Edition Number : CDA_2015_003 Edition Validity Date : 16/12/2015

CODA DIGEST Q3 2015

All-Causes Delay and Cancellations to Air Transport in Europe – Q3 2015

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

Edition Validity Date: 16/12/2015 Edition: CDA_2015_003 Status: Released Issue ii

DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS

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CODA Digest Q3 2015 CDA_2015_003 16/12/2015

Abstract

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©2015 The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL). This document is published by EUROCONTROL for information purposes. It may be copied in whole or in part, provided that EUROCONTROL is mentioned as the source and the extent justified by the non-commercial use (not for sale). The information in this document may not be modified without prior written permission from EUROCONTROL.

Network Manager

CODA Digest Q3 2015

Edition Validity Date: 16/12/2015 Edition: CDA_2015_003 Status: Released Issue iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Data received directly from airlines by CODA describing delays from all causes illustrated a worsening delay situation for the network during Q3 2015 compared to Q3 2014. The average delay per flight from all causes of delay increased from 11.8 to 12.5 minutes per flight (see section 1). The percentage of flights delayed on departure increased by 2 points with 46% of flights delayed (>=5 minutes). As reported in the Monthly Network Operations Report during the third quarter of 2015 (Q3 2015) there were 2.2% more flights per day in the EUROCONTROL Statistical Reference Area (ESRA08) than in Q3 2014 (Figure 1). Traffic continues to avoid Ukrainian, Syrian and Libyan airspace and hence distort traditional traffic flows with some ACCs experiencing much higher or much lower demand. Turkey remains the top contributor to traffic increase in the network. Norway saw reductions in flights, with arrival and departure traffic showing weakness after being hit by the oil crisis. Delays due to airline operations fell but remained the main cause of primary delay. Airline reported en-route ATFCM delays increased to 0.8 minutes per flight. Other increases were due to airport operations delays including ATFCM these increasing to 1.5 minutes per flight. Istanbul’s Ataturk and Sabiha Gökçen airports continued to experience heavy delays with both airports experiencing capacity delays on arrival throughout the quarter. Rome Fiumicino saw high delays as the airport continued to be affected by reduced capacity resulting from a fire at terminal 3 in May 2015. The share of reactionary (knock-on) delay increased with 47% of delay minutes (5.9 minutes of the 12.5 average delay per flight) reported compared to 46% in Q3 2014, reflecting a reduced success in catching up from earlier delays later in the day.

Operational cancellations decreased in a quarter with higher delays and less industrial action. These were down to 1.2% of planned flights with cancellation rates remaining low in a quarter with little or no disruption, unlike Q3 2014 where airline and ATC strikes were more prominent.

Airline arrival punctuality deteriorated with 79% of flights arriving within 15 minutes or earlier than their scheduled arrival time (STA), compared to 81% in Q3 2014.

Network Manager

CODA Digest Q3 2015

Edition Validity Date: 16/12/2015 Edition: CDA_2015_003 Status: Released Issue iv

DOCUMENT APPROVAL

Edition History

The following table records the complete history of the successive editions of the present document.

Edition History

Edition No. Edition Validity Date Author Reason

CDA_2015_003 19/11/2015 C. Walker

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

Edition Validity Date: 16/12/2015 Edition: CDA_2015_003 Status: Released Issue v

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................ IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................... V

1 TRAFFIC AND AVERAGE DELAY PER FLIGHT OVERVIEW ............................................................... VI

2 Q3 2015 MONTHLY SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 2

3 AVERAGE DELAY PER DELAYED FLIGHT (DEPARTURE) .................................................................. 3

4 NM VERSUS AIRCRAFT OPERATOR EXPERIENCE OF DELAY .......................................................... 4

5 DISTRIBUTION OF ALL FLIGHTS BY LENGTH OF DELAY (PUNCTUALITY) ...................................... 5

6 CODA OPERATIONAL FLIGHT CANCELLATION ANALYSIS ............................................................... 7

7 CODA SCHEDULING INDICATORS ........................................................................................................ 9

8 CODA REACTIONARY DELAY ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 10

9 AVERAGE DELAY PER FLIGHT BY HOUR .......................................................................................... 11

10 AVERAGE DELAY PER DELAYED FLIGHT VS PERCENTAGE OF DELAYED FLIGHTS .................. 12

11 AVERAGE DELAY PER DELAYED FLIGHT (ARRIVAL) ...................................................................... 13

12 TOP 20 DELAY AFFECTED DEPARTURE AIRPORTS ........................................................................ 14

13 TOP 20 DELAY AFFECTED ARRIVAL AIRPORTS ............................................................................... 15

14 TOP 20 DELAY AFFECTED CITY PAIRS .............................................................................................. 16

15 YEAR ON YEAR TRENDS IN ALL-CAUSES INDICATORS .................................................................. 17

16 CODA DELAY GROUPINGS .................................................................................................................. 19

17 CORRELATION BETWEEN IATA DELAY CODES AND THE NM REGULATION CODES .................. 20

18 STANDARD IATA DELAY CODES ........................................................................................................ 21

19 STANDARD IATA DELAY CODE SUB-CODES (AHM731) ................................................................... 23

20 CODA COVERAGE OF COMMERCIAL FLIGHTS IN ECAC REGION Q3 2015 ................................... 24

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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1 Traffic and Average Delay per Flight Overview

Figure 1. Total Departures per Day in ESRA08

In Q3 2015 traffic increased: there were 2.2% more flights per day in the EUROCONTROL Statistical Reference Area (ESRA08) than in Q3 2014. Turkey, Spain, UK and Germany continue to contribute to this overall growth . Norway continued to see fewer flights during the quarter. Figure 2. Delay Causes Q3 2015 vs. Q3 2014

Q3 2015 saw an increase in the average delay per flight to 12.5 minutes for all-causes delay. Further analysis of the delay reasons shows that reactionary delays increased by 0.5 minutes to 5.9 minutes per flight. Airline-related delays fell slightly at 3.5 minutes per flight, ATFCM en-route delays as reported by airlines increased to 0.7 minutes per flight.

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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Figure 3. Long Departure Delays >60 Minutes

The longer delays (those greater than 60 mins in orange) seen in July and August can be observed in Figure 3, with July remaining stable compared to the same month last year. For the year so far, long delays remain at a stable level and in line with the typical summer seasonal trend.

Figure 4. Primary Delay Causes Q3 2015 vs. Q3 2014

Analysing the Q3 2015 average delay per flight, airline causes fell to 3.5 minutes per flight. ATFCM total delay increased to 1.8 minutes per flight with mainly airport restrictions contributing to the overall increase. Airline reported ATFM en-route delays also increased these at 0.7 minutes per flight.

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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2 Q3 2015 Monthly Summary

Section 2 provides a more detailed month-by-month view, highlighting the particular causes and locations of all-causes delay. July 2015. Operational data from airlines describing all-causes delay showed a deterioration of the delay situation for the network with 48% of flights being delayed (>=5 minutes) on departure, this was an increase of 3 percentage points when compared to the same month in 2014. The average delay per delayed flight (ADD) decreased by 0.5 minutes to 28 minutes when compared to July 2014. The main increases in delay were due to airport operations (including ATFCM) notably at Istanbul’s Ataturk and Sabiha Gökçen airports. An aircraft technical failure after landing (2 July) and a security incident (13 July) disrupted operations at London Heathrow airport. A fire in the vicinity of Rome/Fiumicino airport on 29 July reduced the arrival rate. Despite an overall reduction in weather delays, seasonal weather (strong winds and thunderstorms) impacted Zurich, London Heathrow and Amsterdam Schiphol airports. August 2015. All-causes delay data showed a deterioration of the delay situation for the network with 46% of flights being delayed (>=5 minutes) on departure, this was an increase of 2 percentage points when compared to the same month in 2014. The average delay per delayed flight (ADD) increased to 28 minutes. Also notable were respective 15% and 25% increases for reactionary and airport ATFCM delays during August 2015. The trend of high airport capacity delays at Istanbul Ataturk and Sabiha Gökçen airports continued in August 2015. A fire (26 August) in a hanger adjacent to the runway at Dublin airport caused the reduction of the airport capacity for the duration of the incident. Despite an overall reduction in weather delays, seasonal weather (strong winds and thunderstorms) at Palma de Mallorca, London Heathrow, London Gatwick, Zurich, and Amsterdam Schiphol airports impacted their operations. September 2015. All-causes data from airlines illustrated a continued deterioration delay situation for the network. The average delay per delayed flight (ADD) increased by 2% to 26 minutes. The percentage of delayed flights (>=5 minutes) on departure was 42% an increase of 2 percentage points when compared to the same month in 2014.

Airport ATFCM delays remained at 0.7 minutes per flight in September 2015, with both Istanbul Ataturk and Sabiha Gökçen airports continuing to suffer from airport capacity delays as well as weather. En-route delays were observed in Brest, Nicosia and Barcelona ACC during the month with en-route delays reported by airlines increasing to 0.7 mins per flight. Despite an overall reduction in weather delays, seasonal weather (strong winds, low visibility and thunderstorms) at Palma de Mallorca, Zurich, London Heathrow and Amsterdam Schiphol airports impacted operations.

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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3 Average Delay per Delayed Flight (Departure)

The percentage of delayed flights on departure (>=5 minutes) increased to 45.6% this was an increase of 2 points in comparison to that observed in Q3 2014 and the highest for the last 5 years. Regarding the average delay per flight in Figure 6, higher delays during all 3 months of the quarter can be observed. The average delay per delayed (ADD) flight was 27.4 minutes per flight, this was a small increase and just above the 5-year average. Figure 5. Average Delay per Flight (All-Causes) for Departures

Figure 6. Average Delay per Delayed Flight (All-Causes) for Departures

Figure 7. Percentage of Delayed Flights (All-Causes) for Departures

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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4 NM Versus Aircraft Operator Experience of Delay

Figure 8. Breakdown of Average Delay per Flight Q3 2015 vs. Q3 2014 (Network Manager vs. Aircraft Operator)

This section presents the air transport delay situation as seen from the airline and passenger viewpoint (the difference between the scheduled time of departure and the actual time of departure from the gate). Data coverage is 66% of commercial flights in the ECAC region for Q3 2015. ATFCM delays reported by airlines are lower than the NM-calculated ATFCM delays due to difference in methods: ATFM delays calculated by NM are the (flight) planned “delays” based on restrictions applied; the airlines report the “actual” experienced ATFCM delay on departure. For instance, a flight with an ATFM restriction may also have a handling delay absorbed within the ATFM restriction. For the airline, a part of this delay is the ATFM delay and the rest is the handling delay. Further analysis of airline data shows that the average en-route ATFCM delay from all-causes was 0.7 minutes per flight, lower in comparison to the NM recorded average en-route ATFM delay of 1.1 minutes per flight.

According to airline reports, primary delays (eg. passenger and ramp handling delays) counted for 53% (6.6 min/flt) of which (0.7 min/flt) was attributed to en-route ATFCM restrictions, with reactionary delays representing the remaining share of 47% of (5.9 min/flt).

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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5 Distribution of All Flights by Length of Delay (Punctuality)

In Q3 2015 punctuality levels fell, with 40% of flights departing within the 5 minute threshold before or after the scheduled departure time (STD) a decrease of 1.5 percentage points when compared to Q3 2014. Flights delayed >30 minutes from all-causes increased, these by 1 percentage point to 10.8%, with flights delayed >60 minutes increasing to 3.9%. Figure 9. All-Causes Departure and Arrival Punctuality Q3 2014 vs.Q3 2015

In regard to arrival punctuality, 25% of flights arrived on time within the 5 minute threshold before or after the scheduled arrival time.

Flights arriving >15 minutes ahead of schedule remained at 8%. This high share may affect airport and air traffic flow management operations in the event of aircraft frequently arriving excessively ahead of their schedule.

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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Figure 10. Top 50* Airlines by Arrival On-Time Performance Q3 2015

*The top 50 airlines reporting to CODA by number of flights. Arrival punctuality is calculated as the share of flights arriving within 15 minutes of the scheduled time (time of arrival at gate)

In Figure 10 out of the top 50 airlines by the number of flights (66% coverage of IFR flights, long haul and short haul operations included). During the quarter, 17 airlines saw more than 85% of their flights arrive within 15 minutes of the scheduled time of arrival vs. 18 airlines in Q3 2014.

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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6 CODA Operational Flight Cancellation Analysis

This section is based on data supplied by airports as per Annex IV of EC Regulation N° 691/2010. These preliminary results are based on operational cancellation data supplied by 30 of the 50 European coordinated airports reporting to CODA under EC Regulation N° 390/2013. Albeit based on data supplied by a restricted list (see the conditions below) of major European airports, these preliminary results already give a good indication of trends and effects of Network events like industrial actions or extreme weather. The IFR flight coverage at the individual airports included in this analysis reaches 100%. Those airports currently unable to report operational cancellations in the required data format or those not meeting all of the criteria for operational cancellations were excluded from the analysis.

According to Annex IV of EC Regulation N°390/2013 an ‘Operational Cancellation’ means an arrival or departure scheduled flight to which the following conditions apply:

• The flight received an airport slot, and

• The flight was confirmed by the air carrier the day before operations and/or it was contained in the daily list of flight schedules produced by the airport operator the day before of operations, but

• The actual landing or take-off never occurred.

This section of the CODA Digest reports on monthly, weekly and daily shares of operational cancellations of the total planned flights at day -1. Like delays, operational cancellations provide an insight into the impact of network events and associated disruption; e.g. industrial action or extreme weather events.

Figure 11. Monthly Rate of Operational Cancellations 2014 – Q3 2015

In Q3 2015 a low operational cancellation rate of 1.2% can be observed, compared to 1.5% in Q3 2014 where industrial action by Lufthansa and Germanwings occurred.

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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Figure 12. Average Daily Cancellation Q3 2014 – 2015

Figure 12 provides the detail of cancellations by day from July 2014 to the end of September 2015. Operational cancellations remained low at 1.2% of planned flights, with daily cancellation rates remaining stable during the quarter as industrial action was less prevalent than in Q3 2014. There were small actions in July in Spain and Romania however the disruption of these was small.

Further historical details regarding operational cancellations in 2014 and 2015 can be found in the CODA Annual Digest 2014 and Q2 2015 report.

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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7 CODA Scheduling Indicators

Scheduling correctly is a difficult art: if too long a time is blocked for a flight, the airline will not be able to make best use of resources - staff, airframes, infrastructure. But too short a time can arguably be worse as late flights generate rotational delay with late incoming aircraft and passengers from previous flights having to be accommodated. When flights leave on time but arrive after the scheduled time of arrival they cause reactionary delays. Schedule padding is essential for air carriers in order to find schedules which work with the typical patterns of delay, so that they can deliver passengers on time, and get maximum use out of their aircraft. Consequently when delays decrease it takes one or two (IATA) seasons for the airline to adapt its schedule accordingly. The Performance Review Report 2014 also shows the cost of tactical and strategic delay to airlines. Two CODA scheduling indicators help airline schedulers determine the optimal schedule based on historical flight data: The Block Time Overshoot (BTO) is the percentage of flights with an actual block time which exceeds the scheduled block time. The European BTO in Q3 2015 was 27%, this stable compared to Q3 1014, indicating that the same amount flights had an actual block time exceeding their scheduled block time during the quarter, this is also highlighted in the decreases in punctuality levels notably in September (Figure 9). Given the relative stability of the BTO we do not observe a strong change in the scheduling strategies (buffering) of airlines for Q3 2015. The Delay Difference Indicator - Flight (DDI-F) or the difference between departure and arrival punctuality expressed in minutes. This can be indicated as a positive or negative figure, for example a flight departing with 20 minutes delay and arriving with 30 minutes arrival delay will have a DDI-F of +10 minutes. The European DDI-F in Q3 2015 was -4.0 minutes, this was a decrease of 0.2 minutes per flight when compared to Q3 2014.

Figure 13. Block Time Overshoot (BTO) and Delay Difference Indicator - Flight (DDI-F) 2014 – Q3 2015

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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8 CODA Reactionary Delay Analysis

In Q3 2015 the share of reactionary delay increased and represented 47% of delay minutes contributing 5.9 minutes per flight. Reactionary delays are generated as a result of an aircraft’s late arrival from a previous flight which in turn affects the punctuality of its next flight with the same aircraft as well as potentially delaying connecting passengers. See IATA Standard Delay Codes section for an overview of the IATA reactionary delay codes. Subsequently there are two types of reactionary delays: firstly as a result of the same aircraft being delayed on its next flight (rotational delay) and secondly when another aircraft is delayed as a result of another aircraft typically through passengers, crew and load connection (non-rotational delays).

Reactionary delays are particually important to an individual airline’s operational performance as an aircraft operating behind schedule may affect other flights of the airline as well as the overall European network. This section concentrates on IATA delay code 93 rotational delays, as these have a significant share of overall reactionary delays (approximately 90%) and the largest effect on network performance and passenger experience. In Figure 10 analysis shows that the median number of scheduled flights per sequence for an aircraft in Q3 2015 is 4. IATA winter season can also be observed in the graph where a trend can be seen when the median fell to 3, as fewer flights may be scheduled during this period. The percentage share of rotational delay was 44% for the quarter following a small increase delays for two (August & September) out of the 3 months in the quarter.

Figure 14. Median Scheduled Flight Sequence Depth and Share of Reactionary Departure Delay on Intra European Flights: Jul 2014 – September 2015

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9 Average Delay per Flight by Hour

Figure 15. Breakdown of the Average Delay per Flight by Hour of the Day Q3 2015 (top) vs. Q3 2014 (bottom)

During the first rotation phase (between 0300 and 0900 UTC) Figure 15 shows a notable higher share of airport related delay in the morning when compared to Q3 2014 with its share at or just under 25% during the first rotation phase. En-route delay is also higher. This in turn has pushed reactionary delay minutes to over 60% share by the end of the operational day. Figure 15 also illustrates how airline delay was a little lower in the quarter.

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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10 Average Delay per Delayed Flight vs Percentage of Delayed Flights

Figure 16. ADD vs. PDF on Departure

Figure 17. ADD vs. PDF on Arrival

The average delay per delayed (ADD) flight was 27.4 minutes per flight, this was an increase of 1% when compared to Q3 2014 where the ADD was 27.1 minutes. 45.6% of flights were delayed on departure (>=5 minutes) this was an increase of 2 points in comparison to that observed in Q3 2014 and the highest for the last 5 years, with each month in Q3 2015 being worse for both ADD and PDF.

Regarding arrivals, the average delay per delayed arrival in Q3 2015 was 29.7 minutes (compared to 28.3 minutes per flight in Q2 2014). The percentage of delayed flights on arrival increased to 39.2% compared to 38.1% in Q3 2014.

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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11 Average Delay per Delayed Flight (Arrival)

The average delay per delayed flight on arrival from all-causes was 29.7 minutes per flight in Q3 2015 with the percentage of delayed flights also increasing, this by 1.1 percentage points to 39.2% in comparison to that of Q3 2015 and the highest for 5 years.

Figure 18. Average Delay per Flight (All-Causes) for Arrivals

Figure 19. Average Delay per delayed Flight (All-Causes) for Arrivals

Figure 20. Percentage of Delayed Flight (All-Causes) for Arrivals

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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12 Top 20 Delay Affected Departure Airports

Figure 21. All-Causes Delay. Top 20 Affected Departure Airports Q3 2015

Rome Fiumicino saw an average delay per flight of 27.2 minutes, following a quarter where the airport was affected by delays resulting from a fire in terminal 3 of the airport. Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen airport continues to suffer chronic delays with airlines experiencing airport capacity delays and consequent reactionary delays. Antalya airport experienced delays from runway maintenance mainly at weekends during the quarter.

Figure 22. Main delay causes at the top 10 affected departure airports

Rank Departure Airport ICAO Code

Average delay per departure

(mins)

Average Delay per

Flight Percentage

Change

Average Delay per Delayed

Departure

Percentage of Delayed Departures

1 ROME FIUMICINO LIRF 27.2 42% 34.4 79.1% 2 ISTANBUL/SABIHA LTFJ 25.0 96% 37.7 66.2% 3 ANTALYA LTAI 21.6 56% 36.0 59.9% 4 LONDON/GATWICK EGKK 20.2 4% 31.9 63.3% 5 IBIZA LEIB 18.4 34% 37.3 49.2% 6 PALMA DE MALLORCA LEPA 17.4 36% 35.9 48.5% 7 LONDON/LUTON EGGW 16.7 3% 28.0 59.5% 8 BARCELONA LEBL 16.4 17% 32.4 50.7% 9 ISTANBUL-ATATURK LTBA 15.8 16% 22.1 71.4% 10 MANCHESTER EGCC 15.8 12% 28.5 55.3% 11 VENEZIA TESSERA LIPZ 15.6 -2% 30.4 51.3% 12 MALAGA LEMG 15.0 27% 29.5 50.8% 13 LONDON/HEATHROW EGLL 14.6 6% 25.2 58.0% 14 MILANO MALPENSA LIMC 13.7 -4% 29.7 46.1% 15 BRUSSELS NATIONAL EBBR 13.7 1% 24.8 55.1% 16 PORTO LPPR 13.6 -20% 28.3 48.1% 17 NICE LFMN 13.6 -2% 27.6 49.4% 18 DUESSELDORF EDDL 13.6 26% 26.6 51.0% 19 ZURICH LSZH 13.4 4% 22.0 60.8% 20 BIRMINGHAM EGBB 13.2 1% 26.4 50.2%

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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13 Top 20 Delay Affected Arrival Airports

Figure 23. All-Causes Delay. Top 20 Affected Arrival Airports Q3 2015

The worsening delay situation in Istanbul can be seen in Figure 25, with Istanbul Ataturk and Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen airports experiencing airport capacity and reactionary delays. Arrivals at London Gatwick mainly suffered from reactionary delays. Delays in Lisbon show signs of improving with the airport seeing a 48% fall in its average delay per flight following improvements in airline performance.

Figure 24. Main delay causes at the top 10 affected arrival airports

Rank Arrival Airport ICAO Code Average delay per

Flight (mins)

Average Delay per

Flight Percentage

Change

Average Delay per

Delayed Arrival

Percentage of Delayed

Arrivals

1 ISTANBUL/SABIHA LTFJ 33.2 123% 44.1 75.2%

2 LONDON/GATWICK EGKK 22.3 23% 40.4 55.3%

3 ISTANBUL-ATATURK LTBA 20.3 33% 30.9 65.6%

4 ANTALYA LTAI 17.9 51% 30.3 59.2%

5 BARCELONA LEBL 17.6 14% 36.4 48.2%

6 ROME FIUMICINO LIRF 16.5 47% 37.1 44.6%

7 IBIZA LEIB 15.6 28% 35.4 44.1%

8 LONDON/LUTON EGGW 15.4 13% 34.4 44.7%

9 MANCHESTER EGCC 15.3 22% 37.0 41.2%

10 VENEZIA TESSERA LIPZ 14.8 8% 32.8 45.3%

11 LONDON/HEATHROW EGLL 14.3 12% 29.3 48.6%

12 PALMA DE MALLORCA LEPA 14.0 36% 34.3 40.8%

13 MALAGA LEMG 13.8 33% 33.3 41.5%

14 DUBLIN EIDW 13.2 22% 28.7 46.1%

15 ANKARA-ESENBOGA LTAC 13.2 37% 24.3 54.3%

16 ATHINAI E. VENIZELOS LGAV 13.2 29% 31.3 42.0%

17 MILANO MALPENSA LIMC 12.9 -2% 33.5 38.4%

18 DUESSELDORF EDDL 12.7 30% 30.2 42.2%

19 PORTO LPPR 12.6 -24% 28.2 44.6%

20 LISBOA LPPT 12.5 -48% 26.9 46.5%

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14 Top 20 Delay Affected City Pairs

Figure 25. All-Causes Delay Situation for the 20 Most Delayed Airport Pairs Q3 2015

Rank Departure Airport Arrival Airport Average Delay Per Departure

Change since

Previous Period

Average Delay Per Delayed Departure

Percentage Delayed Departures

1 ROME FIUMICINO PALERMO PUNTA RAISI 35.0 79% 42.8 81.8%

2 ROME FIUMICINO CATANIA FONTANAROSSA

34.1 100% 40.4 84.6%

3 LONDON/GATWICK BARCELONA 26.9 9% 37.4 71.9%

4 ANTALYA ISTANBUL-ATATURK 26.2 59% 33.0 79.4%

5 BARCELONA LONDON/GATWICK 25.1 21% 39.6 63.4%

6 PALMA DE MALLORCA

DUESSELDORF 24.7 44% 36.2 68.2%

7 IBIZA BARCELONA 23.9 40% 43.2 55.3%

8 CATANIA FONTANAROSSA

ROME FIUMICINO 21.5 66% 39.2 54.9%

9 LONDON/HEATHROW ZURICH 21.1 45% 28.0 75.3%

10 PALERMO PUNTA RAISI

ROME FIUMICINO 20.2 84% 39.3 51.5%

11 DUESSELDORF PALMA DE MALLORCA 19.5 29% 33.2 58.6%

12 ISTANBUL-ATATURK ANTALYA 18.7 53% 23.6 79.4%

13 BARCELONA IBIZA 17.8 44% 35.8 49.8%

14 ZURICH LONDON/HEATHROW 17.6 33% 25.3 69.5%

15 LONDON/HEATHROW FRANKFURT MAIN 17.3 19% 24.4 71.1%

16 ROME FIUMICINO MILANO LINATE 17.1 66% 27.1 63.4%

17 MAHON/MENORCA BARCELONA 17.1 71% 39.5 43.2%

18 LONDON/HEATHROW DUBLIN 16.8 55% 27.8 60.4%

19 LONDON/HEATHROW GENEVE COINTRIN 16.4 32% 25.1 65.6%

20 PALMA DE MALLORCA

BARCELONA 16.4 33% 39.2 41.8%

Analysis of the Top 20 most delayed city pairs show that flights from Rome Fiumicino to Palmermo experienced delays with an average delay per flight of 35 minutes per flight resulting from the terminal fire and capacity reductions. Flights from London Gatwick to Barcelona were affected by arrival restrictions and consequent reactionary delays on their return sectors.

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

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15 Year on Year Trends in All-Causes Indicators

This section summarises the year-on-year trends in the main indicators of delay from all-causes. A flight is considered delayed from 5 minutes. This is based on CODA data covering 66% of commercial flights in the ECAC region in Q3 2015.

Figure 26 Average all-causes delay/delayed flight (departures top, arrivals bottom)

Figure 27. Percentage of flights delayed for all-causes delay (departures top, arrivals bottom)

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Figure 28. Percentage of flights delayed >15mins for all-causes (departures top, arrivals bottom)

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16 CODA Delay Groupings

CODA CAUSE Description IATA Code

Prim

ary

Del

ay C

ause

s

Airline

Passenger and Baggage 11-19

Cargo and Mail 21-29

Aircraft and Ramp Handling 31-39

Technical and Aircraft Equipment 41-48

Damage to Aircraft & EDP/Automated Equipment Failure 51-58

Flight Operations and Crewing 61-69

Other Airline Related Causes Others

Airport

ATFM due to Restriction at Destination Airport 83

Airport Facilities 87

Restrictions at Airport of Destination 88

Restrictions at Airport of Departure 89

En-Route ATFM due to ATC En-Route Demand / Capacity 81

ATFM due to ATC Staff / Equipment En-Route 82

Governmental Security and Immigration 85-86

Weather Weather (other than ATFM) 71-77

ATFM due to Weather at Destination 84

Miscellaneous Miscellaneous 98-99

Reactionary Late Arrival of Aircraft, Crew, Passengers or Load 91-96

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

Edition Validity Date: 16/12/2015 Edition: CDA_2015_003 Status: Released Issue 20

17 Correlation between IATA Delay Codes and the NM Regulation Codes

Note: updated version published in the ATFCM Users Manual 18.1.11

1 http://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/content/documents/nm/network-operations/HANDBOOK/atfcm-users-manual-current.pdf

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

Edition Validity Date: 16/12/2015 Edition: CDA_2015_003 Status: Released Issue 21

18 Standard IATA Delay Codes

Others 00-05 AIRLINE INTERNAL CODES 06 (OA) NO GATE/STAND AVAILABILITY DUE TO OWN AIRLINE ACTIVITY 09 (SG) SCHEDULED GROUND TIME LESS THAN DECLARED MINIMUM GROUND TIME

Passenger and Baggage 11 (PD) LATE CHECK-IN, acceptance after deadline 12 (PL) LATE CHECK-IN, congestions in check-in area 13 (PE) CHECK-IN ERROR, passenger and baggage 14 (PO) OVERSALES, booking errors 15 (PH) BOARDING, discrepancies and paging, missing checked-in passenger 16 (PS) COMMERCIAL PUBLICITY/PASSENGER CONVENIENCE, VIP, press, ground meals and missing

personal items 17 (PC) CATERING ORDER, late or incorrect order given to supplier 18 (PB) BAGGAGE PROCESSING, sorting etc. 19 (PW) REDUCED MOBILITY, boarding / deboarding of passengers with reduced mobility.

Cargo and Mail 21 (CD) DOCUMENTATION, errors etc. 22 (CP) LATE POSITIONING 23 (CC) LATE ACCEPTANCE 24 (CI) INADEQUATE PACKING 25 (CO) OVERSALES, booking errors 26 (CU) LATE PREPARATION IN WAREHOUSE 27 (CE) DOCUMENTATION, PACKING etc (Mail Only) 28 (CL) LATE POSITIONING (Mail Only) 29 (CA) LATE ACCEPTANCE (Mail Only)

Aircraft and Ramp Handling 31 (GD) AIRCRAFT DOCUMENTATION LATE/INACCURATE, weight and balance, general declaration, pax

manifest, etc. 32 (GL) LOADING/UNLOADING, bulky, special load, cabin load, lack of loading staff 33 (GE) LOADING EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown, e.g. container pallet loader, lack of staff 34 (GS) SERVICING EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. steps 35 (GC) AIRCRAFT CLEANING 36 (GF) FUELLING/DEFUELLING, fuel supplier 37 (GB) CATERING, late delivery or loading 38 (GU) ULD, lack of or serviceability 39 (GT) TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. pushback

Technical and Aircraft Equipment 41 (TD) AIRCRAFT DEFECTS. 42 (TM) SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE, late release. 43 (TN) NON-SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE, special checks and/or additional works beyond normal

maintenance schedule. 44 (TS) SPARES AND MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown. 45 (TA) AOG SPARES, to be carried to another station. 46 (TC) AIRCRAFT CHANGE, for technical reasons. 47 (TL) STAND-BY AIRCRAFT, lack of planned stand-by aircraft for technical reasons. 48 (TV) SCHEDULED CABIN CONFIGURATION/VERSION ADJUSTMENTS.

Damage to Aircraft & EDP/Automated Equipment Failure 51 (DF) DAMAGE DURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS, bird or lightning strike, turbulence, heavy or overweight

landing, collision during taxiing 52 (DG) DAMAGE DURING GROUND OPERATIONS, collisions (other than during taxiing), loading/off-

loading damage, contamination, towing, extreme weather conditions 55 (ED) DEPARTURE CONTROL 56 (EC) CARGO PREPARATION/DOCUMENTATION 57 (EF) FLIGHT PLANS 58 (EO) OTHER AUTOMATED SYSTEM

Flight Operations and Crewing 61 (FP) FLIGHT PLAN, late completion or change of, flight documentation 62 (FF) OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS, fuel, load alteration 63 (FT) LATE CREW BOARDING OR DEPARTURE PROCEDURES, other than connection and standby

(flight deck or entire crew)

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

Edition Validity Date: 16/12/2015 Edition: CDA_2015_003 Status: Released Issue 22

64 (FS) FLIGHT DECK CREW SHORTAGE, sickness, awaiting standby, flight time limitations, crew meals, valid visa, health documents, etc.

65 (FR) FLIGHT DECK CREW SPECIAL REQUEST, not within operational requirements 66 (FL) LATE CABIN CREW BOARDING OR DEPARTURE PROCEDURES, other than connection and

standby 67 (FC) CABIN CREW SHORTAGE, sickness, awaiting standby, flight time limitations, crew meals, valid visa,

health documents, etc. 68 (FA) CABIN CREW ERROR OR SPECIAL REQUEST, not within operational requirements 69 (FB) CAPTAIN REQUEST FOR SECURITY CHECK, extraordinary

Weather 71 (WO) DEPARTURE STATION 72 (WT) DESTINATION STATION 73 (WR) EN ROUTE OR ALTERNATE 75 (WI) DE-ICING OF AIRCRAFT, removal of ice and/or snow, frost prevention excluding unserviceability of

equipment 76 (WS) REMOVAL OF SNOW, ICE, WATER AND SAND FROM AIRPORT 77 (WG) GROUND HANDLING IMPAIRED BY ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

Air Traffic Flow Management Restrictions 81 (AT) ATFM due to ATC EN-ROUTE DEMAND/CAPACITY, standard demand/capacity problems 82 (AX) ATFM due to ATC STAFF/EQUIPMENT EN-ROUTE, reduced capacity caused by industrial action or

staff shortage, equipment failure, military exercise or extraordinary demand due to capacity reduction in neighbouring area

83 (AE) ATFM due to RESTRICTION AT DESTINATION AIRPORT, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights

84 (AW) ATFM due to WEATHER AT DESTINATION

Airport and Government Authorities 85 (AS) MANDATORY SECURITY 86 (AG) IMMIGRATION, CUSTOMS, HEALTH 87 (AF) AIRPORT FACILITIES, parking stands, ramp congestion, lighting, buildings, gate limitations, etc. 88 (AD) RESTRICTIONS AT AIRPORT OF DESTINATION, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction,

industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights 89 (AM) RESTRICTIONS AT AIRPORT OF DEPARTURE WITH OR WITHOUT ATFM RESTRICTIONS,

including Air Traffic Services, start-up and pushback, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction or weather

2, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special

flights

Reactionary 91 (RL) LOAD CONNECTION, awaiting load from another flight 92 (RT) THROUGH CHECK-IN ERROR, passenger and baggage 93 (RA) AIRCRAFT ROTATION, late arrival of aircraft from another flight or previous sector 94 (RS) CABIN CREW ROTATION, awaiting cabin crew from another flight 95 (RC) CREW ROTATION, awaiting crew from another flight (flight deck or entire crew) 96 (RO) OPERATIONS CONTROL, re-routing, diversion, consolidation, aircraft change for reasons other than

technical

Miscellaneous 97 (MI) INDUSTRIAL ACTION WITH OWN AIRLINE 98 (MO) INDUSTRIAL ACTION OUTSIDE OWN AIRLINE, excluding ATS 99 (MX) OTHER REASON, not matching any code above

SOURCE: IATA – Airport Handling Manual (730 & 731)

2 Restriction due to weather in case of ATFM regulation only, else refer to code 71 (WO)

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

Edition Validity Date: 16/12/2015 Edition: CDA_2015_003 Status: Released Issue 23

19 Standard IATA Delay Code Sub-Codes (AHM731) 73 (WR) WEATHER: EN ROUTE OR ALTERNATE Z OUTSIDE AIRCRAFT LIMITS Y OUTSIDE CREW LIMITS X ETOPS 81 (AT) ATFM DUE TO ATC EN-ROUTE DEMAND/CAPACITY, standard demand/capacity problems Z ATC ROUTEINGS Y HIGH DEMAND OR CAPACITY 82 (AX) ATFM DUE TO ATC STAFF/EQUIPMENT EN-ROUTE, reduced capacity caused by industrial

action or shortage or equipment failure, extraordinary demand due to capacity reduction in neighbouring area

Z INDUSTRIAL ACTION Y EQUIPMENT FAILURE X STAFF SHORTAGE W MILITARY ACTIVITY V SPECIAL EVENT 83 (AE) ATFM DUE TO RESTRICTION AT DESTINATION AIRPORT, airport and/or runway closed

due to obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights

Z HIGH DEMAND / ATC CAPACITY Y INDUSTRIAL ACTION X EQUIPMENT FAILURE W STAFF SHORTAGE V ACCIDENT / INCIDENT U MILITARY ACTIVITY T SPECIAL EVENT S NOISE ABATEMENT/NIGHT CURFEW R OTHER 87 (AF) AIRPORT FACILITIES, parking stands, ramp congestion, lighting, buildings, gate

limitations, etc. Z LACK OF PARKING STANDS Y RAMP CONGESTION X LIGHTING OR BUILDINGS W GATE LIMITATION / NO GATE AVAILABLE V BAGGAGE SORTING SYSTEM DOWN / SLOW U NO PUSH BACK CLEARANCE DUE TO INFRASTRUCTURE T JET BRIDGE INOPERATIVE S LACK OF CHECK IN COUNTERS R ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FAILURE P PASSENGER TRANSPORT SYSTEM FAILURE N PUBLIC ADDRESS/FLIGHT INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM FAILURE M INSUFFICIENT FIRE COVER L GROUND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FAILURE K NO PUSH BACK CLEARANCE DUE TO CONSTRUCTION J BREAKDOWN OF AIRPORT FUELLING SYSTEM H LATE OR LACK OF FOLLOW ME FOR PUSH-BACK G ANY OF THE ABOVE AT THE DESTINATION AIRPORT 89 (AM) RESTRICTIONS AT AIRPORT OF DEPARTURE WITH OR WITHOUT ATFM RESTRICTIONS,

including Air Traffic Services, start-up and pushback, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction or weather.

Z ATC CAPACITY Y ATC INDUSTRIAL ACTION X ATC STAFFING W ATC EQUIPMENT V ATC ACCIDENT/INCIDENT U ATC DUE TO DE-ICING T ATC SPECIAL EVENT S ATC WEATHER R ATC RESTRICTIONS DUE TO CURFEW P ATC POLITICAL UNREST N ATC ENVIRONMENTAL M AIRPORT CLOSURE L RUNWAY CLOSURE K START-UP/PUSHBACK CLEARENCE DELAY (LOCAL ATC) J LOST FLIGHT PLAN BY ATC H CONSTRUCTION WORK/MAINTENENCE G OTHER 93 (RA) AIRCRAFT ROTATION, late arrival of aircraft from another flight Z LATE ARRIVAL DUE DEPARTURE DELAY AT PREVIOUS STATION Y LATE ARRIVAL DUE ENROUTE DELAY X LATE ARRIVAL DUE DELAY AFTER LANDING W LATE ARRIVAL DUE TO HIGH DEMAND FOR DESTINATION STATION V LATE ARRIVAL DUE TO WEATHER AT DESTINATION U LATE ARRIVAL DUE TO TECHNICAL REASONS

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

Edition Validity Date: 16/12/2015 Edition: CDA_2015_003 Status: Released Issue 24

20 CODA Coverage of Commercial Flights in ECAC Region Q3 2015

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CODA Digest Q3 2015

Edition Validity Date: 16/12/2015 Edition: CDA_2015_003 Status: Released Issue 25

DOCUMENT FINAL PAGE