8/7/2019 Coca Plant

1/34

Hawler medical universitycollege of pharmacy

department of Pharmacognosy

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

2/34

Seminar Representation

prepared by

Rawnaq n. al-tabakh

Niveen Imad Alyas

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

3/34

coca plant

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

4/34

Erythroxylum cocaFamily : erythroxylaceae

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

5/34

S cientific classification is as follow : -

Kingdom plantae Division magnoliophyta

Class magnoliopsidaOrder malpighialesFamily erythroxylaceae

Genus Erythroxylum S pecies E.coca

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

6/34

Geographical source :

It's cultivated in Columbia , java , sri lanka ,Bolivia , Peru , and India .

It's a shrub or small tree , pyramidal in shape ,up to 6 m in high , with dark green , ovateleaves .

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

7/34

H abitat :

The coca shrub develop well intropical humid climates ,

preferably zones such as clearingin forests , or on the wet sidesof mountains .

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

8/34

Cultivation :

-Coca plant is grown similarly to tea plantation . seeds are sown in rich , light and

well drained soil at an altitude of 500 2000meters- O nly the stiff ripe leaves , easily detached , arecollected .- T hree harvests are collected annually , the first

from the pruned twigs , the second in June and the third in November . the leaves are dried and packed in bag

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

9/34

Morphology :-

The plant resembles a blackthornbush, and grows to a height of 2 3 m (7 10 ft). The branches are

straight, and the leaves, whichhave a green tint, are thin,opaque, oval, and taper at theextremities.

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

10/34

T he flowers are small, and disposed in

little clusters on short stalks; thecorolla is composed of five yellowish -white petals, the anthers are heart -

shaped, and the pistil consists of three carpel's united to form a three -chambered ovary

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

11/34

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

12/34

T he flowers mature into red berries

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

13/34

Leaves .. are entire 3 -8 cm long , 1.5 -4 cm wide ,shortly petiolated , apex acute , base tapering ,lamina brown and glabrous , margin entire ,midrib prominent on thelower surface with a ridge on its upper surface ,

apex acute , surface glabrous , slightly glossy ,texture thin , odour distinct , taste bitter .T he lower surface shows two , very character ,curved lines , one on either side of the midrib.

O dour characteristic , taste at first bitter and slightly aromatic , the alkaloids afterwardscausing numbness of the tongue and lips

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

14/34

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

15/34

M ain active constituents :- T

he coca leaves contain 0.7 1.5 % of alkaloidswhich are of three derivatives of :

1.ecgonine ( cocaine , cinnamoylcocaine , alphaand beta truxilline )

2.tropine ( tropococaine , valerine )

3.hygrine ( hygroline , suscohygrine

- Besides the alkaloids , coca leaves contain anessential oil.

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

16/34

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

17/34

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

18/34

C ocaine :

Is the methyl ester of benzoyl ecgonine . cocaineis prepared by semi -synthetic method from

plant derived ecgonine . when hydrolyzed it yields , ecgonine , benzoic acid and methyl

alcohol .

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

19/34

Cocaine shows central and peripheral nervous

system action. it is a psychomotor stimulant with a strong abusing property . the abuseliability is through a prolongation of dopaminein the synapse by blocking dopamine reuptake

mechanism .

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

20/34

Cocaine hydrochloride is an ingredient in

Bromptom's cocktail , which is used to control severe pain in terminal cancer . it counteract

the narcotic induced sedation and respiratory depression together with the

narcotic analgesic ingredient like methadoneand morphine , used in cocktail . it potentiates

the analgesic effects

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

21/34

Ex traction of cocaine:-Cocaine can be extracted from the leaves with almost

any organic solvent. Moisten the dried, powdered leaves with Na carbonate solution and extract withcold benzene or petroleum ether. Extract the organic

solution with small amounts of dilute sulfuric acid and basify the extract with Na carbonate (the alkaloids

precipitate). Dissolve the precipitate in ether, separatethe ether from the aqueous Na carbonate and dry and evaporate in vacuum the ether. Dissolve the residue inmethanol and heat with sulfuric acid or methanol HCl;dilute with water and extract with CHCl3. Concentrate

and neutralize the aqueous layer and cool to precipitate methylecgonine sulfate, which is converted to cocaine in one step. T he alkaloids can also be

extracted directly from the powder with dilute sulfuricacid

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

22/34

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

23/34

US ES :C ocaine is a local anesthetic . it is the

first known local anesthetic from whichvarious other synthetic substitutes with

similar activity have been prepared .That it serves as a model for a large numberof synthetic local anesthetics that have

been produced to increase the stability and reduce the toxicity of the natural product .In general , coca leaves are used as stimulant

, restorative , and also in convulsions.C ocaine reduces the sedative and respiratory

depressant effect of morphine and allied

drugs . due to CNS stimulant properties .it's also used for dental anesthesia

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

24/34

Biosynthesis :It starts with l -ornithinand passes through N -methylputrescine , which is then

oxidized to form N -methyl -1 - pyrrolinium ion . Additionof 2 acetyl coenzyme A gives 4- acetoacetyl coenzyme Aderivative(keto ester) . Pyrrole oxidation and cyclizationlead to thetropane derivative( carboxy tropinone )methylation yieldscarboxy methyl tropinone . Ketone reduction providesecgonine methyl ester , which is benzoylated to givecocaine . Benzoic acid required for esterification of 10en route to cocaine is synthesized from phenylalanine viacinnamic acid

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

25/34

F olklore :coca is known in south America since from 500

years ago specially in Bolivia and Peru . pure cocaine isolated from the plant in 1 88 0 by Alfred neiman and was used as local anestheticin eye , nose and throat surgery because of itsrole in narrowing blood vessels and preventingbleeding .it has been used in the beginning of the last century as a treatment of depression ( by Sigmund Freud

) , indigestion , crisis and people rely on drugs .

coca leaves were also mixed with cola plant for themanufacture of the soft drink coca cola.In 1906 prevent the sale of cocaine in the pharmacy and added to drinks

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

26/34

New updates :-

Cocaine is crystalline alkaloids obtained from theleaves of the coca plant . it's a stimulant of the

central nervous system , suppressing theappetite , create a sense of happiness and

beaming the energy increased . although it'soften used for the entertainment by this effect.

Cocaine is very addictive , and the cultivation ,

possessing and distribution is illegal for nonmedical purposes in all parts of the world

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

27/34

People who smoke cocaine suffer from ???

T hose who smoke cocaine suffer from shortnessof breath and thoracic pain as a result of

severe lung injury and bleeding

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

28/34

How long does cocaine take to give it s effect ??

Cocaine reaches the brain in over 3 -5 minutes asa smoke and 15 30 minutes intravenously

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

29/34

Effects of cocaine :-

W hen a person takes cocaine, it causes a rush.T here is between one or two minutes of

intense pleasure. T his is followed by five to 8 minutes of euphoria, then as the high comes

down, an overwhelming urge for more, whichmay last for a day. W hen a user is between

cocaine doses or halts usage, the oppositeeffects occur. T he user is depressed and tired

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

30/34

W hy is cocaine attractive ???

Cocaine is attractive to users because it triggers dopamine. Dopamine is a

neurotransmitter that is present in many regions of the brain. In normal mice, the

introduction of cocaine increases dopamine by 150 percent. Dopamine regulates movement,

emotion, motivation, and the feeling of pleasure .

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

31/34

T he first time people use cocaine and its effects

fade, they want more. Such is the nature of the drug. T he main reason cocaine usecontinues is the need to experience the "high"

and the development of dependence.

Dependence is, "the need to maintain a level of the drug in the brain to both satisfy theneed and stimulate the reward center, and

avoid physical withdrawal symptoms" . T hereis continual research occurring about

dependence and how it can be streamlined.

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

32/34

It was recently discovered through newer imaging techniques that cocaine hinders blood flow. T his is why is it can cause brain damageor defects. Recent research demonstrates that

if a cocaine user even thinks about cocaine,

the blood flow is altered . T his suggests that the addictive nature of the drug is stronger

than we think, because simply thinking about it produces similar results in addicts' brains' .T his is likely to be a result of the way in whichcocaine changes the structure of an abuser's

brain.

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

33/34

However, even if scientists do identify all of the factors that cause addiction, they are still

faced with the dilemma of how exactly to stopthe addiction. New hope to end cocaine

addiction lies in experimental drugs, such as

one that is used to treat epilepsy and holisticapproaches such as acupuncture.

8/7/2019 Coca Plant

34/34