Collection

This study used the data taken from Mata Najwa talk show. There were

some steps to do this research. The first step is the writer downloaded the video

from youtube.com. Then, the writer made the transcript of the talks show. There

were four speakers in the talks show, namely Najwa Shihab, Susi Pudjiastuti, Riza

Damanik, and Captain Samson, but the writer only focused in Susi Pudjiastuti


22

which means the writer only listed the utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti that

contain code mixing. The writer limited the data and chose only some appropriate

data to be analyzed. Finally, After collecting the data, the writer divided the data

into two tables, the first table was for the types of code mixing and the second

table was for the reasons of code mixing.

2. Data Analysis

This part presents the analysis of the data. The writer categorized the

collected data and made the descriptive analysis to check the result of the data

collection. Firstly, data were classified into the types of code mixing and the

reasons of code mixing. Then the writer summarized and explained the analysis

about the type and the reasons of code mixingspoken by Susi Pudjiastuti based on

the Kachru’s dan Hoffmann’s theory. On the next chapter, the writer provided

some examples to represent the data. By categorizing each of the code mixing, the

writer was able to answer questions stated in problem formulation. The sample

data were used to describe each type and reason of code mixing.

To simplify the analysis of the data, the writer made the numbering of the

data. The data were presented like A/DN-15, which means Appendix 1, Data

Number 15, or B/DN-15, which means Appendix 2, Data Number 15. Appendix 1

presents the types of code mixing, while appendix 2 presents the reasons of code

mixing.


23

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter discusses the results of the research. This chapter consists of

two sections, namely the types of code mixing and the reasons of code mixing

occurrence in the utterances used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries

Minister Susi Pudjiastuti in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. By collecting the

utterances, the writer finally found 76 data containing code mixing. Here, the

writer will display some examples taken from the data to explain the types and

reasons of code mixing.

I. THE TYPES OF CODE MIXING

In this research, the writer classified the data based on Kachru’s theory.

According to Kachru (1982), there are five types of code mixing, namely Unit

Insertion, Unit Hybridization, Sentence Insertion, Idiom and Collocation

Insertion, and Reduplication. Here are the data of the types of code mixing:

Type Number Percentage

UI Unit Insertion 56 73.69%

UH Unit Hybridization 4 5.26%

SI Sentence Insertion 9 11.85%

IC Idiom and Collocation

Insertion 4 5.26%

R Reduplication 3 3.94%

Total 76 100%


24

1. Unit Insertion

According to Kachru, unit insertion means the insertion of word, phrase, or

dependent clause from different language in single utterance. In this research, the

writer found that 56 data (73.69%) are unit insertion code mixing. These are some

examples of unit insertion found in utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen

in Mata Najwa talk show displayed in the following analysis.

a. Word

Based on the data finding, the writer has classified the data based on the part

of speech (noun, verb, adjective, and adverb form). Here are some examples that

contain unit insertion.

1.) Noun

After collecting the data of unit insertion, the writer has found 26 utterances

that contain the noun insertion forms. In this part, the writer gives some examples

that represent the data.

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-25 Di negeri ini yang ada adalah

agent - agent, ada yang tertulis

clear dan mengaku ini milik -

milik saya, ada yang tidak, ada

yang on the background.

A/DN-61 Ya, 12 jam itu juga banyak

stakeholder yang demo - demo

juga pada duduk diatas, tapi

akhirnya semua diam juga sih,

nggak rame.


25

These examples show that the speaker mixed English language in the

utterances. In the first example (A/DN-25), the word agent - agent means agents.

The reduplication occurs because of the influence of the speaker’s background. In

Indonesian, the plural noun is formed by reduplicating the noun, for example,

murid - murid (students), while in English the plural noun is formed by adding –s

or –es.

In the second example (A/DN-61), the speaker also uses the noun form

stakeholder in the sentence as the subject. The sentence occurs when Susi

Pudjiastuti talked about the stakeholders who also attended Peoples’

Representative meeting. The word stakeholder is formed as singular, since the

speaker add the word banyak (some) the meaning becomes plural.

2.) Verb

Verb is a word that expresses an action. Based on the data, the writer also

found utterances that contain verb. Here are some examples to represent the data.


A/DN-3 Kalau sampai tertangkap saya

akan lakukan ini, dan itu sudah

clear dengan mereka semua dan

mereka juga ada yang bahas akan

announce di negerinya, duta besar

juga yang bilang akan educate

nelayan - nelayannya.

A/DN-66 Saya selama ini tidak

mendapatkan kesulitan dan saya

pikir beliau orang yang giving

orang yang dia percaya itu untuk

execute sesuai dengan mau kita.


26

The first data (A/DN-3) shows that the speaker mixed two codes by

inserting the verb announce in the utterance. Announce is a verb which means an

activity to tell people something officially, especially about decision, plans, etc

(Hornby: 2010: 52). The same case can also be seen in the second data (A/DN-

66), that the speaker inserted the verb execute. The word execute means to a piece

of work, perform a duty, put a plan into action, etc (Hornby: 2010: 529).

3.) Adjective

By collecting the data based on the types of unit insertion, the writer found

that there are 7 utterances that contain the adjective.


A/DN-6 Ada surat anonymous ya, tapi kan

bukan resmi. Kalau kita secara

antar negara semestinya resmi.

A/DN-28 Sampai hari ini semua firm, semua

confident karena kita sampai hari

ini tidak ada yang telepon.

A/DN-29 Sampai hari ini semua firm, semua

confident karena kita sampai hari

ini tidak ada yang telepon.

In the first example (A/DN-6), the sentence means “There is anonymous

letter, but it is not an official letter.” The word anonymous in this sentence shows

an adjective form. The same form can also be seen in the other example where the

writer used the words firm and confident as the adjective form. The sentence

means “So far we are firm, we are confident because there is no complaint.”


27

From the example, the speaker mixes two English words in a single utterance.

And both of them are adjective forms.

4.) Adverb

Adverb is a word that adds more information about place, time, manner,

cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb (Hornby, 2010:

22). From the data, there are only 2 data that include adverb form. Both of them

present in the following table:


A/DN-49 Mereka jelas, si pelaku, ABK -

ABK ini kan just ABK jadi

mereka awak kapal saja.

A/DN-57 Mostly saya, kalau jawab hampir

50% saya.

Both data show that the speaker mixed two codes in a single utterance. The

words just and mostly are adverbs that add more information about the word next

to the adverb. Just means exactly. This adverb is used to emphasize they are

exactly the crew. The word mostly is also an adverb form that means mainly or

almost all. This adverb form is also used to show that almost all the messages

were replied by the speaker.

b. Phrase

The writer also found that the speaker mixed phrases in the utterances.

Phrase is a group of words without a finite verb, especially one of that forms part

of a sentence (Hornby, 2010: 1139).


28

1.) Noun Phrase

As stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, noun phrase is a word

or group of words in a sentence that behaves in the same way as a noun, that is a

subject, an object, a complement, or as the object of a preposition (2010: 1042).

The writer chooses some examples to represent the data as seen in the table below.


A/DN-6 Ada yang pakai katanya surat ijin

begitu diperiksa ternyata surat

ijinnya palsu, dan kebanyakan

mereka ini memang seperti

stateless boat, gitu aja.

A/DN-13 Juga program - program untuk

beberapa peraturan menteri saya

keluarkan, maksudnya untuk juga

menjaga jangan sampe nanti

illegal fishing ini sudah kita

cracking down, sudah kita

selesaikan, tapi banyak juga kapal

- kapal trawl yang beroperasi dan

menghabiskan sumber daya ini

lagi. Kan sama aja bohong, gitu

kan

The first example (A/DN-6), stateless boat is a noun phrase form. The word

stateless is the adjective form which belongs to the head boatas the noun form.

The same case can also be found in the next data (A/DN-13). Illegal fishing is a

noun phrase that includes a noun fishing as the head and an adjective illegal.

2.) Adjective Phrase

An adjective phrase is a phrase whose head word is an adjective. From the

data collected, the writer found that there is 1 datum that contain adjective phrase.


29


A/DN-5 Sebetulnya nelayan - nelayan ini

hanya kru - kru saja, tapi

pengusaha - pengusaha

perikanannya terutama. Jadi, saya

sudah sampaikan bahwa kita akan

strict into our undang - undang

untuk bisa kita laksanakan.

The datum (A/DN-5) shows that the speaker mixed the code by inserting a

phrase strict into in the utterance. The utterance actually means I have informed

that we will be strict into our law. According to the part of speech, Strict is an

adjective and followed by the word into which is a prepositional. The word strict

into became an adjective phrase which modifies the noun we.

3.) Verb Phrase

A verb phrase is a phrase that consists of a main verb and any auxiliaries. In

other case, verb phrase can be combined with a noun or noun phrase that acts as

subject to form a simple sentence. The writer found that there are 4 data (7.28%)

that contain verb phrase. Some examples of verb phrase can be seen in the table

below.


A/DN-25 Saya nggak tahu itu recorded.

A/DN-41 Yang kedua juga mereka kan tiap

hari tuh trained oleh hardwork ya,

oleh kerjaan yang berat; nggulung

jaring, angkat, junjung, jadi fisik

mereka memang sangat keras.


30

The first datum utterance (A/DN-25) shows that the speaker mixed the

codes by inserting the word recorderedin the utterance. The word recordered is

actually a verb phrase that has a function as a passive form. The utterance must be

I didn’t know that it was recorded. Because the speaker mixed the language, she

omitted the beand only put the verb recorded. The same thing also can be seen on

the second datum (A/DN-41). On the second datum, the speaker mixed the codes

by inserting the word trained. The utterance must be They have trained by doing

the hard work. The word trained actually follows the auxiliary verb have, so it is a

verb phrase. Similar with the first datum, the speaker omitted the auxiliary verb

and only put the verb trained.

4.) Prepositional Phrase

A prepositional phrase is a group of words consists of a preposition and an

object of a preposition. There is only 1 datum that contains prepositional phrase

and can be seen in the following table:


A/DN-27 Di negeri ini yang ada adalah

agent - agent, ada yang tertulis

clear dan mengaku ini milik -

milik saya, ada yang tidak, ada


On the datum above (A/DN-27), on the background is a prepositional

phrase that functions as an adjective of the sentence. On is a preposition and the

background is a noun phrase that functions as the object of the preposition. The


31

speaker used the prepositional phrase on the background to explain something

that was done illegally.

c. Phrasal Verb

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary phrasal verb is a verb

combined with an adverb or a preposition, or sometimes both, to give a new

meaning (2010: 1139). From the data collected the writer also found one datum

that represents a phrasal verb form.


A/DN-14 Juga program - program untuk

beberapa peraturan menteri saya

keluarkan, maksudnya untuk juga

menjaga jangan sampe nanti

illegal fishing ini sudah kita

cracking down, sudah kita

selesaikan, tapi banyak juga kapal-

kapal trawl yang beroperasi dan

menghabiskan sumber daya ini

lagi. Kan sama aja bohong, gitu

kan.

The datum utterance (A/DN-14) shows that the speaker inserted the phrasal

verb cracking down in the utterance. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, cracking down is a phrasal verb which means an activity to try harder

to prevent an illegal activity and deal more severely with those who are caught

doing it (2010: 353).

2. Unit Hybridization

As stated in previous chapter, unit hybridization means the mixing of two

languages in a single word, for example the mixing of a word from one language


32

with suffix from another language. The writer found that there are 4 data (5.33%)

that contain unit hybridization. Here are some examples to represent the data.


A/DN-5 Sebetulnya nelayan - nelayan ini

hanya kru - kru saja, tapi

pengusaha - pengusaha

perikanannya terutama. Jadi, saya

sudah sampaikan bahwa kita akan

strict into our undang - undang

untuk bisa kita laksanakan

A/DN-44 Tapi ada yang masih beroperasi

dan itu hanya sekedar agent saja,

jadi seperti apa namanya..eee…

influence, dia menjual influence-

nya untuk dapat ijin, untuk dapat

apa, gitu.

On the first example (A/DN-5) the speaker mixed the word our and undang

- undang in a single utterance. The word our is a possessive pronoun that must be

followed by noun and, in this case, undang - undang is a noun form that means

law. The unit hybridization caused the meaning change from law into our law.

The other example (A/DN-44) shows different case where the speaker

mixed the word influence with the Indonesian suffix –nya. The word influence is a

noun and the suffix –nya is inserted to show the possessive pronoun.

3. Sentence Insertion

Based on the data collected, it can be concluded that there are 9 utterances

(11.85%) that include sentence insertion. The sentence must be formed, at least, of

a subject and a verb.


33


A/DN-43 Jadi it’s a crime organization

dimana mereka itu terputus kan,

jadi ya kita bisannya ya kapal

asing ini kita cuma tangkap, nggak

bisa sampai ke yang punya.

Karena kita tidak dapat data PT-

nya apa disana, jalannya apa,

pebisnisnya siapa.

A/DN-54 I’m happy, tapi kan juga yang

penting kita mesti kerja

The first datum is a complex sentence that contains of independent and

dependent clause. It’s a crime organization is an independent clause that is

followed by a relative clause. Relative clause is one kind of dependent clause that

has a subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence. It is also called

adjective clause because it functions like an adjective; it gives more information

about a noun.

The second datum is a compound sentence. A compound sentence is a

sentence that consists of two independent clauses joined by a conjunction or

semicolon. I’m happy is an independent clause that is mixed with an independent

clause using Indonesian and combined by the conjunction tapi or but. The

different example can be seen in the following table.


A/DN-42 Dan seperti yang tadi saya bilang,

bahwa mereka, modus daripada

organisasi - organisasi seperti ini

walaupun itu sebetulnya it’s a


34

business, tapi peran dalam

organisasi struktural kriminal.

The example (A/DN-42) shows that the speaker mixed the utterance with

English language by inserting a sentence in the middle of the utterance as the

complement.

4. Idiom and Collocation Insertion

Based on the data collected, the writer found that there was no collocation

spoken by the speaker. Since there was no collocation insertion, the writer only

explains about idiom insertion case. Idiom is a group of word that cannot be

understood from the meanings of its separate words but that has separate meaning

of its own. Some examples of Idiom insertion can be seen in the table below:


A/DN-10 At least saya sudah terima banyak

sms dari Sorong, dari Morotai, dari

beberapa pulau - pulau kecil itu

“terimakasih ibu sejak ibu

tenggelamkan kapal - kapal itu

sekarang lautnya sepi tidak pernah

lagi terlihat kotak terapung - apung

di tengah laut malam hari”,

katanya.

A/DN-73 So far, sekarang ini, that’s what I

see.

In the first datum (A/DN-10), the utterance contains an idiom at least. At

least is an idiom which means something to add positive comment about a

negative situation. The same case also can be seen in the second datum (A/DN-


35

73). The speaker inserted an idiom so far which means until now or up to this

point (Hornby, 2010: 554).

5. Reduplication

Reduplication is the repetition of two codes that have same meaning. Based

on the data collected, the writer found that there are 3 data (3.94%) include the

reduplication. All of the data are displayed and explained as follows:


A/DN-35 Kita tahun ini akan jadi, sampai

akhir tahun itu, empat kapal yang

besar, 60 meter-an panjangnya, itu

akan kita jadikan standby, markas

untuk pengawasan di daerah -

daerah ujung-ujung perbatasan,

gitu.

A/DN-36 Emm… saya ada baca beberapa

buku - buku dan artikel dari

banyak kasus-kasus kriminal di

laut, gitu, ocean crimes, buku,

juga banyak artikel - artikel Koran.

The word standby in the first example (A/DN-35) has the same meaning

with markas which means a place that is available especially in emergencies. The

word ocean crimes in the second example (A/DN-36) also has the same meaning

with kasus - kasus kriminal di laut.

II. THE REASONS OF USING CODE MIXING

As mentioned previously, the writer used Hoffmann’s theory to analyze the

reasons of using code mixing. There are seven reasons according to Hoffmann,


36

namely talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic

about something, repeating words used for clarification, expressing solidarity,

showing interjection, and clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. Here

are the data of the reason of using code mixing:

Reason Number Percentage

R1 Talking about particular topic 53 69.73%

R2 Quoting somebody else 4 5.27%

R3 Being emphatic about

something 15 19.73%

R4 Repeating word used for

clarification 4 5.27%

R5 Expressing solidarity - -

R6 Showing interjection - -

R7 Clarifying the speech content

for the interlocutor - -

Total 76 100%

The next section discusses each reason of code mixing. Some data will be

displayed in the table as the example and followed by the explanations in order to

give the more understandable concept.

1. Talking about Particular Topic

The first reason of using code mixing is talking about particular topic. As

stated in previous chapter, when talking about particular topic, code mixing occurs

either because of the lack of facility in the relevant register or because certain

items trigger off various connotations which are linked to experiences in a

particular language. In this case, the speaker is a bilingual who masters both

Indonesian and English language. Therefore, the reason of using code mixing is


37

not because of the lack of competence of the speaker. The code mixing occurred

because the words, the terms, or the sentences indicated the certain topic.

After collecting all the data, the writer found that the most reason occurs is

talking about particular topic. The writer found that there are 53 data (69.73%)

which are using the first reason. Here, some data which indicates the first reason.


B/DN-8 Ada yang pakai katanya surat ijin

begitu diperiksa ternyata surat

ijinnya palsu, dan kebanyakan

mereka ini memang seperti

stateless boat, gitu aja.

B/DN-33 Jadi authority di Thailand juga

sering punya problem dengan

nelayan - nelayan Thailand, Filipin

juga sering punya problem dengan

nelayan - nelayan dari…

B/DN-54 Ya mungkin kita akan usahakan

membantu misalnya kalau mereka

butuh kredit dari Perbankan kita

bantu ke Perbankan nya supaya

kasih grace period, seperti itu.

In the first datum (B/DN-8), the word stateless boat means a boat that is not

officially belong to any country. The word is related with the topic discussed.

Beside, the word stateless boat is also related to the sentence that talks about the

finding boats which had no official license from the country they came from.

The second datum (B/DN-33), the speaker inserted the word authority in the

utterance. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the word

authority means people or organization who have the power to make decisions or


38

who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region (Hornby, 2010:

87). In this sentence, the speaker related the word authority with the government

of a country. The code mixing in the second datum is also related with the topic

discussed by the speaker.

The last example taken from the data is the sentence that contains the word

grace period as the code mixing (B/DN-54). The word grace period means extra

time that is given to someone to pay a bill. The word is related to the topic that

talks about the credit given by bank for the fisherman.

2. Quoting Somebody Else

The second reason of using code mixing is for quoting somebody else. As

stated before, code mixing can be word, phrase, or sentence that is quoted from

someone else statement. The writer found that there are four data (5.27%) which

use the second reason. Some of the data are displayed and explained as follows:


B/DN-3,4

Kalau sampai tertangkap saya

akan lakukan ini. Dan itu sudah

clear dengan mereka semua dan

mereka juga ada yang bahas akan

announce di negerinya, duta besar

juga yang bilang akan educate

nelayan - nelayannya.

B/DN-5,6 Sebetulnya nelayan - nelayan ini

hanya kru-kru saja, tapi pengusaha

- pengusaha perikanannya

terutama. Jadi, saya sudah

sampaikan bahwa kita akan strict

into ourundang - undang untuk

bisa kita laksanakan.


39

In the first datum (B/DN-3,4), the main idea of the utterance is about the

meeting held by Susi Pudjiastuti with Ambassador from some countries. The

meeting was held on November 4, 2014 and attended by six ambassadors. The

speaker tried to show about the speech spoken by the Ambassadors that they will

announce and educate the fisherman in their country. One of the ambassadors who

attended the meeting and promised to educate the fishermen is Vietnam

ambassador to Indonesia, Nguyen Xuan Thuy. As written in Tribunnews.com,

Nguyen Xuan Thuy who was interviewed after the meeting said that he will

educate the fishermen to decrease the number of illegal fishing in Indonesia

(http:/m.tribunnnews.com/nasional/2014/11/04/Vietnam-janji-edukasi

nelayannya). The speaker translated almost the entire words of the sentence into

Indonesian, but the words announce and educate.

In the second data (B/DN-5,6), the writer found that the speaker quoted her

statement spoken in different time. The statement was spoken in the meeting held

on November 4, 2014. The speaker changed the subject from saya or I into kita or

we. The subject kita or we refers to the country. Therefore, from the utterance the

speaker wanted to inform that she had announced other countries that Indonesia

will strict into the law. In the second data the speaker also translated almost the

entire words into Indonesian, but strict into our.

3. Being Emphatic about Something

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, emphatic statement is

given with force to show that it is important (Hornby, 2010: 497). As mention

previously, emphatic statement is also used when the speaker shows the strong


40

expression to emphasize the important point of the sentence. Based on the

definition above, the writer found that there are 15 data (19.73%) that contain the

third reason which is being emphatic about something.


B/DN-44 Jadi it’s a crime organization

dimana mereka itu terputus kan,

jadi ya kita bisannya ya kapal

asing ini kita cuma tangkap, nggak

bisa sampai ke yang punya.

Karena kita tidak dapat data PT-

nya apa disana, jalannya apa,

pebisnisnya siapa.

B/DN-48 Ya, ya, ada beberapa yang tentu

tokoh masyarakat, ada yang bekas

pejabat, dan pebisnis juga. So

many things.

B/DN-55 I’m happy, tapi kan juga yang

penting kita mesti kerja.

The first datum (B/DN-44) shows that the speaker inserted the sentence it’s

a crime organization to show that the illegal fishing in Indonesia is done by a

crime organization. A crime organization is an organization doing activities that

involve breaking the law. By telling that it is a crime organization the speaker

wanted to show the reason why it is hard to arrest the owner or the boss of the

business.

In the second datum, the writer used so many things also to emphasize the

point of the utterance. So manyt hings refers to people that stated in the previous

utterance; tokoh masyarakat, bekas pejabat, dan pebisnis. The writer wanted to


41

stress the statement that there are many people in Indonesia also doing the illegal

fishing.

The last example (B/DN-55) shows that by using English expression the

speaker wanted to emphasize the point of the utterance. The speaker tried to show

her feeling by telling I’m happy. She tried to explain to the host that she is happy

with the result of the survey done by Populi, but the more important thing is she

still has to work.

4. Repetition used for clarification

As mentioned in the previous chapter, repetition is used to clarify

someone’s speech so the listener will be more able to understand the utterances.

Repetition is also used to emphasize something that has already been said. From

the data collected, the writer found four utterances (5.27%) which indicate the

repetition. Some of the data are displayed and explained as follows:


B/DN-36 Kita tahun ini akan jadi, sampai

akhir tahun itu, empat kapal yang

besar, 60 meter-an panjangnya, itu

akan kita jadikan standby, markas

untuk pengawasan di daerah-

daerah ujung - ujung perbatasan,

gitu.

B/DN-37 Emm… saya ad abaca beberapa

buku - buku dan artikel dari

banyak kasus - kasus kriminal di

laut, gitu, ocean crimes, buku,

juga banyak artikel - artikel Koran.

B/DN-42 Yang kedua juga mereka kan tiap

hari tuh trained oleh hardwork ya,

oleh kerjaan yang berat; nggulung


42

jaring, angkat, junjung, jadi fisik

mereka memang sangat keras.

The word standby in the first datum (B/DN-36) means a standby place or a

place that can always be used if needed or if there is an emergency. That word has

the same meaning with the word markas as an Indonesian term.

The second datum (B/DN-37) also shows the repetition that is done by the

speaker in her utterance. The speaker used the word ocean crimes that has the

same meaning with kasus - kasus kriminal di laut. Ocean crimes mean criminal

activities that are done in ocean, for example illegal fishing. In the beginning of

the utterance the speaker actually had been mentioned the Indonesian term kasus-

kasus criminal di laut, but then she repeated by using English term ocean crimes.

In the third datum (B//DN-42) the speaker inserted the word hard work

which means use more time or energy on a task than is necessary (Hornby, 2010:

707). The word hard work was repeated by using an Indonesian term kerjaan

yang berat. The writer even added some examples of the hard works such as

menggulung jaring, mengangkat and menjunjung.


43

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the result of the research. As mentioned in the

beginning, this research has two problems to be answered; the first is about the

types of code mixing used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister

Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa talk show February 11, 2015 and the

second is about the reason of code mixing used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and

Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa talk show February 11,

2015.

After collecting all the data, the writer found 176 utterances that contain

code mixing. By using the Kachru’s theory, the writer found that there were five

types of code mixing that occurred in the utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti,

they are 56 data of unit Insertion (73.69%), 9 data of sentence insertion (11.85%),

4 data of unit hybridization (5.26%), 4 data of idiom and collocation insertion

(5.26%), and 3 data of reduplication (3.94%). The writer also divided the first type

of code mixing, namely unit insertion, based on the part of speech and the phrase.

From 55 data of unit insertion, there were 25 data of noun (45.46%), 9 data of

verb (16.37%), 7 data of adjective (12.73%) and 2 data of adverb (3.64%). There

were also 5 data of noun phrase (9.09%), 4 data of verb phrase (7.28%), 1 datum

of adjective phrase (1.81%), 1 datum of prepositional phrase (1.81%), and 1

datum of phrasal verb (1.81%).


44

43

In order to answer the second problem, the writer used Hoffmann’s theory

about the reason of using code mixing. The writer found that there are only four

reasons of seven reasons stated by Hoffmann that were found in the data. The

reasons of using code mixing were talking about particular topic (69.73%), which

means the reason of using code mixing is not because of the lack of competence

of the speaker, but because the words, the terms, or the sentences indicated the

certain topic. The second reason is being emphatic about something (19.73%)

which means to give strong expression to emphasize the important point of the

sentence. The third reason of using code mixing is quoting somebody else

(5.27%) which means word, phrase, or sentence that is quoted from someone else

statement. The last reason of using code mixing is repeating word used for

clarification (5.27%) which means repeat the utterance(s) that already spoken to

emphasize the message.

Since Susi Pudjiastuti is the Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister of

Indonesia and the topic of the talk show was about illegal fishing, the vocabularies

used are mostly fishery and political terms. Also, since she masters English, she

could use these terms randomly and mix them with Indonesian.


45

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baugh, Albert C and Thomas Cable.A History of the English Language. 5th

ed.

London: Routledge, 2002.

Burton, Strang, Rose-Marie Dechaine and Eric Vatikiotis-Bateson.Linguistics for

Dummies. New York: Wiley, 2012.

Cantone, Katja F. Code-switching in Bilingual Children. Dordrecht: Springer,

2007.

Finch, Geoffrey. Linguistic Terms and Concepts.New York: St. Martin’s Press,

2000.

Hamers, Josiane F and Michael H. A. Blanc.Bilinguality and Bilingualism.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Hastoro, Yacobus Guntur Dwi. The Possible Reasons and the Readerd’ Opinion

on a Code-Switching Phenomenon in Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine.

Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2010.

Hoffmann, Charlotte. An Introduction to Bilingualism. Harlow: Longman Group

UK Limited, 1991

Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd

ed. London: Longman,

2001.

Hornby, A S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th

ed. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2010.

K, Rina. “Susi Doyan Baca Novel Supaya Fasih Bahasa Inggris”.Tempo.co.

October 29, 2014. (https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2014/10/29/215617830

/susi -doyan-baca-novel-supaya-fasih-bahasa-inggris). July 15, 2016.

Kachru, Braj B. The Bilingual’s Linguistic Repertoire. 1982. Issues in

International Bilingual Education: The Role of the Vernacular. Ed. Albert

Valdman, Beverly Hartford, Charles Robert Foster. New York: Plenum

Press, 1982, pp 25 – 52.

Mata Najwa – Aksi Susi Pudjiastuti. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3p5

Dgj0oCUU). April 19, 2015.


46

Maybin, Janet and Neil Mercer.Using English from Conversation to Canon.

London: Routledge. 1996.

O’Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller.

Contemporary Linguistics. 6th

ed. New York: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2010.

Rinakit, Stevani Narwastu Jiwa. English – Indonesian Code-Mixing Used by

Indonesian Twitter Users as Seen Through Their Tweets. Yogyakarta:

Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2012.

Spolsky, Bernard. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Utama, Abraham. “Vietnam Janji Edukasi Nelayannya”.Tribunnews.com.

November 4, 2014. (http:/m.tribunnnews.com/nasional/2014/11/04/

Vietnam-janji-edukasi-nelayannya). June 10, 2016.

Wardaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd

ed. Oxford: Blackwell

Publisher, 1992.

Wardaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th

ed. Oxford: Blackwell

Publisher, 2010.


47

APPENDICES


62

APPENDIX 1

TYPES OF CODE MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE

AFFAIRS AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS

SEEN IN MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015

48


49

APPENDIX 1

TYPES OF CODE MIXING

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R

A/DN-1 Kalau-kalau sampai terjadi sesuatu yang mereka merasa

terganggu sama secara bilateral, kan lebih baik saya bicara

bahwa kita punya undang-undang perikanan sperti ini dan

mohon beritahukan kepada pemain-pemain perikanan yang

suka ambil ikan di Indonesia kalau ijin mereka tidak benar

dan tidak compliance dengan ijin yang telah diberikan,

mereka semestinya tidak boleh melakukan.

A/DN-2 Kalau sampai tertangkap saya akan lakukan ini. Dan itu

sudah clear dengan mereka semua dan mereka juga ada yang

bahas akan announce di negerinya, duta besar juga yang

bilang akan educate nelayan-nelayannya.






50

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R





A/DN-5 Sebetulnya nelayan-nelayan ini hanya kru-kru saja, tapi

pengusaha-pengusaha perikanannya terutama. Jadi, saya

sudah sampaikan bahwa kita akan strict into our undang-

undang untuk bisa kita laksanakan.

A/DN-6 Sebetulnya nelayan-nelayan ini hanya kru-kru saja, tapi

pengusaha-pengusaha perikanannya terutama. Jadi, saya

sudah sampaikan bahwa kita akan strict into our undang-

undang untuk bisa kita laksanakan.

A/DN-7 Ada surat anonymous ya, tapi kan bukan resmi. Kalau kita

secara antar negara semestinya resmi.

A/DN-8 Ada yang pakai katanya surat ijin begitu diperiksa ternyata

surat ijinnya palsu, dan kebanyakan mereka ini memang

seperti stateless boat, gitu aja.

A/DN-9 Hanya tahu kita crew-nya nelayan dari sini, nelayan dari

Filipina, atau dari Malaysia, atau dari Thailand, atau dari

Tiongkok, itu saja ABK nya kita tahunya.


51

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R

A/DN-10 Kalau yang punya kita juga tidak tahu, karena begitu kita

tenggelamin juga nggak itu yang datang cari, begitu kita

angkat pun nggak ada yang cari “mana kapal saya (yang)

hilang, atau crew saya, karyawan saya?”.

A/DN-11 At least saya sudah terima banyak sms dari Sorong, dari

Morotai, dari beberapa pulau-pulau kecil itu “terimakasih ibu

sejak ibu tenggelamkan kapal-kapal itu sekarang lautnya sepi

tidak pernah lagi terlihat kotak terapung-apung di tengah laut

malam hari”, katanya.

A/DN-12 Nah, kita kan program-program KKP itu akan ada upgrade

kapal-kapal nelayan, jadi yang sudah 5 gross ton dinaikkan

menjadi 10 gross ton, yang 10 gross ton kita naikkan ke 20

gross ton.

A/DN-13 Juga program-program untuk beberapa peraturan menteri

saya keluarkan, maksudnya untuk juga menjaga jangan

sampe nanti illegal fishing ini sudah kita cracking down,

sudah kita selesaikan, tapi banyak juga kapal-kapal trawl

yang beroperasi dan menghabiskan sumber daya ini lagi. Kan

sama aja bohong, gitu kan.


52

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R





yang beroperasi dan menghabiskan sumber daya ini lagi.

Kan sama aja bohong, gitu kan.





yang beroperasi dan menghabiskan sumber daya ini lagi.

Kan sama aja bohong, gitu kan.

A/DN-16 Sebetulnya yang dinamakan… yang sebetulnya efek yang

paling jahat daripada illegal fishing ini, kebanyakan kapal-

kapal ini kapal besar dan pakai jarring-jaring trawlers.

A/DN-17 Sebetulnya yang dinamakan… yang sebetulnya efek yang

paling jahat daripada illegal fishing ini, kebanyakan kapal-

kapal ini kapal besar dan pakai jarring-jaring trawlers.

A/DN-18 Nah trawlers ini adalah pakai boat mengikat dari bawah.


53

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R

A/DN-19 Ternyata beberapa wilayah perikanan Indonesia, nelayan-

nelayan ini juga ada yang masih pakai jaring trawl, atau ada

juga yang masih pakai cantrang.

A/DN-20 Nah kenapa saya terbitkan Permen (Peraturan Menteri) ini,

adalah juga supaya dalam rangka revitalisasi dan upgrade

dari skala perahu-perahu atau kapal-kapal para nelayan ini

tidak menjadi sia-sia.

A/DN-21 Kan illegal fishing sudah kita berantas, berarti ikan ini

sudah seperti tadi yang dibilang pak Riza, ikan di dalam

akuarium banyak.

A/DN-22 Dan sebetulnya UU th 1980 sudah melarang jarring trawl itu

sendiri.

A/DN-23 Jadi kalaupun Permen ini dicabut, tidak mungkin orang pakai

perahu, kapal trawl juga bisa terbuka nangkap pakai jaring

trawl di wilayah-wilayah tertentu, tidak mungkin bisa.

A/DN-24 Jadi kalaupun Permen ini dicabut, tidak mungkin orang pakai

perahu, kapal trawl juga bisa terbuka nangkap pakai jaring

trawl di wilayah-wilayah tertentu, tidak mungkin bisa.

A/DN-25 Saya nggak tahu itu recorded.


54

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R

A/DN-26 Di negeri ini yang ada adalah agent-agent, ada yang tertulis

clear dan mengaku ini milik-milik saya, ada yang tidak, ada








A/DN-29 Sampai hari ini semua firm, semua confident karena kita

sampai hari ini tidak ada yang telepon.

A/DN-30 Sampai hari ini semua firm, semua confident karena kita

sampai hari ini tidak ada yang telepon.

A/DN-31 Mereka ada buat PT, ada yang pakai nama pribadi, ini yang

punya licence ya.

A/DN-32 Karena IUU ini sudah menjadi persoalan dunia, sebetulnya

bukan musuh kita saja, dan negara-negara seperti Thailand,

Tiongkok pun sama mereka juga fight IUU, gitu.


55

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R

A/DN-33 Jadi authority di Thailand juga sering punya problem dengan

nelayan-nelayan Thailand, Filipin juga sering punya problem

dengan nelayan-nelayan dari…







A/DN-36 Kita tahun ini akan jadi, sampai akhir tahun itu, empat kapal

yang besar, 60 meter-an panjangnya, itu akan kita jadikan

standby, markas untuk pengawasan di daerah-daerah ujung-

ujung perbatasan, gitu.

A/DN-37 Emm… saya ad abaca beberapa buku-buku dan artikel dari

banyak kasus-kasus kriminal di laut, gitu, ocean crimes,

buku, juga banyak artikel-artikel Koran.

A/DN-38 Banyak pelaut-pelaut ini adalah bekas-bekas residivis. Jadi

mereka itu people yang sudah di age yang memang sangat

tough.


56

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R



tough.



tough.

A/DN-41 Yang kedua juga mereka kan tiap hari tuh trained oleh

hardwork ya, oleh kerjaan yang berat; nggulung jaring,

angkat, junjung, jadi fisik mereka memang sangat keras.

A/DN-42 Yang kedua juga mereka kan tiap hari tuh trained oleh

hardwork ya, oleh kerjaan yang berat; nggulung jaring,

angkat, junjung, jadi fisik mereka memang sangat keras.

A/DN-43 Dan seperti yang tadi saya bilang, bahwa mereka modus

daripada organisasi-organisasi seperti ini walaupun itu

sebetulnya it’s a business, tapi peran dalam organisasi

struktural kriminal.

A/DN-44 Jadi it’s a crime organization dimana mereka itu terputus

kan, jadi ya kita bisannya ya kapal asing ini kita cuma

tangkap, nggak bisa sampai ke yang punya. Karena kita tidak

dapat data PT-nya apa disana, jalannya apa, pebisnisnya

siapa.


57

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R

A/DN-45 Tapi ada yang masih beroperasi dan itu hanya sekedar agent

saja, jadi seperti apa namanya.. eee… influence, dia menjual

influence-nya untuk dapat ijin, untuk dapat apa, gitu.







A/DN-48 Ya, ya, ada beberapa yang tentu tokoh masyarakat, ada yang

bekas pejabat, dan pebisnis juga. So many things.

A/DN-49 Tapi kan kita sedang verifikasi sedang investigasi, belum

selesai semua kita beberapa kita sudah dapat ininya, tapi

yang sulit adalah untuk menangkepnya karena inikan seperti

white collar crime, yang di Indonesia-nya ya.

A/DN-50 Mereka jelas, si pelaku, ABK-ABK ini kan just ABK jadi

mereka awak kapal saja.

A/DN-51 Sebetulnya sudah ada aturan Permen memperbolehkan

cantrang itu sampai, kalau tidak salah, 2011 itu hanya sampai

12 miles.


58

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R

A/DN-52 sibolga sebetulnya tidak mempebolehkan tapi sangat banyak

kapal-kapal yang memakai jaring trawl di Sibolga.

A/DN-53 Tapi sebetulnya masyarakat di Tapanuli Tengah, Tapanuli

Selatan, mereka keberatan dengan kapal-kapal trawl dari

Sibolga ini.

A/DN-54 ya mungkin kita akan usahakan membantu misalnya kalau

mereka butuh kredit dari Perbankan kita bantu ke Perbankan

nya supaya kasih grace period, seperti itu.

A/DN-55 I’m happy, tapi kan juga yang penting kita mesti kerja.

A/DN-56 Selain dari itu ya it’s not very important.

A/DN-57 Kadang-kadang saya pikir ya, kadang-kadang banyak no-nya

juga saya pikir

A/DN-58 Mostly saya, kalau jawab hampir 50% saya.

A/DN-59 50% saya bicara, Vika yang texting atau kadang-kadang

ada…


59

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R

A/DN-60 Sebagai pengusaha saya kontrol semua sendiri mudah. Ini

saya mau, saya kerjakan, go, tidak usah tanya kenapa, jadi

tidak terlalu banyak concern sama tidak kepikir ada orang

akan protes atau apa.

A/DN-61 Sebagai pengusaha saya kontrol semua sendiri mudah. Ini

saya mau, saya kerjakan, go, tidak usah tanya kenapa, jadi

tidak terlalu banyak concern sama tidak kepikir ada orang

akan protes atau apa.

A/DN-62 Ya, 12 jam itu juga banyak stakeholder yang demo-demo

juga pada duduk diatas, tapi akhirnya semua diam juga sih,

nggak rame.

A/DN-63 Saya respect beliau, beliau juga saya pikir respect dengan

pekerjaan saya.

A/DN-64 Saya respect beliau, beliau juga saya pikir respect dengan

pekerjaan saya.

A/DN-65 Dan saya orang yang this is this, that is that.

A/DN-66 Saya selama ini tidak mendapatkan kesulitan dan saya pikir

beliau orang yang giving orang yang dia percaya itu untuk



60

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R

A/DN-67 Saya selama ini tidak mendapatkan kesulitan dan saya pikir

beliau orang yang giving orang yang dia percaya itu untuk


A/DN-68 Jadi dia berikan ini visi misi saya, you execute dengan cara

you.

A/DN-69 Jadi dia berikan ini visi misi saya, you execute dengan cara

you.

A/DN-70 Saya pikir itulah Dia menghargai professionalism kita dan

sampai sejauh ini.

A/DN-71 Jadi Dia (Jokowi) memberikan guidelines dan let the people

do it.

A/DN-72 Jadi Dia (Jokowi) memberikan guidelines dan let the people

do it.

A/DN-73 It takes so long and it takes so much dan saya pikir nanti

pasti akan yang lebih baik, yang lebih apa.

A/DN-74 So far, sekarang ini, that’s what I see.

A/DN-75 So far, sekarang ini, that’s what I see.


61

NO UTTERANCE


UI UH SI IC R

A/DN-76 Sekarang ini ya seperti itu, belum terpikir untuk.. tapi I will

do my best for even two years.

total 56 4 9 4 3

UI : Unit Insertion

UH : Unit Hybridization

SI : Sentence Insertion

IC : Idiom and Collocation Insertion

R : Reduplication


62

APPENDIX 2

REASONS OF CODE MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE

AFFAIRS AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS

SEEN IN MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015


63

APPENDIX 2

THE REASONS OF USING CODE MIXING

NO

UTTERANCE

REASON OF USING CODE

MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-1 Kalau-kalau sampai terjadi sesuatu yang mereka merasa terganggu sama secara

bilateral, kan lebih baik saya bicara bahwa kita punya undang-undang

perikanan sperti ini dan mohon beritahukan kepada pemain-pemain perikanan

yang suka ambil ikan di Indonesia kalau ijin mereka tidak benar dan tidak

compliance dengan ijin yang telah diberikan, mereka semestinya tidak boleh

melakukan.

B/DN-2 Kalau sampai tertangkap saya akan lakukan ini. Dan itu sudah clear dengan

mereka semua dan mereka juga ada yang bahas akan announce di negerinya,

duta besar juga yang bilang akan educate nelayan-nelayannya.








64

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-5 Sebetulnya nelayan-nelayan ini hanya kru-kru saja, tapi pengusaha-pengusaha

perikanannya terutama. Jadi, saya sudah sampaikan bahwa kita akan strict into

our undang-undang untuk bisa kita laksanakan.

B/DN-6 Sebetulnya nelayan-nelayan ini hanya kru-kru saja, tapi pengusaha-pengusaha

perikanannya terutama. Jadi, saya sudah sampaikan bahwa kita akan strict into

our undang-undang untuk bisa kita laksanakan.

B/DN-7 Ada surat anonymous ya, tapi kan bukan resmi. Kalau kita secara antar negara

semestinya resmi.

B/DN-8 Ada yang pakai katanya surat ijin begitu diperiksa ternyata surat ijinnya palsu,

dan kebanyakan mereka ini memang seperti stateless boat, gitu aja.

B/DN-9 Hanya tahu kita crew-nya nelayan dari sini, nelayan dari Filipina, atau dari

Malaysia, atau dari Thailand, atau dari Tiongkok, itu saja ABK nya kita

tahunya.

B/DN-10 Kalau yang punya kita juga tidak tahu, karena begitu kita tenggelamin juga

nggak itu yang datang cari, begitu kita angkat pun nggak ada yang cari “mana

kapal saya (yang) hilang, atau crew saya, karyawan saya?”.


65

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-11 At least saya sudah terima banyak sms dari Sorong, dari Morotai, dari

beberapa pulau-pulau kecil itu “terimakasih ibu sejak ibu tenggelamkan kapal-

kapal itu sekarang lautnya sepi tidak pernah lagi terlihat kotak terapung-apung

di tengah laut malam hari”, katanya.

B/DN-12 Nah, kita kan program-program KKP itu akan ada upgrade kapal-kapal

nelayan, jadi yang sudah 5 gross ton dinaikkan menjadi 10 gross ton, yang 10

gross ton kita naikkan ke 20 gross ton.

B/DN-13 Juga program-program untuk beberapa peraturan menteri saya keluarkan,

maksudnya untuk juga menjaga jangan sampe nanti illegal fishing ini sudah

kita cracking down, sudah kita selesaikan, tapi banyak juga kapal-kapal trawl

yang beroperasi dan menghabiskan sumber daya ini lagi. Kan sama aja

bohong, gitu kan.





bohong, gitu kan.


66

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4





bohong, gitu kan.

B/DN-16 Sebetulnya yang dinamakan… yang sebetulnya efek yang paling jahat daripada

illegal fishing ini, kebanyakan kapal-kapal ini kapal besar dan pakai jarring-

jaring trawlers.

B/DN-17 Sebetulnya yang dinamakan… yang sebetulnya efek yang paling jahat daripada

illegal fishing ini, kebanyakan kapal-kapal ini kapal besar dan pakai jarring-

jaring trawlers.

B/DN-18 Nah trawlers ini adalah pakai boat mengikat dari bawah.

B/DN-19 Ternyata beberapa wilayah perikanan Indonesia, nelayan-nelayan ini juga ada

yang masih pakai jaring trawl, atau ada juga yang masih pakai cantrang.

B/DN-20 Nah kenapa saya terbitkan Permen (Peraturan Menteri) ini, adalah juga supaya

dalam rangka revitalisasi dan upgrade dari skala perahu-perahu atau kapal-

kapal para nelayan ini tidak menjadi sia-sia.


67

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-21 Kan illegal fishing sudah kita berantas, berarti ikan ini sudah seperti tadi yang

dibilang pak Riza, ikan di dalam akuarium banyak.

B/DN-22 Dan sebetulnya UU th 1980 sudah melarang jaring trawl itu sendiri.

B/DN-23 Jadi kalaupun Permen ini dicabut, tidak mungkin orang pakai perahu, kapal

trawl juga bisa terbuka nangkap pakai jaring trawl di wilayah-wilayah tertentu,

tidak mungkin bisa.

B/DN-24 Jadi kalaupun Permen ini dicabut, tidak mungkin orang pakai perahu, kapal

trawl juga bisa terbuka nangkap pakai jaring trawl di wilayah-wilayah tertentu,

tidak mungkin bisa.

B/DN-25 Saya nggak tahu itu recordered.

B/DN-26 Di negeri ini yang ada adalah agent-agent, ada yang tertulis clear dan mengaku

ini milik-milik saya, ada yang tidak, ada yang on the background.




68

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4



B/DN-29 Sampai hari ini semua firm, semua confident karena kita sampai hari ini tidak

ada yang telepon.

B/DN-30 Sampai hari ini semua firm, semua confident karena kita sampai hari ini tidak

ada yang telepon.

B/DN-31 Mereka ada buat PT, ada yang pakai nama pribadi, ini yang punya licence ya.

B/DN-32 Karena IUU ini sudah menjadi persoalan dunia, sebetulnya bukan musuh kita

saja, dan negara-negara seperti Thailand, Tiongkok pun sama mereka juga fight

IUU, gitu.

B/DN-33 Jadi authority di Thailand juga sering punya problem dengan nelayan-nelayan

Thailand, Filipin juga sering punya problem dengan nelayan-nelayan dari…




69

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4



B/DN-36 Kita tahun ini akan jadi, sampai akhir tahun itu, empat kapal yang besar, 60

meter-an panjangnya, itu akan kita jadikan standby, markas untuk pengawasan

di daerah-daerah ujung-ujung perbatasan, gitu.

B/DN-37 Emm… saya ad abaca beberapa buku-buku dan artikel dari banyak kasus-kasus

kriminal di laut, gitu, ocean crimes, buku, juga banyak artikel-artikel Koran.

B/DN-38 Banyak pelaut-pelaut ini adalah bekas-bekas residivis. Jadi mereka itu people

yang sudah di age yang memang sangat tough.





B/DN-41 Yang kedua juga mereka kan tiap hari tuh trained oleh hardwork ya, oleh

kerjaan yang berat; nggulung jaring, angkat, junjung, jadi fisik mereka memang

sangat keras.


70

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-42 Yang kedua juga mereka kan tiap hari tuh trained oleh hardwork ya, oleh

kerjaan yang berat; nggulung jaring, angkat, junjung, jadi fisik mereka memang

sangat keras.

B/DN-43 Dan seperti yang tadi saya bilang, bahwa mereka modus daripada organisasi-

organisasi seperti ini walaupun itu sebetulnya it’s a business, tapi peran dalam

organisasi struktural kriminal.

B/DN-44 Jadi it’s a crime organization dimana mereka itu terputus kan, jadi ya kita

bisannya ya kapal asing ini kita cuma tangkap, nggak bisa sampai ke yang

punya. Karena kita tidak dapat data PT-nya apa disana, jalannya apa,

pebisnisnya siapa.

B/DN-45 Tapi ada yang masih beroperasi dan itu hanya sekedar agent saja, jadi seperti

apa namanya.. eee… influence, dia menjual influence-nya untuk dapat ijin,

untuk dapat apa, gitu.








71

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-48 Ya, ya, ada beberapa yang tentu tokoh masyarakat, ada yang bekas pejabat, dan

pebisnis juga. So many things.

B/DN-49 Tapi kan kita sedang verifikasi sedang investigasi, belum selesai semua kita

beberapa kita sudah dapat ininya, tapi yang sulit adalah untuk menangkepnya

karena inikan seperti white collar crime, yang di Indonesia-nya ya.

B/DN-50 Mereka jelas, si pelaku, ABK-ABK ini kan just ABK jadi mereka awak kapal

saja.

B/DN-51 Sebetulnya sudah ada aturan Permen memperbolehkan cantrang itu sampai,

kalau tidak salah, 2011 itu hanya sampai 12 miles.

B/DN-52 sibolga sebetulnya tidak mempebolehkan tapi sangat banyak kapal-kapal yang

memakai jaring trawl di Sibolga.

B/DN-53 Tapi sebetulnya masyarakat di Tapanuli Tengah, Tapanuli Selatan, mereka

keberatan dengan kapal-kapal trawl dari Sibolga ini.

B/DN-54 ya mungkin kita akan usahakan membantu misalnya kalau mereka butuh kredit

dari Perbankan kita bantu ke Perbankan nya supaya kasih grace period, seperti

itu.

B/DN-55 I’m happy, tapi kan juga yang penting kita mesti kerja.


72

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-56 Selain dari itu ya it’s not very important.

B/DN-57 Kadang-kadang saya pikir ya, kadang-kadang banyak no-nya juga saya pikir

B/DN-58 Mostly saya, kalau jawab hampir 50% saya.

B/DN-59 50% saya bicara, Vika yang texting atau kadang-kadang ada…

B/DN-60 Sebagai pengusaha saya kontrol semua sendiri mudah. Ini saya mau, saya

kerjakan, go, tidak usah tanya kenapa, jadi tidak terlalu banyak concern sama

tidak kepikir ada orang akan protes atau apa.

B/DN-61 Sebagai pengusaha saya kontrol semua sendiri mudah. Ini saya mau, saya

kerjakan, go, tidak usah tanya kenapa, jadi tidak terlalu banyak concern sama

tidak kepikir ada orang akan protes atau apa.

B/DN-62 Ya, 12 jam itu juga banyak stakeholder yang demo-demo juga pada duduk

diatas, tapi akhirnya semua diam juga sih, nggak rame.

B/DN-63 Saya respect beliau, beliau juga saya pikir respect dengan pekerjaan saya.

B/DN-64 Saya respect beliau, beliau juga saya pikir respect dengan pekerjaan saya.


73

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-65 Dan saya orang yang this is this, that is that.

B/DN-66 Saya selama ini tidak mendapatkan kesulitan dan saya pikir beliau orang yang

giving orang yang dia percaya itu untuk execute sesuai dengan mau kita.

B/DN-67 Saya selama ini tidak mendapatkan kesulitan dan saya pikir beliau orang yang

giving orang yang dia percaya itu untuk execute sesuai dengan mau kita.

B/DN-68 Jadi dia berikan ini visi misi saya, you execute dengan cara you.

B/DN-69 Jadi dia berikan ini visi misi saya, you execute dengan cara you.

B/DN-70 Saya pikir itulah Dia menghargai professionalism kita dan sampai sejauh ini.

B/DN-71 Jadi Dia (Jokowi) memberikan guidelines dan let the people do it.

B/DN-72 Jadi Dia (Jokowi) memberikan guidelines dan let the people do it.

B/DN-73 It takes so long and it takes so much dan saya pikir nanti pasti akan yang lebih

baik, yang lebih apa.


74

NO

UTTERANCE


MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-74 So far, sekarang ini, that’s what I see.

B/DN-75 So far, sekarang ini, that’s what I see.

B/DN-76 Sekarang ini ya seperti itu, belum terpikir untuk.. tapi I will do my best for even

two years.

total 53 4 15 4

R1 : Talking about Particular Topic

R2 : Quoting Someody Else

R3 : Being Emphatic bout Something

R4 : Repeating Word used for Clarification


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