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7/26/2019 Code Compare
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IBR
Material Requirements.
COLD DRAWN SEAMLESS STEEL
BOILER AND SUPERHEATER TUBES
OR DESI!N METAL
TEMPERATURES NOT E"CEEDIN!
#$#%C &'$(%).*
Material.- The tubes shall be seamless and
made of steel produced by an Open Hearthor Electric Process or any of the Oxygen
Processes. The Steel shall not contain morethan 0.00 per cent of sulphur or of
phosphorus and the oxygen process steelshall in addition not contain more than
0.00! per cent of nitrogen. The
manufacturer shall supply a certificate ofanalysis "hen re#uired to do so.$
The tube shall be seamless andmanufactured from steel produced by an
open hearth or electric process or any of theoxygen processes. The steel shall be fully
%illed.
The steel shall conform to the follo"inglimits of chemical composition.
ASME
Material Requirements
Open hearth& electric
furnace& or basic oxygen
steel shall be used for boilerpressure parts exposed to the
fire or products ofcombustion. 'hen used for
internal pressure& the
material stress anddimensions shall meet the
appropriate re#uirements ofP(-)* and part P' and be in
accordance "ith thefollo"ings.
Tubes should be of thefollo"ing specifications only.
S+- ,* Electric resistant"elded carbon steel and
carbon manganese steelboiler tubes
SA +,( Seamless me-ium
BS
Material Requirements
or ferritic steel& the
phosphorus and sulfer content
shall not exceed 0.0/ each inthe laddle analysis.
Semi %illed steel shall be used
only for plates& and seamless
and "elded tubes in carbonand carbon manganese steels
"ith an upper limit of thespecified tensile strength
ranges of !0 12mm)and "itha thic%ness not exceeding ,00
mm.
3imming steel shall be usedonly for "elded tubes in
carbon and carbon manganese
steel "ith an upper limit of thespecified tensile strength range
of 40 12mm)and underser5ice temperature condition
of 00 6 or less.
6arbon and carbon manganesesteel plates for cold forming
CE M / P
Material Requirements
a0ri1ati2n & Heat
Treatment
Requirement)
!.0 Hot and cold forming
!., Hot pressing 7 includeshot s#uee8ing& hot si8ing& hot
s"aging and hot upsetting 9
:aterials shall be hot pressed
at temp as noted and shall bepressed heat treated after hot
pressing as notes in thefollo"ing table. ;nless
specifically permitted by the
"elding procedurespecification& "elds shall not
be in the hot pressed area.
See 6E : < P Table ,.H2t Ben-in3
:aterial shall be heated"ithin the temp ranges hoted
belo" and shall be gi5en afinal heat treatment after
bending as noted in thefollo"ing table.
,
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(rade 6
:n S
i S P
Ta0.0!-0.,
0.)*-0.!=
0.)max
0.0=max
0.0=max
Tb 0.)*max
0.4=max
0.,0min
0.0=max
0.0=max
Tc
0.=max
0.)4-,.0!
0.,0min
0.0=max
0.0=max
or grade Tb and Tc for each reduction of
0.0,/ belo" the specified carbonmaximum an increase of 0.0!/ :angenese
abo5e the specified maximum "ill be
permitted upto a maximum of ,.=/.
Heat Treatment 4 Hot finished tubes neednot be heat treated& cold dra"n tubes shall
be gi5en a sub-critical annealing a fullanneal or a normalising heat treatment after
the final cold finished process.
1ar02n steel 02iler an-
su5er6eater tu0es
Manu7a1ture
The steel shall be fully
%illed.
Tube shall be made by theseamless process and shall be
either hot finished or cold
dra"n& as specified.
Heat treatment
Hot finished tube need not beheat treated. 6old finished
tube shall be gi5en sub
critical anneal& a full anneal&or a normali8ing heat
treatment after the final colddra"ing process.
Sur7a1e C2n-iti2n
>f pic%ling or short blastingor both are re#uired& this
shall be specifically stated inthe order.
C6emi1al 12m52siti2n
shall be supplied in to the
normali8ed condition.
Electric resistance "elded orinduction "elded tubes shall
be used in the as "elded
condition only "here thespecified upper limit of tensile
strength does not exceed 012mm)
#.+., Cuttin3 27 Material
'eld preparation and openingof the re#uired shapes shall be
formed by either of thefollo"ing methods?
,. :achining& chipping orgrinding? 6hipped surface
"hich "ill not be co5ered "ith"eld metal shall be ground
smoothly after chipping.
). Thermal cutting andgouging.
.).,.) +ny metal damaged
metallurgicaly in the processof cutting to si8e or forming
the edges or end preparation
shall be remo5ed by
See 6E : < P Table ).
H2t Dra8 2r H2t
C2rre1ti2nThe follo"ing procedure
may be applied to elements
after final post "eld heattreatment "hen necessary to
ad@ust to dimensionaltolerances.
!.=., The hot dra" operation7 application of heat to
locali8ed lengths and lessthan the full circumference of
tube or pipe 9 may be appliedto materials P, + through
p "ithout re#uiring
subse#uent heat treatment&pro5ided the temp ranges
itemi8ed belo" are notexceed. 1o dra"ing is
permitted on stainless steel.
!.=.) Stainless steel may be
hot ad@usted to shape usingthe follo"ing procedure.
Operation may be performedbefore or after the final heat
treatment. + torch using
natural gas as fuel shall be
)
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W2r9mans6i5 an- T2leran1e4 The tubes
shall be "ell finished cleaned free fromharmful defects. They shall be reasonably
straight& smooth& cylindrical and sub@ect tothe follo"ing tolerances. inished tubes
shall be reasonably straight and ha5e
smooth ends free of burrs. They shall ha5e a"or%manli%e finish. surface imperfections
li%e any discontinuity or irregularity foundin the tube may be remo5ed by grinding
pro5ided that smooth cur5ed surface is
maintained and the "all thic%ness is notdecreased to less than that permitted. The
outside diameter at the point of grindingmay be reduced by the amount so remo5ed
Permissible 5ariation in outside
diameter 7see table reg =!9
Permissible 5ariation in "all thic%nesspercentage 7see table reg =!9
Test s5e1imensA 7i9 Test specimens
re#uired for the flattening andexpanding2flaring test shall be ta%en from
the ends of finished tubes prior to upsettings"aging& expanding or any other forming
operations or being cut to length. Theyshall be smooth on the ends and free from
burrs and fla"s.
!ra-e A,
6arbon - 0.)*
:n - 0.4= maxP - 0.0=
S - 0.0=
Si - 0.,0
!ra-e C
6arbon - 0.=
:n - 0.)4-,.0!
P - 0.0=S - 0.0=
Si - 0.,0
Pr2-u1t Anal:sis
'hen re#uested on the
purchase order& a productanalysis shall be made by the
supplier from one tube orbillet per heat. The chemical
composition thus determined
shall conform to there#uirements specified.
>f original test fails& retest of
t"o additional billets ortubes shall be made. Both
retest for the elements in the
#uestion shall meet the
machining& grinding& chipping
or thermal cutting bac% tosound metal.
Surfaces that ha5e benn
thermally cut shall be cut bac%
by machining or grinding so asto remo5e all burnt metals&
harmful notches& slag andscale& but slight discoloration
of machine thermally cut edges
on mild steel shall not beregarded as detrimental.
>f alloy steels are prepared by
thermal cutting& the surfaceshall be dressed bac% by
grinding or machining for a
distance of at least ,.mm&unless it has been sho"n that
the material has not beendamaged by the cutting
process.
+fter the edges are prepared
for "elding& they shall be5isually examined for flares&
crac%s& laminations& slaginclusion etc. The edges shall
be examined for thermally cut
material. +ny "eld repair as a
used. The tip of the torch
shall at no times be closerthan !$ from the tube. +
length of tube $ minimumlength& shall be heated for the
full circumference to a temp
of 4) to ,04= 6. The metaltemperature in this 8one must
be 4) 6 minimum at thetime the tube is bent. + temp
measurement must be ta%en
from each location that isbeing heated for ad@ustment
to shape.See table =.
;.# C2l- Pressin3& In1lu-es
12l- s8a3in3< 12l- u5setnterstage and fabricationheat treatment re#uirements
after cold pressing operation
shall be as noted in the table . 'hen local heat treatment
is used& the entire length ofthe s"aged area and
transition 8one shall beheated to the re#uired
temperature. >f a bend is
re#uired in the s"aged area&
=
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>f desirable and practicable& tensile test may
be carried out on full section of the tubes upto the capacity of the testing machine. or
large si8e tubes& the tensile test specimenshall consist of strip cut longitudinally from
the tube and "hich is not straightened
"ithin the gauge length and further heattreated.
>f any test specimen sho"s fla"s or
defecti5e machining it may be discarded
and another specimen substituted.
+ll specimens shall be tested at roomtemperature
Num0er 27 tests? The test shall be made on
minimum ) tubes for first ,00 tubes and ,
per ,00 or part thereof for tubes o5er ,00numbers.
Tensile an- Har-ness tests?-The test
specimen shall comply "ith the follo"ing
re#uirements. The hardness test may becarried out on the "all cross section or on a
flat on the outside surface of the tubesample. . 7see reg = Table9
lattening Test A + ring not less than 0mm
in length cut form one end of each selected
tube shall be flattened bet"een t"o parallel
re#uirements of the
specification& other"ise allremaining material in the
heat or lot shall be re@ected.
Har-ness requirements
*4 H3B or ,= HB for +,
4 H3B or ,*4 HB for 6
Tensi2n Test one tensiontest shall be made on a
specimen for lots of no morethan 0 tubes. Tension test
shall be made on specimenfrom t"o tubes for lot of
more than 0 tubes.
lattenin3 Test 4 One
flattening test shall be madeon specimens from each end
of one finished tube from
each lot& but not the one usedfor the flaring test. Tears or
brea%s occurring at the ,) or! oCcloc% position on grade
6 tubing "ith si8es of !0.=mm in outside diameter and
smaller shall not be
considered a basis for
result of thermal cutting shall
be to an appro5ed "eldingprocedure.
6are shall be ta%en that "eld
preparations are correctly
profiled and "ithin specifiedtolerance.
Tu0e 0en-in3 5r21e-ure Test
Demonstration bend produce
for test shall be bent to anangle of atleast 40 degree. This
shall be deemed to representthe minimum re#uirements and
for all bend angles. Thedeparture from circularity
7D69 shall be measured at the
bend apex and thic%nessmeasurements shall be ta%en at
=0 degree internal from "ithinbend angle. Test specimen
from "ithin the bend angle is
al"ays preferred.
Pr21e-ure Test
Requirements
+ny of the follo"ing processcan be employed for tube
bending
,.3otary dra" bend
the area shall be heat treated
prior to ma%ing bend.
;.$ C2l- Ben-in36old bending is defined as an
operation performed at metal
temp belo" 4= 6
+fter cold bending& heat
treatment shall be applied as
re#uired in the table belo".See Table .
Heat Treatment
., Heat treatment re#uiredafter forming or "elding
shall be performed
subse#uent to the operationthat re#uire heat treatment
except "hen the shopplanning se#uence
established that the
component "ill be post "eldheat treated as part of the
subse#uent assembly.
.) 3e#uirements for carbonand alloy steel 7 P, through
P!6 material 9
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flat surfaces to a distance bet"een the plates
7H9 as calculated by the formula gi5enbelo" "ithout sho"ing any sign of a crac%
of fla".
"here&
a thic%ness of tube 74 mm9.
D Outside diameter of the tube7mm9.
6 a constant as gi5en belo".6 0.04 for steel ha5ing a
specified minimum tensile strengthfrom =, %gf2mm) upto and
including = %gf2mrn).
6 0.0* for steel ha5ing aspecified minimum tensile strength o5er =
%gf2mm) upto andincluding ) %gf2mm).
6 0.0 for steel ha5ing a
specified minimum tensile strength o5er )%gf2mm) upto and including 40
%gf2mm).6 0.0= for steel ha5ing a
specified minimum tensile strength o5er 0
%gf2mm) upto and including !)%gf2mm).
0. langing and drift expanding tests 7a9
The tube shall "ithstand either the flanging
re@ection.
larin3 Test4 One flaring
test shall be made onspecimen from each end of
the one finished tube from
each lot& but not the one usedfor flattening test.
Har-ness test4Brinell or
3oc%"ell hardness tests shall
be made or specimens fromt"o tubes from each lot.
H:-r2stati1 2r
N2n-estru1ti>e Ele1tri1
Test
Each tube shall be sub@ected
to the hydrostatic& or& insteadof this test& a nondestructi5e
electric test may be used"hen specified by the
purchaser.
2rmin3 O5erati2n
'hen inserted in the boiler&tubes shall stand expanding
and bending "ithoutsho"ing crac%s or fla"s.
'hen properly manipulated&
super heater tubes shall stand
). Boost bending
=. Press or s#uee8e bending. 3ool bending
P2st Ben- Heat
treatment&PBHT)
Demonstration bend shall be
sub@ected to post bend heat
treatment& if re#uired
Tu0e 2rmin3 Rati2>t is calculated for each
material group and process.
T3 D)2 7 e F r9
D Tube OD in mm
7 e 1ominal "all thic%ness9r radius of bend measured to
the center line of tube mm
The T3 for other tube bends
of the same material group andthe same bending process shall
fall "ithin ,,0 / of the first5alue calculated for the first
bend. The demonstrated bend
can be sub@ected to the
.)., 'hen pipe or tube "all
thic%ness exceed 0.*$ forP, +& B& 6 material and
0.!)$ "all thic%ness forP=+ through P+ materials&
and for all thic%ness of PD
to P!6& post "eld heattreatments is re#uired. 'hen
a forming or "eldingprocedures re#uire a post
forming or post "eld heat
treatment& the heat treatmentshall be in accordance "ith
table >G and the follo"ingparagraph of .)
'.+.+ Holding time for P nos
,+ through shall be ,
hr2in of thic%ness "ith hour minimum for material
thinner than 0.)$. +ircooled or furnace cooled to
)* 6.
'.+.? P!B and P!6 materialshall be heated to ** I ,0
6& held for one hour per inch&"ith a hour& minimum
holding times& furnace cooledto 4= 6& then air cooled.
'.+.# 'hen an elements
contain se5eral grade of
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test or the drift expanding test& at the option
of the manufacturer.7b9 langing tests- + test piece cut
from the end of the tube in a planeperpendicular to the axis of the tube shall
sho" no crac% or fla" after flanging to the
specified outside diameter as gi5en in thetable belo"-
7c9 Drifting expanding test- + testpiece cut from the end of a tube in a plane
perpendicular to the axis of the tube shall
sho" no crac% after expanding by a mandrelha5ing an included angle of =0J or !0J at
the option of the manufacturer to increasethe outside diameter as gi5en in the table
belo"7 see table 3eg 0 amendments9.
A--iti2nal test 0e72re re@e1ti2n
7i9 >f any one or more tests specified inthese regulations fail & t"o further tests of
the same %ind may be made on t"o othertubes of the same batch. >f any of these tests
fails & the batch of the tubes represented
may be gi5en a further heat treatment andentire set of test shall be repeated.
7ii9 >f the repeat tests are satisfactory the
tubes shall be accepted .>f any failure in the
all forgings& "elding and
bending operations necessaryfor application "ithout
de5eloping defects.
SA +,? Seamless 7erriti1
an- austeniti1 all2:steel
02iler< su5er 6eater< an-
6eate16an3er tu0es
Materials an- Manu7a1ture
Tubes shall be made by the
seamless process and shall beeither hot finished or cold
finished& as specified. (radeTP=*H( shall be cold
finished.
!rain Si=e
The grain si8e of grades
=0H& =,!H& =),& =*H&
=H and =,0H6b1& asdetermined in accordance
"ith test methods E ,,)&shall be 1O. * or finer.
The grain si8e of cold
"or%ed (rade TP =),H& as
determined in accordance
follo"ing test.
,.Kisual Examination ? Outer
surface shall be free fromdefects such as crac%s&
indentation& laps& and scales.
Surface defects may beremo5ed by grinding &the
minimum design thic%nessshall be ensured.
). Trans5erse Examination ?Trans5erse defects on bens OD
by :P> in accordance "ithBSE1 ,)40 or LP> accordance
"ith BSE1 *, part ,.
=. Hardness Test ? The
hardness at the extrados ofbend of hot formed bends shall
not be higher than 0K,0higher than the hardness of
undeformed material.
. :echanical Test ? +ll hot
formed bends or bendsre#uiring PBHT other than S3
shall be sectioned andsub@ected to the follo"ing
mechanical test.
materials& it shall be heated
to the minimum temperaturere#uired by the highest P
number in the assembly& asre#uired by table >G "ithout
exceeding the maximum
temperature permitted for thelo"er P number. +ll
superheater and reheatertubing combination shall be
heat treated at !** 6
minimum except as noted in.=.= and .=.4
'.+.#., or ferritic materialto be "elded to stainless steel
tubing& see par .).=
'.+.$ 'hen heat treatment is
not re#uired to heat treat any
"eld or formed part "ithinthe limits sho"n in table >G.
'.+.; Heat treatment isre#uired "hen closely placed
attachments are "elded to
pipe or tubing.'.+. +fter hot forming
P+&D or material& cool to)0 6 before post forming
heat treatment is initiated.
'.+.'+ll P=& all P + and P
+ material shall be post "eld
heat treated after machining
!
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tests should occur& the entire batch of thetubes shall be re@ected.
Hydraulic Test- 7i9 Each tube shall be testedat the :a%erMs 'or%s on completion of
manufacture and shall "ithstand a hydraulic
pressure& to one and half times the designpressure sub@ect to a minimum of 0.*0
%gf2mm) but not greater than pressurecalculated by the follo"ing formula
'here&
P test pressure.D Outside diameter of
the tube.
t 1ominal "allthic%ness of the tube.
s Stress "hich shall beta%en as 0/ of the minimum
tensile strength at room
temperature.7ii9 1ot"ithstanding anything
contained in clause 7i9& the hydraulic test fortubes in :a%ersM premises may be dispensed
"ith by the >nspecting +uthority pro5idedthat the tubes are sub@ect to non-destructi5e
testing by an appropriate method li%e
"ith test method E ,,) shall
be 1o * or coarser.
Heat Treatment
!., +ll tubes of grades
sho"n in table& except Tcand T,< and in accordance
"ith !.,., shall be reheatedand furnished in the full-
annealed& isothermal
annealed& or normali8ed andtempered condition. >f
furnished in the normali8edand tempered condition& the
minimum temperingtemperature for grade T& T4&
T), and T)) shall be !* 6&
and the minimum temperingtemperature for grades T,,&
and T,* shall be !0 6.
!.,., Tubing of (rades T)
and T,) either hot-finishedor cold-dra"n& may be gi5en
a final heat treatment at !06 to *=0 6 instead of heat
treatments specified in !., atthe option of the
manufacture.
Tensile test in accordance "ith
BSE1 ,000) part ,.6harpy K notch test in
accordance "ith BSE1 ,00part,.
. Thic%ness? >t shall confirmto the thinning re#uirements.
(ang bending of tube panels?-
Demonstration bends produced
by the gang bending methodshall confirm to the
re#uirements for single tube.The gang bending method
shall be #ualified by aprocedure test 5alid for the
specific machine used. The
panel shall consist of at least =tubes "hich ha5e been "elded
together before bending.
Tu0e 0en-in3 requirements
Thinning of bend extrodus andD6 limits shall be
demonstrated by the follo"ingdimensional testing.
,. :easure nondestructi5ely)/ of production run&
including the first bend for
thinning and D6.
peg finning.
'.+. +fter spiral finningheat treat as follo"s
P, +&B&6 tubing -- 1one P ( tubing A 4=-*, 6
'.+.,( +ll bifurcates re#uire
a post "eld heat treatment'.+.,, 'hen hot dra"
operations are performed&they "ill be "ithin the temp
limit pro5ided in !.=.,
'.+.,,., The hot dra"temperature shall be limited
to * 6 for all P material.>f P material are heated to
temp in excess of * 6during hot dra"& a
subse#uent heat treatment is
re#uired to the re#uirementsof Table >G.
S5e1ial requirements
., Superheaters and
reheaters "ith alloy tubes&tubes that ha5e been hot or
cold "or%ed or "ith "eldsthe re#uire post "eld heat
treatment shall be heat
treated. Hori8ontal
*
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ultrasonic or 2 and Eddy current testing.$
HOT INISHED SEAMLESS
CARBON STEEL BOILER ANDSUPERHEATER TUBES OR DESI!N
METAL TEMPERATURES NOT
E"CEEDIN! #$#%C &'$(%).*
Material.- The tubes shall be seamless and
made of steel produced by an Open Hearth
or Electric Process or any of the OxygenProcesses. The chemical composition of the
material of the tubes shall conform to thefollo"ing analysis and the steel produced by
the Oxygen process shall in addition notcontain more than 0.00! percent of
nitrogen?-
6hemical 6omposition 7ladle analysis9.
6arbon 0.)/ max
Silicon 0.=/ max
:anganese 0.=/ min
Phosphorus 0.00/ maxSulphur 0.00/ max
These pro5isions co5er t"o #uality groups
of steels& namely grade , and grade )&depending on their tensile properties.
F+ carbon content not exceeding 0.= per
cent may be permitted sub@ect to the
!.,.= (rades T4, shall be
normali8ed at ,00 6minimum and tempered at
*=0 6 minimum as a finalheat treatments.
!.= +ll austenitic tubes shallbe furnished in the heat
treated condition. The heattreatment procedure& except
for the H grade and S =0,&
shall consist of heating thematerial to a minimum
temperature of ,00 6 and#uenching in "ater or rapidly
cooling by other means.
!. +ll H& S =0,& S==))
and S=,)*) grades shall befurnished in the solution
treated condition. or thesegrades& separate solution heat
treatments are re#uired for
solution annealingN in-process heat treatments are
not permitted as a substitutefor the separate solution
annealing treatments. >f cold"or%ing in in5ol5ed in
processing& the minimum
solution treating temperature
). +dditionally "here 32D
,.= a sample test bend isre#uired before
commencement of production.
Tu0e t6innin3 at t6e 0en-
etra-2s ? The thic%ness atany
point after bending shall not beless than eext"here
eext eactG 7) F 32D9 I 0. 7 ) F 32D9 I ,.
eext 3e#uired min. "all
thic%ness at extrados in mmeact 1ominal thic%ness of
supplied tube A suppliers max
7IKe9 tolerance in mm3 3adius of tube bend
measured to center line.D 1ominal OD of the tube
7mm9
The thinning on the extrados of
bends formed in ) stages& i.e.hot formed after initial hot or
cold bending shall not exceed=0/ of the thic%ness of the
straight tube local to the bend
as measured during a test
superheater& reheater and
economi8erelements thatmeet the follo"ing
re#uirements may beexempted from post "eld
heat treatment if& 7,9 +ll
tubes are carbon steel7)9+ttachments
"elds are exempt from HT7=9 +ll forming operations
used to fabricate the
assembly are exempt frompost "eld HT.
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appro5al of the >nspecting +uthority.
1OTE 'here the material is used for
designed temperature abo5e =44
6 7*0
9&the steel shall be of non-segregated or fully
%illed type.
Heat Treatment?- Hot finished pipes need
not be heat treated. 6old dra"n pipes shallbe gi5en a sub-critical anneal& a full anneal&
or a normalising heat treatment after thefinal cold finishing process
W2r9mans6i5 an- t2leran1e? The pipesshall be "ell finished& cleaned free from
harmful defects. They shall be reasonablystraight& smooth& cylindrical and sub@ect to
the follo"ing tolerance. Pipes manufacturershall explore a sufficient number of 5isual
inspections to pro5ide reasonable assurance
that they ha5e been properly e5aluated.
7i9 Permissible 5ariations in outside
diameter?Hot finished and cold
finished seamless pipes 7 see amend table
=9
Permissible 5ariation in "all thic%ness?
for grades TP=),H& TP=*H
and TP=H shall be ,,00 6&and for grade TP=0H& and
TP=,!H& ,00 6. >f thegrade H is hot rolled& the
minimum solution treatment
for grades TP=),H& andTP=*H& and TP=H shall
be ,00 6& and for gradeTP=0H& and TP=,!H ,00
6.
C6emi1al C2m52siti2n
See Atta16 Ta0le ,. ASME
Pr2-u1t Anal:sis4
+n analysis of either onebillet or one tube shall be
made from each heat. Thechemical composition thus
determined shall confirm tothe re#uirements specified.
or (rade T4, the carbon
procedure.
D6 of Tube bends?- )7DmaxA Dmin9F ,00
D6 7Dmax I Dmin9
'here D6 Departure from
circularityDmax :aximum OD
measured at the tube bend apex7 mm 9
Dmin :inimum OD
measured at the same cross
section as Dmax 7mm9
Heat Treatment 27 Tu0e
0en-s
The heat treatment of hot orcold formed shall be as
follo"s?7a9. +ll hot formed tube bends
or cold formed tube bendsre#uiring heat treatment after
bending including bends hot
formed after cold bending shall
4
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The minimum "all thic%ness at any point
shall not be more than ,)./ under thenominal "all thic%ness specified.
Permissible 5ariation in exact length?
Seamless Hot finished and cold finished
pipes can be ordered in specified length orin random length. >f ordered in specified
length& the tolerances for all si8es shall beI!.0mm2-0.0mm.
SEAMLESS ERRITIC AND AUSTENITIC
ALLO STEEL BOILER< SUPERHEATER ANDHEAT E"CHAN!ER TUBES
The design metal temperature shall notexceed the follo"ing limits? 7clic% here to5ie" the Table 3eg * 9
Diameter.- The external diameter of thetubes measured at any point shall be "ithinthe follo"ing tolerances of the diameterspecified see table reg amendments9
The steel shall conform to the limits ofchemical compositions gi5en in Table ,
and ).
7clic% here to 5ie" the 3eg Table 7,99
content may 5ery for the
product analysis by A0.0,/and I0.0)/ from the
specified range as per table,.
Har-ness Requirements
or T4, hardness should not
exceed )0 HB or ) H36
Tensi2n Test
One tension test shall bemade on a specimen for lots
of not more than 0 tubes.Tension tests shall be made
on specimen from t"o tubesfor lots of more than 0
tubes.
lattenin3 Test FOneflattening test shall be made
on specimen from each endof one finished tube& not the
one used for the flaring test&
from each lot.
larin3 Test4 One flaringtest shall be made on
specimen from each end ofthe one finished tube from
each lot& but not the one used
for flattening test.
be heat treated as follo"s.
'hen bends in steel *!) arenormali8ed and tempered& the
complete manipulated tubeshall be heat treated. The heat
treatment is not necessary in
the follo"ing cases.
,.Hot formed tube bends insteel =)0& =!0& 0& )= and
!)0 need not recei5e a PBHT
if the bending operation "ascompleted "ithin the
normali8ing range.). PBHT may be "ai5ed by the
appro5al of inspectingauthority.
PBHT applicable to coldformed tubes as follo"
Steels Bend
3atio
Heattrea
tment
!)4-40&4,
32D =.0
S3
*!)
only
32D
Q=.0
1o
PBHT
+ll
othersteels
32D
,.=
1o
PBHT
32D
Q,.=
,0
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7clic% here to 5ie" the 3eg Table 7)99
FThe grain si8e of cold "or%ed grade TP=),H shall be 1o.* or coarser.
Heat treatment?- 7i9 +ll tubes of grades in
Table-,&7clic% here to 5ie" the Table 7,99except T 4,& ,)G,:0 and G)06r:oK,),
shall be reheated and furnished in fullannealed& isothermal annealed or
normali8ed and tempered condition. >f
furnished in the normali8ed and tempered
condition& the minimum temperingtemperature for (rades T, and T,, shall be!0 degree 6 and the minimum tempering
temperature for (rades T& T4 and T))shall !* Degree 6.
Tubing of (rades T,&T) and T,) eitherhot finished or cold dra"n& may be
gi5en a final heat treatment at !0
degree 6 to *=0 degree 6& instead of
heat treatments specified in sub-clause7i9 abo5e at the option of themanufacture.
(rade T4, shall be normalised at ,00degree 6 minimum and tempered at *=0
degree 6 minimum as a final heat
Har-ness test4Brinell or
3oc%"ell hardness tests shallbe made or specimens from
t"o tubes from each lot.H:-r2stati1 2r
N2n-estru1ti>e Ele1tri1
Test
Each tube shall be sub@ected
to the hydrostatic& or& insteadof this test& a nondestructi5e
electric test may be used
"hen specified by thepurchaser
2rmin3 O5erati2n
'hen inserted in the boiler&tubes shall stand expanding
and bending "ithout
sho"ing crac%s or fla"s.'hen properly manipulated&
super heater tubes shall standall forgings& "elding and
bending operations necessary
for application "ithoutde5eloping defects.
Sur7a1e C2n-iti2n
The ferritic cold dra"n steel
tubes shall be free from scale
and suitable for inspection.
Re5air 27 Tu0e 0en-s 4
+reas of the tube bend "hichha5e been ground to remo5e
defects shall be examined by
surface fla" detection methodto ensure complete remo5al of
defects. 3epair to the tubesurface by "elding is not
permitted.
Site 8el-in3 27 Panel Tu0e
The site "eld "hich @oins thefin edges of ad@acent panel
sections of tube "alls shouldbe a continuous longitudinal
"eld bet"een t"o fin edges.
+ny site "elding directly tothe tube surface should be
limited to the small area ofma%e up fin local to the tube
butt "elds bet"een panel ends.
a0ri1ati2n T2leran1e
Linear ali3nment 27 0utt
8el-e- tu0es. The "elding oftube @oints shall include
matching& if necessary of the
tube ends at each @oint.
,,
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treatment.
(rade ,)x,:o shall be normali8ed at40 A 40 degree 6 and tempered at*)0-*0 degree 6 for a period of , to =
hours.
(rade G)06r:oK,), shall be normali8ed
at ,0)0- ,0*0 degree 6 and tempered at *=0A*0 degree 6 for a period of , hour
minimum.
+ll austenitic tubes 7Table ) 9 shall befurnished in the heat treat condition. Theheat treatment procedure& except for the H
grades shall consists of heating the material
to a minimum temperature of ,00 degree 6and #uenching in "ater or rapidly cooling
by other means.
+ll H grades shall be furnished in the
solution treated condition. >f cold "or%ing
is in5ol5ed in processing& the minimumsolution treating temperatures for gradesTP=),H and TP=*H shall be ,,00 degree
6 and for grades TP=0H and TP=,!H shall
be ,00 degree 6. >f the P grade is hotrolled& the minimum solution treatment for
grades TP =), H and TP =* H shall be,00 degree 6 for grades TP =0H and TP
+ slight amount of oxidation
is not considered scale.
erritic hot rolled steel tubesshall be free of loose scale
and suitable for inspection.
+ustenitic steel tubes shall
be pic%led free from scale.'hen bright annealing is
used& pic%ling is not
necessary.
SA ++; Ele1tri1 Resistan1e8el-e- 1ar02n steel 02iler
an- su5er6eater tu0es 72r
Hi36 Pressure ser>i1e.
SA +$( Ele1tri1 Resistan1e
8el-e- 1ar02n
M2l:0-enum All2: steel
02iler an- su5er6eater
tu0es.
SA +;' Seamless an-
8el-e- 7erriti1 stainless
steel tu0in3s 72r 3eneral
ser>i1es.
:atching of the bores shall be
effected by selection& drifting7 hot or cold 9& machining&
s"aging or by use of a suitableexpander. +ny machine
counter boring re#uired shall
not reduce the thic%ness of thetube "all to belo" the design
thic%ness. +ll hot drifts endsshall be heat treated. The bores
of the ends of the ad@acent
tubes should preferably matchexactly. Permissible le5el for
bore difference and boremisalignment are gi5en belo".
Dia. Of
Tubebore
:ax.
diff inbore
:ax out
ofalignme
nt of
ad@acenttube
;p to
0 mm
,.0 ,.0
0-=00 ,. ,.
O5er
=00
).0 ).0
An3ular ali3nment 27 0utt
8el- tu0es? +ny centerline
angular misalignment should
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=,!H shall be ,00 degree 6.
W2r9mans6i5 an- t2leran1e?- The tubesshall be "ell finished& cleaned free fromharmful defects. They shall be reasonably
straight& smooth& cylindrical and sub@ect to
the follo"ing tolerances. inished tubesshall be reasonably straight and ha5e
smooth ends free of burrs. They shall ha5ea "or%manli%e finish. Surface imperfections
li%e any discontinuity or irregularity foundin the tube may be remo5ed by grinding&
pro5ided that a smooth cur5ed surface ismaintained& and the tube may be remo5edby grinding& pro5ided that a smooth cur5ed
surface is maintained& and the "allthic%ness is not decreased to less than that
permitted. The outside diameter at the point
of grinding may be reduced by the amountso remo5ed.
Permissible 5ariation in outside diameter.
7clic% here to 5ie" the igure reg i9
Permissible 5ariation in 'all thic%ness.
7clic% here to 5ie" the igure reg ii 9
7iii9 Permissible 5ariation in length for
extact length tubes. 7clic% here to 5ie" the
2rmulas 72r 1al1ulati2n 27
tu0e t6i19ness.
t R7PD927)S I P 9 I 0.00D I E
"here t min. re#uiredthic%ness& in.
P max. allo"able "or%ing
pressure& psi
D Outside diameter of
cylinder& in.
S :ax allo"able stress5alue at the design
temperature of the metal.
E Thic%ness factor for
expanded tube ends.
Re5air 27 -e7e1ts in
materialDefects in material may be
repaired by the boilermanufacture pro5ided
acceptance by the inspectoris first obtained for the
method and extent of repairs.
:aterial that cannot be
not exceed = degree. i.e. mm
>n ,00 mm.
Pre6eatin3 1o "elding ortac% "elding shall be carried
out& "hen the temperature of
parent metal "ithin ,0 mm of@oint is less than 6. 'hen the
ris% of hydrogen crac%ing ishigh& the preheating temp
should either be maintained or
boosted for a min of ) hoursafter "elding to facilitate
hydrogen remo5al. 'henpreheat is specified& it should
be continued "ithout anyinterruption.
Assem0l: 27 12m52nent 72r
Wel-in3
The parts to be "elded aresecurely held in position by
mechanical means 7 "elded
bridge piece or tac% "elding 9to ensure proper alignment and
root gap. 6orrection ofirregularities in fit up shall not
be carried out by hammering.The preheat re#uirements shall
be maintained during tac%
"elding. iller material used
,=
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igure reg iii9
Seamless C6r2miumM2l:0-enum Steel
B2iler an- Su5er 6eater Tu0es 72r -esi3n
metal tem5eratures n2t e1ee-in3 $%C
&,((%
Material- The tubes shall be manufacturedfrom steel produced by the Open Hearth or
Electric Process or any of the Oxygen
Process and shall conform to the follo"inglimits of chemical composition
The steel ma%er shall pro5e to the
satisfaction of the >nspecting +uthority that
the
satisfactorily repaired shall
be re@ected.
H:-r2stati1 Test+fter a boiler has been
completed& it shall be
sub@ected to pressure testsusing "ater at no less than
ambient temperature& but inno case less than )) 6. The
tests shall be made in t"o
stages in this se#uence?
Hydrostatic pressure testsshall be applied by raising
the pressure gradually to ,.times the max. allo"able
"or%ing pressure as sho"n
on the data report to bestamped on the boiler. The
pressure shall be underproper control at all times so
that the re#uired test pressure
is ne5er exceeded by morethan !/. 6lose 5isual
inspection is not re#uiredduring his stage.
The hydrostatic test pressure
may then be reduced to the
maximum allo"able "or%ing
should be of a type and class
appropriate to particular "eld.The extremities of this tac%
"eld shall be ground orchipped to facilitate proper
fusion& "hen they are
incorporated in the root run.+ll crac%ed tac% "elds shall be
remo5ed. +ll "elded bridgepieces shall be remo5ed. The
"eld area ground flush and
examined by a surface fla"detection method appropriate
to the material before S3.
P2st Wel- Heat Treatment
>t shall be carried out
according to the follo"ing
re#uirements or heat treatmentcondition be agreement
bet"een manufacturer and theinspecting authority or can be
"ai5ed by agreement bet"een
purchaser& manufacturer andinspecting authority by
pro5iding satisfactory pastexperience& "here absence of
P'HT did not ad5ersely affectthe beha5ior. The controlling
thic%ness to be "eld in
determining the re#uirements
,
6arbon 0.,/ max
Silicon 0.,0/ to 0.0/
:anganes
e
0.=0/ to 0.*0/
Phosphoru
s
0.0/ max
Sulphur 0.0/ max
6hromium
,.40 to ).!/
:oly 0.* to ,.)/
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#uality of the steel is of the re#uired hightemperature creep strength
Heattreatment- The tubes shall be fullyannealed or normali8ed and tempered& at a
temperature appro5ed by the >nspecting
+uthority.
W2r9mans6i5 an- t2leran1e- The tubesshall be "ell finished& clean and free from
harmful defects.They shall be reasonable
straight& smooth cylindrical and sub@ect to
the follo"ing tolerances before bending?-
Diameter - The external diameter of the
tubes measured at any point shall be "ithin
the follo"ing tolerances if the diameterspecified?-76lic% here to 5ie" the Table reg
!a9
T6i19ness- The thic%ness of the tubes shall
be "ithin the follo"ing tolerances?-76lic%
here to 5ie" the Table reg !a9
T6i19ness- The thic%ness of the tubes shallbe "ithin the follo"ing tolerances?-76lic%
here to 5ie" the Table !a9
Len3t6- The tubes shall be not less than the
nominal length& but may exceed it by the
pressure& as sho"n on the
data report& to be stamped onthe boiler and maintained at
this pressure "hile the boileris carefully examined. The
metal temperature shall not
exceed 6 during the closeexamination.
+t no time during the
hydrostatic test shall any part
of the boiler be sub@ected to astress grater than 40/ of its
yield strength 7 0.)/ offset9at test temperature
Test !a3es+n indicating gage& 5isible to
the operator controlling thepressure applied& shall be
connected to the pressureparts. Hydrostatic head on
the gage shall be considered
depending on the location ofthe gage.
Dial pressure gages used in
testing shall preferably ha5edials graduated o5er their
entire range of about double
the intended maximum test
for P'HT time shall be as
follo"s.,. Butt 'elds ?- The thic%ness
of thinner pare at the "elded@oint.
). illet "eld ?- Specified
throat thic%ness of branch at@oint.
'hen the component to bepost "eld heat treatment
contains "elds "ith different
indi5idual controllingthic%ness& the go5erning
thic%ness is selected as greaterof the indi5idual controlling
thic%ness.
urna1e PWHT 27
12m52nents,.The temperature of the
furnace at the time thecomponent is placed should
not exceed
7a9for ferritic steel 00 6 forcomponent of less than !0mm
thic%ness and not of complexshape& or =00 6 for component
of !0 mm thic%ness or o5ercomplex shape.
7b9 or austenitic steels =00 6
7c9 The rate of heating for
,
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amount gi5en belo"?76lic% here to 5ie"the Table !a9
E ELECTRICRESISTANCEWELDED
STEEL BOILER AND SUPERHEATER
TUBES OR
DESI!N METAL TEMPERATURES
NOT E"CEEDIN! #$#%&'$(%
Re3ulati2n $' Material.- 7a9 Tubes shall
be manufactured from steel produced by anOpen hearth& or electric process or any of
the oxygen processes.
6hemical composition. 7,9 The ladle
analysis shall conform to the follo"ingre#uirements?-
6arbon 0.)/ maxSilicon 0.0/ max :anganese
,.0/ max Phosphorous 0.0/max
Sulphur 0.0/ max 'hen the ladleanalysis is not a5ailable& the analysis of
sample tubes selected at random may be
used.'here the temperature is belo"
006 either rimmingC or %illedC steel may
be used. >f rimming steel is used in the
manufacture of electric resistance "elded
pressure& but in no case shall
the range be less than ,.times that pressure. The
spacing bet"een graduationsshall be such that the
inspector and the operator
controlling the test shall beable to determine "hen the
re#uired test pressure hasbeen applied. Digital
pressure gages ha5ing a
"ider range of pressurereadings may be used
pro5ided the readings gi5ethe same or greater degree of
accuracy as obtained "ithdial pressure gages.
Part PW
6arbon or ally steel ha5ing a
carbon content of more than0.=/ shall not be used in
"elded construction or beshaped by oxygen cutting or
other thermal cutting
processes.
'elding electrodes and fillermetal shall be selected to
ferritic steel shall not exceed
the follo"ing
7i9))02hr for thic%ness )mm
7ii900 62hr di5ided by the
thic%ness 7mm9 for thic%nessexceeding )mm up to and
including ,00 mm.
7iii9 62hr for t Q ,00 mm
79The rate of heating from
=00 6 for austenitic steel shallnot exceed
7i9 ))0 62Hr for t )mm&7ii9 )00 62Hr for tQ )mm
7d9 During heating and holding
period& the furnace atmosphere
shall be so controlled as toa5oid excessi5e oxidation of
the surface of the component.
There shall be no directimpingement of flame on thecomponent.
7e9 6omponent in ferritic steels
shall be cooled in the furnacetemp& not exceeding 00 6.
Belo" 00 6 it may be cooledin air.
,!
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tubes& the strip shall be rolled in single
"idths and shall not be slit longitudinallyexcept to trim the edges. The steel used for
design temperature abo5e 006 but not
exceeding 6 shall be of the fully %illed
type. The #uestion of high temperature
creep strength of the material shall be thesub@ect of agreement bet"een the
manufacturer and >nspecting +uthority.$
Manu7a1ture- The tube shall be made by
electric resistance "elding and heat treated
as per the table gi5en belo". >n case of coldfinished tubes the heat treatment shall be
done after the final cold finishing process.76lic% here to 5ie" the table reg 9
The tube shall be "ell finished and free
from harmful defects. The external "eld
7flash9 shall be remo5ed completely i.e.flushed "ith outside surface. The internal
"eld upset shall be trimmed throughout thelength of the tube so that the maximum
height shall not exceed 0.) mm.
T6i19ness- The thic%ness of each tube
pro5ide deposited "eld metal
of chemical composition andmechanical properties
compatible "ith the materialto be @oined and the ser5ice
condition anticipated.
3immed and semi %illed
steel shall not be @oined bythe inertia and continuous
dri5e friction "elding
processes.
or pressure retaining "eldsin ).)6r-,:o materials&
other than circumferentialbutt "elds less than or e#ual
to =. in. in outside diameter&
"hen design metaltemperature exceed 0 &
the "eld metal shall ha5e acarbon content greater than
0.0/.
Wel-in3 3r22>es
The dimension and shape ofthe edges to be @oined by butt
"elds shall be such that topermit complete fusion and
complete @oint penetration
7f9 component in austenitic
steels shall be rapidly cooledfrom the solution treated temp.
A--iti2nal Requirements 72r
PWHT 27 @2ints 0et8een
-issimilar 7erriti1 steels
P'HT is possible pro5idedT,C-T)C QU =0 for carbon and
carbon manganese steels and
)0 6 for all other steels.
'here T,C lo"est soa%ingtemp acceptable for the steel
re#uiring the higher P'HTtemp gi5en in table
T)C Highest soa%ing tempacceptable for steel re#uiring
lo"er P'HT temp range.
The P'HT temp for butt
"elds shall be "ith in higherrange gi5en in Table
appropriate to t"o steels being"elded. 'here a ma@or
component of steels for "hichP'HT is gi5en in table is
"elded to minor component of
a steel for "hich P'HT is
,*
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excluding the "eld shall conform to the
permissible 5ariation gi5en belo"?76lic%here to 5ie" the table reg 9
The minimum thic%ness in the "eld area
shall not be less than that permitted in thebody of the tubes.
7e9 Diameter The outside diameter of
each tube measured at any position shall
conform to the specified diameter "ithin thelimits of plus 0.*/ and minus 0.*/ "ith
a minimum of 0.=0 mm o5er and under.
7f9 Len3t6- ;nless other"ise specifiedtube shall be supplied as random length.
'here the length is specified as exact
length or cut length& the permissible5ariation shall be I !mm -0 mm for length
up to and including ! meters. or e5ery =meter increase in length abo5e ! meters& the
positi5e tolerance shall be increased by ,.
mm "ith a maximum of ,) mm.
COLD DRAWNRESISTANCE
WELDED STEEL BOILER AND
SUPERHEATER TUBES OR DESI!N
METAL TEMPERATURE NOT
G2ints Bet8een Materials
O7 Unequal t6i19ness.
+ tapered transition sectionha5ing a length not less than
three times the offset
bet"een the ad@oiningsurfaces shall be pro5ided at
the @oints bet"een materialthat differ in thic%ness by
more than one forth of the
thic%ness of the thinnermaterial or by more than ,2
in. The transition sectionmay be formed by any
process that "ill pro5ide auniform taper. The "eld may
be partly or entirely into the
tapered section or ad@acent toit.
Cir1um7erential Wel-s in
Tu0e an- Pi5e
'hen components of
different diameter orthic%ness are "elded
together& the transition shallnot exceed a slope of =0 deg.
rom the smaller to the
larger diameter. The
gi5en& the "eld shall be heat
treated "ithin a temp rangegi5en for the minor component
for a time appropriate to thethic%ness of the ma@or
component.
Re5airs 27 8el-
+n appro5al "eldingprocedure shall be employed.
The nature and extent of such
repair should be reported toinspecting authority.
Details of "eld repair shall be
made a5ailable to 1DEpersonel responsible for
examination.
Defects should be cut out by an
appropriate method. 'here"elds are partially remo5ed&
the portion cut out shall be
sufficiently deep and long toremo5e the defect. +t the end
of the ca5ity& there shall be agradual taper from the base of
the cut to the surface of the"eld metal. The "idth and
profile of the cut shall be such
as to gi5e ade#uate access for
,
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E"CEEDIN! #$#%C &'$(%)
Material. :aterial& tube grade andchemical composition for these tubes shallbe in accordance "ith the appropriate clause
of 3egulation .
Manu7a1ture. Tube shallbe manufactured
as prescribed in3egulation 7b9andsubse#uently cold dra"n.
T2leran1es.Tolerance on thic%ness and
outside diameter shall be as follo"s
Thic%ness?- I *./ - *./OD ?- I 0./ -0./
7'ith a minimum of 0.,0mm o5er andunder9.
Tolerance on length shall be in accordance
"ith3egulation 7f9.
Heat Treatment. +fter final cold finishing
thetubes shall be heat treated as follo"s?7clic% here to 5ie" the Table !=a9
The ends "hich are sub@ected to cold
transition may be formed by
any process that "ill pro5idea uniform taper.
Ra-i23ra56i1 Eaminati2n
+ll longitudinal and
circumferential butt "elded@oints shall be
radiographically examinedthroughout their entire length
in accordance "ith article )
of section K.
'hen it is impractical to usea combination of
radiography parameters suchthat a geometric unsharpness
of 0.0* in. "ill not be
exceeded& ultrasonicexamination of the "eld and
the heat affected 8one shallbe used lieu of radiography.
Wel-in3 Pr21essesThe follo"ing "elding
process may be used for anysection > construction ?
shielded metal arc&submerged arc& gas metal
arc& flux core arc& gas
tungsten arc& plasma arc&
re"elding.
H:-r2stati1 Pressure Tests 4
The ha8ard in5ol5ed inpressure testing shall be
considered by the manufacture
and ade#uate precaution shallbe ta%en.
'ater shall be used as the
pressuring agent. The #uality
of "ater used shall be such thatit pre5ents both corrosion and
any residue of in@urious solids.The temp of the "ater used for
the pressure tests shall beselected by the manufacture
ta%ing in to account the ris% of
brittle fracture of the pressureparts and shall not exceed 0
6. The component being testedand its connections shall be
5ented or e5acuated. +ll temp
tubes& connections andblan%ing de5ices should be
designed to "ithstand the testpressure. The full test pressure
shall be maintained for =0 minfor completed boiler and large
component and for a sufficient
length of time for smaller
,4
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"or%ing operation shall be suitably
normali8ed or sub-critically annealed asabo5e.
FTemperature range 0 Deg.6 to 40
Deg.6
VTemperature range !!0 Deg.6 to *)0Deg.6.
CONSTRUCTION AND
WORMENSHIP
BOILER AND SUPERHEATER TUBES
SUBGECT TO INTERNAL PRESSURE
Steel Tu0es- 7a9 +ll tubes "hich are sub@ectto internal pressure of "ater or steam shall
be cold dra"n or hot finished seamless or
electric resistance "elded in accordance"ith3egulations =!to !=. Except as
pro5ided for in clause 7b9 belo" they shallbe "ithout @oint
Tubes ha5ing an external diameter notexceeding inches may be @ointed and such
@oints may be flash "elded& machine forge"elded arc or gas "elded. Tubes abo5e W
diameter may also be "elded pro5ided theyare located outside the furnace. Such "elds
must conform to the re#uirements of
6hapter K>>>.
atomic hydrogen arc&
oxyhydrogen& oxyacetylene&laser beam& electron beam&
flash& induction& resistance&pressure thermit& pressure
gas& and inertia and
continuous dri5e friction"elding.
+rc stud "elding and
resistant stud "elding may
be used for non pressure-bearing attachments ha5ing a
load or non-load-carryingfunction. Stud si8e shall be
limited to, in. diameter maximum.
Wel-in3 uali7i1ati2n an-
Wel- Re12r-s
The "elding procedureSpecifications& the "elders
and the "elding operators
used in "elding pressureparts and in @oining load-
carrying nonpressure parts&such as all permanent or
temporary clips and lugs& topressure parts shall be
#ualified in accordance "ith
section 4.
component.
)0
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lash "elding shall be underta%en on a"elding machine of a type appro5ed by the
>nspecting Officer. The external fin causedby "elding shall be remo5ed sub@ect to a
maximum height of / percent of the tube
outside diameter . The internal fin shall alsobe remo5ed sub@ect to a maximum height of
)0 per cent of the "all thic%ness of the tube.
+rc "elded but @oints shall be made by the
metallic shielded arc process and post "eldheat treated effecti5ely except in the
follo"ing cases?for alloy steel-
7i9 in case of 0. :olybdenum Steels ifthic%ness does not exceed ,= mm and
outside diameter does not exceed ,)*mm
in case of , chromium X :olybdenum steelif thic%ness does not exceed ,= mm and
outside diameter does not exceed ,)* mm
and preheated to ,)J6.
in case of ) 6hromium , :olybdenumsteel& post "eld heat treatment is not
necessary under the follo"ing conditions?
7,9 a maximum specified 6hromium
content of =.0/
a0ri1ati2n
Base metal Pre5arati2n
The preparation of the @oints
prior to "elding may in5ol5eany of the con5entional
methods in use such asmachining& thermal cutting&
chipping& grinding& or
combination of these.
'here the thermal cutting isused& the effect on the
mechanical and metallurgicslproperties of the base metal
shall be ta%en into
consideration.
The method of base metalpreparation used shall lea5e
the "elding groo5e "ith
reasonably smooth surfacesand free from deep notches&
striations& or irregularities.The surface for "elding shall
be free of all scale& rust& oil&greese& or other foreign
materials.
),
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7)9 a maximum nominal outside
diameter of ,0) mm&7=9 a maximum thic%ness of mm&
79 a maximum specified carbon contentof 0.,/&
79 a maximum preheat temperature of
,0J6.
or carbon steel?-7i9 a maximum carbon percentage of 0.=0.
7ii9 a maximum thic%ness of 4 mm.
'hen gas "elding is implied the techni#ue
follo"ed shall be appro5ed by an >nspectingOfficer.
The techni#ue employed in all field "elding
of tubes shall be sub@ect to the appro5al of
the chief >nspector ofBoilers.
+ll butt "elds of tubes shall be tested as
re#uired hereunder?-
7i9C2m52nents 3reater t6an ,' mm &
in16) 02re- +ll "elds shall be non-destructi5ely tested by radiographic or other
appro5ed methods.
7ii9 Tu0es 3reater t6an ,(+ mm in16)
02re an- u5t2 an- in1lu-in3 ,' mm
Assem0l:
Bars& @ac%s& clamps& tac%
"elds& or other appropriatemeans may be used to hold
the edges of the parts to be
"elded in alignment.
Tac% "elds used to securealignment shall either be
remo5ed completely "hen
they ha5e ser5ed theirpurpose or their stopping and
starting ends shall beproperly prepared by
grinding or other suitablemeans so that they may be
satisfactorily incorporated
into the final "eld. Tac%"elds shall be made by buut
"eld or fillet "eld.
'hen @oining t"o parts by
the inertia and continuousdri5e friction "elding
proceses& one of the t"oparts must be held ina fixed
position and the other partrotated. The t"o faces to be
@oined must be essentially
symmetrical "ith respect to
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&.in16) 02re ,0 per cent of the "elds by
each "elder& selected at random "ith aminimum of ) "elds per "elder& shall be
sub@ected to non-destructi5e examination byradiographic or other appro5ed method.
7iii9 Tu0es ,(+mm in16) 02re an-un-er- Sample "elds simulating the
production "elds shall be pro5ided formechanical testing either at a rate of ) per
cent or after each ,0 "elding hours "ith a
minimum of one sample "eld per "elder.
+lternati5ely& per cent of the"elds made by each "elder selected at
random& "ith a minimum of one "eld per"elder& shall be sub@ected to non-destructi5e
examination by radiographic or other
appro5ed method. This rate may be reducedto ) per cent by arrangement "ith the
>nspecting +uthority after initial satisfactoryresults ha5e been produced.
>n the e5ent of any non-destructi5etest not meeting the re#uirements& defects in
the "elds represented by that test shall berectified and the >nspecting +uthority may
call for an increase in the number of non-destructi5e tests until such time as a
satisfactory standard is achie5ed.$
the axis of rotation.
Ali3nment T2leran1es
'hen tubes or pipes are"elded together& the
alignment shall be such that
the inside surfaces pro5idefor complete "eld
penetration.
+lignment of sections at
edges to be butt "elded shallbe such that the maximum
offset is not greater than theapplicable amount as listed
in the table
Section
Thic%s
Direction of @oints
>n
>nches
Longitu
dinal
6ircumf
erential
;p to X t t
X to =2 ,2 int t
Y to ,. ,2 in =2,! in.
,. to).0
,2 in ,2 t
O5er ) Lesserof ,2,!
t or =2in.
Lesserof ,2 t
or Y in.
)=
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Atta16ment 27 Steel Tu0es- 7a9 Tubes shall
be connected to the tube plates by one of thefollo"ing methods.
7,9 Expanding.
7)9 Strength "elding.
7=9 :echanical bolted bail @oint.
Drift or roller expanded tubes shallpro@ect through the nec% or bearing part in
the holes by at least a #uarter of an inch and
shall be secured from dra"ing out by beingbell mouthed to the extent of , 2=)MM for each
inch in diameter plus )2=)MM.
Tubes may be seal "elded into fittings orheaders for both boilers and super heaters
after they ha5e been expanded and flared
pro5ided the material in the fittings orheaders does not contain carbon in excess of
0.= per cent.
>n the case of drifted or roller expanded
tubes& the tube holes in the tube plates ofdrums& poc%ets& or headers shall be formed
in such a "ay that the tubes can beeffecti5ely tightened in them. 'here the
tube ends are not normal to the tube plate&there shall be a nec% or belt of parallel
seating of at least X in. depth measured in a
plane normal to the axis of the tube at the
illet Wel-s
>n ma%ing fillet "elds& the
"eld metal shall be depositedin such a "ay as to secure
ade#uate penetration into the
base metal at the root of the"eld. illet "eld contours
shall confirm to there#uirements in section 4 and
the surface of such "elds
shall be free from coarseripples or groo5es& and shall
merge smoothly "ith thesurfaces @oined.
PREHEATIN!
Preheat for "elding orthermal cutting may be
applied by any method "hichdoes not harm the base
material or any "eld metal
already applied& or "hichdoes not introduce into the
"elding area foreign material"hich is harmful to the "eld.
'hen materials of t"o
different P numbers groups
are @oined by "elding& the
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holes.
'here tubes are strength "elded direct to
the tube plates& the techni#ue follo"ed shallbe appro5ed by the >nspecting +uthority and
all "elds shall be suitably heat treated. >n
the case of plates belo" )) mm thic%ness&the re#uirement of stress relie5ing by heat
treatment after "elding of the tubes may be"ai5ed pro5ided the "eld satisfies the
re#uirements of the maximum hardness and
also the re#uirements concerning the impact5alues of the "eld metal. The "elding
procedure adopted and the "eld se#uenceselected shall also be sub@ect to the appro5al
of the >nspecting +uthority. This pro5isionis applicable to only shop "elding of tubes
at the :anufacturersM 'or%s.$
Tubes spacers& supporting clips and lugs
may be "elded to the tubes. lash "eldingof studs for supporting refractories& etc.& is
also permissible.
The tubes shall be so arranged that they areaccessible for cleaning internally and
externally
T6e W2r9in3 Pressure 27 t6e tu0es
s6all 0e -etermine- 0: t6e 72ll28in3
72rmula 4
preheat used "ill be that of
the material "ith the higherpreheat specified on the
"elding procedurespecification.
Minimum tem5erature 72r
5re6eatin3
P N2. ,< !r2u5 N2. ,
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"here&
T minimum thic%ness of tubes& that is&nominal thic%ness less the permissiblenegati5e tolerance in mm 7inch9&
6 0.* mm for "or%ing pressure up toand including *0 %g2cm)7,000 lbs2s#. inch9or 60 for "or%ing pressure exceeding *0%g2cm) 7,000 lbs2s#. >nch.9&
'.P. 'or%ing pressure of boiler in %g2cm)
7lbs 2 s#. inch9
D External diameter of tube in mm 7inch9
f Permissible stress for the material at the"or%ing metal temperature in %g2cm) 7lbs2s#. inch.9 to be determined on the basisgi5en belo"?
The "or%ing metal temperature shall beta%en as-
or integral economiser tubes& themaximum "ater temperature for "hich thepart of the element is designed plus ,,J67)0J9.
,), 6 7 )0 9 for material
"hich has both a specifiedminimum tensile strength in
excess of !0000 psi or athic%ness at the @oint in
excess of ,2) in.N ,0 6 for all
other materials in thisgrouping.
P N2. $A< B< C
)0 6 7 00 9 for material
"hich has both a specifiedminimum tensile strength in
excess of !0000 psi or hasboth a specified minimum
chromium content abo5e !.0/ and a thic%ness at the @oint
in excess of X in.N ,4 6
7 =00 9 for all othermaterials in this groupings.
P N2. ;< !r2u5 N2. ,
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or furnace and boiler tubes& the saturation&temperature corresponding to the "or%ing
pressure plus )
J
6 70
J
9.
or con5iction superheater tubes& theexamination steam temperature for "hichthe part of the element is designed plus=4J6 7*0J9.
or radiant superheater tubes& the designmaximum steam temperature plus 0J6740J9.
Permissible "or%ing stress for tubes? -ortemperature at or belo" J6
T.S 2 ).* or Et2,..
'hiche5er is lo"er
or temperature abo5e J6
S3 2 ,. or S6 . "hiche5er is lo"er
"here&
T.S :inimum tensile strength of thematerial at room temperature&
,), 6 or )0
P N2. B< !r2u5 N2. ,.
,4 6 or =00
P N2. ,(A< !r2u5 N2. ,
*4 6 or ,*
P N2. ,(E< !r2u5 N2. $
=00 "ith interpass
maintained bet"een =0 and 0 .
Requirements 72r P2st
8el-e- Heat Treatments
See +ttach Table ).
Re5air O7 Wel- De7e1ts
>mperfections such as crac%&
pinholes& and incompletefusion detected 5isually or by
lea%age tests or by theexaminations described in
P'-,, and found to be
re@ectable& shall be remo5ed
)*
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Et Zield point 70.)/ proof stress9 at"or%ing metal temperature MtM&
Sr the a5erage stress to produce rupturein ,00&000 hours and in no case more than,.== times the lo"est stress to producerupture at the "or%ing metal temperature&
Sc the a5erage stress& to produce anelongation of ,/ 7creep9 in ,00&000 hours&at the "or%ing metal temperature.
1ote? >n case Sc 5alues are not a5ailable in
:aterial Standard and such materials are%no"n to ha5e been used in boilers in >ndiaor abroad& then for such materials theallo"able stress may be ta%en as the lo"erof
Et2,. or Sr2,.
(eneral ? Tubes that are hot or cold bent forparts of boilers& includingeconomi8ers&furnace "alls& superheaters and reheaters&shall comply "ith thisclause and suitablyheat treated.
Butt"elds shall not be permitted "ithinbends.
Thinning anddeparture from circularity
by mechanical means or by
thermal groo5ing processes&after "hich the @oint shall be
re"elded and reexamined.
Surface of the "eld shall be
sufficiently free from coarseripples& groo5es& o5erlaps&
abrupt ridges and 5alley toa5oid stress raisers.
;ndercut shall not exceed0.mm or ,0/ of the "all
thic%ness& "hiche5er is lessand shall not encroach on the
re#uired section thic%ness.The surface of the finished
"eld shall be suitable to
permit proper interpretationof radiographic and other 1D
techni#ues.
The total repair depth shall
not exceed ,0/ of the basematerial thic%ness. The total
depth of a "eld repair shallbe ta%en as the sum of the
depths of repair made fromboth side of a "eld at a gi5en
location. The total area of
such repairs shall not exceed
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limits shall be demonstrated by one of thefollo"ingmethods ?
a9 rele5ant and satifactory ser5iceexperienceN
b9 a procedure testN
c9 By measurement of )/ of the bends&including the first bend of each shift.
Themethod selected shall be at the option ofthe manufacturer.
Thinning on Tube bends? Thinning on tubebends shall comply "ith the follo"ing?
a9 +t any location around the bend extrados&the reduction in thic%ness 7inpercent9 belo"the calculated minimum permissible designthic%nessof thestraight tube& except "herepermitted by 7b9& shall not exceed ?
,00 2 7732D9 I )9
"here
3 is the mean radius of the bend to thecentre-line of the tube 7in mm9.D is the ordered outside diameter of the tube
,00 in).
Wel- Test
2r Stu- Wel-in3
'here stud "elding is used
to attach load carrying studs&a production stud "eld test
of the procedure and "eldingoperator shall be performed
on a separate test plate or
tube prior to the start ofproduction "elding on the
first "or% piece. This "eldtest shall consist of fi5e
studs& "elded and sub@ectedto either the band or tor#ue
stud "elding testing.
2r las6 0utt 8el-in3
The tube butt "elds are made
using the flash "elding
process. Production testingshall be performed in
accordance "ith section >Gas follo"s.
,. One sample test at the start
of Production
). One sample shall be tested
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7in mm9.
Bend thic%ness belo" the minimum 5aluere#uired under 7a9 shall be permitted incases "here the manufacturer candemonstrate by bursting tests carried out onat least three bends that the strength of thebend is not less than that of the straighttube.
'here the amount of thinning at anylocation around the bend extrados on coldformed bends exceeds ) / of the actual
thic%ness of the tube on the straight& thebends shall be suitably heat treated. Theactual thic%ness of the same plans as theline of the extrados at each end of the bend.
Departure from circularity in tube bends?The departure from circularity at the bendapex shall not exceed ,0 / for bendsperformed in single bending operation and, / for bends "hich are hot pressed afterthe primary& bending operation.
The departure from circularity 7in percent9shall be calculated from?
at the beginning& mid point
and end of each "or% shift.=. 'hen production shift are
consecuti5e& a test at the endof the shift may ser5e as the
test for the beginning of next
shift.[. 'hen a "elding operator
is replaced duringproduction.
. >f any machine setting are
changed.
A11e5tan1e stan-ar- 72rRa-i23ra56i1 Eaminati2n
>ndications sho"n on the
radiographs of "elds and
characteri8ed asimperfections are
unacceptable under thefollo"ing conditions& and
shall be repaired as pro5ided
in P'-0 and the repairradiographed to P'-,
+ny indication characteri8ed
as a crac%& or 8one ofincomplete fusion or
penetration.
=0
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7Dmax-Dmin 2 D 9 G ,00
"here
Dmax is the maximum outside diametermeasured in the tube bend apex 7mm9&
Dmin is the minimum outside diametermeasured at the same cross-section as Dmax7mm9&
D is the ordered outside diameter of the tube7in mm9.
7d9or radiant superheater tubes& the designmaximum steam temperature plus 0J6740J9
Permissible 'or%ing Stress for tubes?-
or temperature at or belo" J6 70J9
T.S 2 =. or Et 2 ,.!
'hiche5er is lo"er
or temperature abo5e J6 70J---------
+ny other elongated
indication on the radiograph"hich has a length greater
than
in. for t up to Y in.
,2= t for t from Y in. to ).)in.
Y in. for t o5er ).) in."here t is the thic%ness of
the "eld.
+ny group of aligned
indications that ha5e anaggregate length greater than
t in a length of ,)t& except"hen the distance bet"een
the successi5e imperfection
exceeds !L "here L is thelength of the longest
imperfections in the group.
A11e5tan1e stan-ar- 72r
Ultras2ni1 Eaminati2n
>mperfaction that cause an
indication greater than )0/of the reference le5el shall be
in5estigated to the extent thatthe ultrasonic examination
personnel can determine
their shape& identity& location&
=,
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S.3 2 ,.! or S6
'hiche5er is lo"erW
"here&
T.S :inimum tensile strength of thematerial at room temperature&
Et Zield point 70.)/ proof stress9 at"or%ing metal temperature MtM&
Sr the a5erage stress to produce rupture
in ,00&000 hours and in no case more than,.== times the lo"est stress to producerupture at the "or%ing metal temperature&
Sc the a5erage stress& to produce anelongation of ,/ 7creep9 in ,00&000 hours&at the "or%ing metal temperature.
1ote? >n case Sc 5alues are not a5ailable in:aterial Standard and such materials are
%no"n to ha5e been used in boilers in >ndiaor abroad& then for such materials theallo"able stress may be ta%en as the lo"erof
Et 2 ,. or S3 2 ,..
>n no case& ho"e5er& shall the thic%ness of
and e5aluate.
6rac%s& lac% of fusion& or
incomplete penetration areunacceptable regardless of
length.
Other imperfection are
unacceptable if the indicationexceeds the reference le5el
and their length exceeds the
follo"ing?
in. for t up to Y in.,2= t for t from Y in. to ).)
in.Y in. for t o5er ).) in.
"here t is the thic%ness of
the "eld.Ben- Test
P'-=.4., The bend test
specimen shall be trans5erse
to the "elded @oint of the fullthic%ness of the plate and
shall be of rectangular crosssection "ith a "idth ,.
times the thic%ness of thespecimen. 'hen the capacity
of the a5ailable testing
amachine does not permit
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tubes as supplied be less than those gi5en inthe table belo" 7sub@ect to tolerancesspecified in 3egulations =!7d9& =7d9& 7c9&=7c9&!+7>K9and 7d9. 76lic% here to 5ie"the Table ==9
>n the case of coiled tubes for boilers of theforced flo" of forced circulation type& theminimum thic%ness of tubes as suppliedmay& ho"e5er& be as follo"s?76lic% here to5ie" the Table ==9
7c9 'here tubes are bent& care shall be ta%ento ensure that the total strain at the bend isnot more than that at the straight part of the
tube.
The de5iation from circularity in percentageat any cross-section of a bend shall becalculated by the follo"ing formula?
6 7DmaxA Dmin 2 D9 G ,00
This de5iation shall not exceed)0 F D 2 3
"here&
6 The percentage de5iation of
testing a specimen of the full
thic%ness of the "eldedplate& the specimen may be
cut "ith a thin sa" into asmany portion of the
thic%ness as necessary& each
of "hich shall be tested andshall meet the re#uirements.
The inside and the outsidesurface of the "eld shall be
machined to a plane surface
flush "ith the surface of thespecimen. The edges of this
surfaces shall be rounded toa radius not o5er ,0/ of the
thic%ness of the testspecimen. The specimen
shall be bent cold under free
bending conditions until theleast elongation measured
"ithin or acrossapproximately the entire
"eld on the outside fibres of
the bend test specimen is=0/& or *000002; I )0/&
"hiche5er is less.
P' =.4.) 'hen a crac% isobser5ed in the con5ex
surfaces of the specimen
bet"een the edges before the
==
http://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2036.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2043.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2048.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2048.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2053.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2053.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2056A.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2058.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338(b).pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338(b).pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338(b).pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2036.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2043.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2048.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2053.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2056A.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2058.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338(b).pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338(b).pdf -
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circularity&
D max. maximumexternal diameter of the tube asgauged at the bend&
D min. minimum
external diameter of the tube asgauged at the bend&
D nominal external diameter of thetube&
3 3adius of the bend on the6entral line of the bend.
Tests 72r Initial uali7i1ati2n 27 a 8el-er-
7+9 Theoretical Examination - + "eldershall be re#uired to ans"er #uestions on thefollo"ing sub@ects& orally or other"ise
,. Electric 'elder-
7i9 'eld preparation
7ii9 Elementary %no"ledge of the "or%ingof "elding e#uipment.
7iii9 Properties of material to be "elded-
cold and hot "or%ing& thermal conducti5ity&fusion point& oxidation 7for "elders engaged
elongation re#uired in P'
=.., is attained& thespecimen shall be considered
to ha5e failed and thespecimen shall be stopped.
6rac%s at the corner of the
specimen shall not beconsidered as a failure. The
appearance of smallimperfection in the con5ex
surface shall not be
considered as a failure if thegreatest dimension does not
exceed ,2,! in.las6 Wel-in3
'hen @oining t"o parts bythe inertia and continuous
dri5e friction "elding
precesses& one of the t"oparts must be held in a fixed
position and the other partsrotated. The t"o faces to be
@oined must be essentially
symmetrical "ith respect tothe axis of rotation.
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in alloy steel "elding9.
7i59 Elementary %no"ledge of electro-
technical principles&-%inds of current&
stri%ing arc 5oltage& "elding-arc 5oltage.
759 'elding defects and their pre5ention-influence of length of electric arc& effects of
excessi5e or too lo" amperage& slag
inclusions& porosity finishing the surface of"elding bead.
Electrodes for different types of "elds and
steels and @oints in different positions.
). (as 'elder-
'eld preparation.
'or%ing of
"elding e#uipment.
Elementary %no"ledge of properties of
materials to be "elded -cold and hot"or%ing& thermal conducti5ity& fusion
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point& oxidation 7for "elders engaged in
alloy steel "elding9.
Elementary %no"ledge of fuel gas andflame ad@ustments for fa5orable "elding
condition.
\inds of "elds& "elding defects and theirpre5ention& "elding techni#ue 7right-"ard
and left-"ard9& "elding "ith t"o torches on
5ertical surface& excess of gas or oxidation&preheating of base material and subse#uent
heat treatment.
iller metals.
).Test Wel-s 72r Initial uali7i1ati2n
&Ele1tri1 2r !as)?-
7b9 or Pipe 'elding-
One test on groo5e "eld @oint for each of
the follo"ing "elding positions
7i9 Hori8ontal 3olled - Pipe "ith its axishori8ontal and rolled during "elding so thatthe "eld metal is deposited from abo5e "iththe axis of the "eld hori8ontal.
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7ii9 Hori8ontal Turned- Pipe "ith its axishori8ontal the upper half "elded first& thepipe then being turned through ,0 degreeand the other half then "elded.
7iii9 Kertical ixed- One test of groo5e"elded @oint "ith the axis of the pipe in a5ertical position and the seam "eldedcircumferentially in a hori8ontal position.
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7i59 Hori8ontal ixed- One test of groo5e"elded @oint "ith the axis of the pipe in ahori8ontal position and the seam "elded"ithout rotating the pipe.
]ualification in positions 7ii9 or 7iii9 shall
#ualify also for position 7i9 #ualificationMin position 7i59 shall #ualify for position
7i9 or 7ii9.
7)9 One 'eld of a branch to a pipe.
The si8e of pipe to be "elded shall be
not less than ,)* mm. 7 inches9 inexternal diameter and ,0 mm. 7=2 inch9
thic%& and a branch pipe shall not be lessthan 4 mm. 7=-,2) inches9 outside
diameter and ! mm. 7,2 inch9 thic%.
7c9 Tu0e Wel-in3- + butt "elded ^oint oft"o pieces boiler tubes "ith the axis in
a 5ertical position& and tubes of samesi8e fixed in ad@oining positions. This
test shall be in addition to the test for
pipe "elding under clause 7b9.$
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