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Coastal Waters Imaging and Proposed Next StepsCurtiss O. Davis

College of Oceanic and Atmospheric SciencesOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

541-737-4432 cdavis@coas.oregonstate.edu

W. Paul BissettFlorida Environmental Research Institute

Tampa, Floridapbissett@feriweb.org

Mike CorsonRemote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory

Washington, D. C.

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Presentation Outline

The coastal ocean is a complex and dynamic system. It will require continuous in situ sampling, frequent high resolution remote

sensing data and high resolution coupled physical, bio-optical models to adequately describe coastal ecosystem dynamics.

• Frequent imaging of coastal waters is required to:– Resolve tidal dynamics, – Track blooms, oil spills, etc.

• Current and planned ocean color sensors in low earth orbit will not provide the required coverage.

• Coastal Ocean Applications and Science Team (COAST)– Monterey Bay September 2006 experiment

- Demonstration data set for algorithm development- Tracking a Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)

• Supporting the AoA– HICO a LEO alternative approach for coastal imaging– Data processing and archives

• Summary

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What we expect to have in 2010

Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)

• Being built by Raytheon SBRS– SeaWiFS, MODIS heritage

• First flight on NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) in 2008 then NPOESS satellites starting in 2012

• Seven ocean color channels and 2 SST channels

ChannelName

channel Center

Channel Width

Ltypical ocean

Required SNR/NEΔT

VIIRS SNR/NEΔT

M1 412 nm 20 nm 44.9 352 670 M2 445 nm 18 nm 40 380 506 M3 488 nm 20 nm 32 415 515 M4 555 nm 20 nm 21 361 446 M5 672 nm 20 nm 10 242 ~ 400 M6 751 nm 15 nm 9.6 199 ~ 400 M7 865 nm 39 nm 6.4 215 314 M15 10.8 μm 1.0 μm 300K .070 .041 M16 12.0 μm 1.0 μm 300K .072 .041

M

•Approximately 1 km GSD ocean color–742 m GSD and Nadir, 1092 m at +/- 850 km, 1597m at End of Scan (+/- 1500 km)–Designed to meet global ocean imaging requirements at 1 km GSD –Maximum revisit frequency of once a day at 1330

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Why we need high frequency sampling for coastal ocean dynamics

• Tides, diel winds, river runoff, upwelling and storm winds drive coastal currents that can reach several knots.

• Daily sampling at the same time (e.g. MODIS and in the future VIIRS) cannot resolve tides, diurnal winds, etc.

• Frequent sampling to resolve tides will provide the management and science community with a unique capability to observe the dynamic coastal ocean environment.

• Higher spatial resolution (300 m vs. 1000 m)• Additional channels to measure solar

stimulated fluorescence, suspended sediments, Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) and HABs. Example tidal cycle from

Charleston, OR. Black arrows VIIRS sampling, red arrows hourly sampling.

These improvements are critical for coastal waters.

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MODIS1 kmwater clarity

Modeled HES-CW (250 m)

Higher spatial resolution critical to monitor complex coastal waters

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COAST and Risk Reduction Activities

• The Coastal Ocean Applications and Science Team (COAST) was created in August 2004 to support NOAA to develop coastal ocean applications using geostationary ocean color measurements:– Mark Abbott, Dean of the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences

(COAS) at Oregon State University is the COAST team leader,– COAST activities are managed through the Cooperative Institute for

Oceanographic Satellite Studies (CIOSS) a part of COAS, Ted Strub, Director

– Curtiss Davis, Senior Research Professor and Associate Dean at COAS, is the Executive Director of COAST.

• Initial activity to evaluate geostationary ocean color requirements and suggest improvements

• Beginning in 2006 conduct field experiments to collect example data that can be used for evaluating requirements and developing algorithms for the geostationary ocean color measurements for the coastal ocean.

• COAST was funded through GOES-R Risk Reduction program in 2006 to conduct the Monterey Bay experiment. – now supporting NOAA for the AoA.

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Risk Reduction Activities:Principal Roles of Co-Investigators

• Curtiss Davis, program management, calibration, atmospheric correction• Mark Abbott, COAST Team Leader• Ricardo Letelier, phytoplankton productivity and chlorophyll

fluorescence, data management • Peter Strutton, coastal carbon cycle, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)• Ted Strub, CIOSS Director, coastal dynamics, links to IOOSCOAST Participants:• Bob Arnone, NRL, optical products, calibration, atmospheric correction,

data management• Paul Bissett, FERI, Airborne HSI, optical products, data management• Heidi Dierssen, U. Conn., benthic productivity• Raphael Kudela, UCSC, HABs, IOOS• Steve Lohrenz, USM, suspended sediments, HABs• Oscar Schofield, Rutgers U., product validation, IOOS, coastal models• Heidi Sosik, WHOI, productivity and optics• Ken Voss, U. Miami, calibration, atmospheric correction, opticsNOAA/ORA Menghua Wang, atmospheric correction NOAA/ORA Mike Ondrusek, calibration, MOBYNOAA/NOS Rick Stumpf, HABsNOAA/NMFS Cara Wilson, Ecosystem Management of Fisheries

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Monterey Bay September 3-16, 2006Experiment Plan

• Monterey Bay has long-term physical, biological and optical monitoring– Links to data at http://www.cencoos.org

• Intensive effort for 2 weeks to assure that all essential parameters are measured:– Supplement standard measurements at the site with shipboard and

glider measurements of water-leaving radiance, optical properties and expected products,

– Additional atmospheric measurements as needed to validate atmospheric correction parameters,

– As needed, enhance modeling efforts to include bio-optical models that will utilize ocean color remote sensing data (NRL).

• Aircraft overflights for at least three clear days and one partially cloudy day (to evaluate cloud clearing) during the two week period (FERI). – High altitude to include 90% or more of the atmosphere, providing a

simulated satellite data product.– 30 min repeat flight lines for up to 6 hours to provide a time series for

models and to evaluate changes with time of day (illumination, phytoplankton physiology, etc.)

• All data to be processed and then distributed over the Web for all users to test and evaluate algorithms and models.

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SAMSONSpectroscopic Aerial Mapping System with On-board

Navigation

• The Florida Environmental Research Institute (FERI) has developed a low-cost, robust HyperSpectral Imager, the Spectroscopic Aerial Mapper with On-board Navigation (SAMSON).

• SAMSON provides for a full HSI dataset 256 bands in the VNIR (3.5 nm resolution over 380 to 970 nm range) at 75 frames per second, with a SNR, stability, dynamic range, and calibration sufficient for dark target spectroscopy.

• Data sampled at 5 m GSD and binned to 100, 300, 375 and 500 m to evaluate need for higher GSD.

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A red tide incubator in Monterey Bay?

2002 red tide

Image from P. Bissett

2004 red tideImage from R. Kudela 2005 Red Tide

MERIS satellite imagery, 9/17

J. Gower, IOS, Sidney BC

Physical, chemical and biological influences in this region:• In the upwelling shadow (stratification)• Downstream of Elkhorn Slough plume (stratification, nutrients, dinoflagellate seed populations)

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709 nm is ideal channel for Monterey Bay HABs

Harmful Algal Bloom in Monterey Bay threatens

beach areas.

• Bloom near coast and on the order of 2 x 5 km would not be resolved in 1 km VIIRS data.

• Additional channel at 709 nm to aid bloom identification.

PHILLS-2 airborne hyperspectral data from Paul Bissett, Florida Environmental Research Institute. (October 2002 Ceratium spp. bloom)

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Monterey Bay, September 12, 2006Grid 03: 10:07 - 10:32

709 nm channel used to identify

HAB

Primary species Akashiwo sanguinea

FERI SAMSON data

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Spectral Identification of HAB FeaturesR

adia

nce

at th

e se

nsor

(W/m

^2/n

m/s

r) x

100

0

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Date: 2006/09/12Time: 10:15 AMZenith Angle: 45

Calibrated SAMSON Data Monterey Bay, CARatio: 710nm / 550nm

5 km

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Date: 2006/09/12Time: 12:15 PMZenith Angle: 35

Kilometers scale transport of HAB over this time window.

Time resolution of spectral signal will provide immediate benefits for HAB tracking, and prediction of HAB landfall.

Calibrated SAMSON Data Monterey Bay, CARatio: 710nm / 550nm

5 km

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Geostationary ocean color needed to support the higher temporal and spatial resolution required for

coastal models

July 31 SeaWiFSChlor-a

(mg/m3)

.5

2

3

4

5

39:30N

39:00N

Node A

UCSB

Small diatoms

Large diatoms

Satellite Measured

ECOSIM run for July 31, 2001 with ROMSPhysical model 15 minute time step and

300 m spatial resolution(Paul Bissett, Florida Environmental Research

Institute)

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Supporting the AoA for Coastal Waters

Curt Davis, COAST and NOAA (Menghua Wang, Mike Ondrusek, Rick Stumpf, Cara Wilson, others) will continue to document needs.Possible Approaches:1. Geostationary Sensor on spacecraft of opportunity or GOES-T

• Using the Enhanced Special Event Imager (ESEI) as an Example Sensor – Monica Coakley, MIT-LL as lead.

2. Investigate airborne solutions including Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). CIRES lead with support from Curt Davis and Paul Bissett using the SAMSON design as a model sensor system. 3. 4 LEO Small Satellites with ocean color sensors.

• HICO sensor on Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) on ISS as a demonstrator

• HICO sensors on four small satellites (example Ball STP SIV bus all launched together on a Minutar-5)

Additionally design a prototype data system based on the required area coverage and current systems at NRL and FERI.

– Demonstration of Hyperspectral Data Repository On-line (HyDRO) system hosting the Monterey Bay Data

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NRL-0305 Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO)

Objective: Launch and operate the first spaceborne Maritime Hyperspectral Imager (MHSI) to demonstrate space-based hyperspectral imaging for characterization of the littoral battlespace

Description: HICO MHSI payload plus product algorithms• Imager: NRL Portable Hyperspectral Imager for Low-Light

Spectroscopy (PHILLS)• ruggedized aircraft instrument built from COTS components• Computer mounted in pressurized enclosure with optical window• 60 contiguous wavelength bands from 400 to 1000 nm, > 200:1

signal to noise for water-penetrating wavelengths• STP is negotiating with NASA and the Japanese space Agency to fly

HICO on JEM on the ISS• Image 50 km swath scenes at 100 m Ground Sample Distance• On-board processing using NRL’s ORASIS algorithm• Product retrieval using NRL’s Tafkaa for atmospheric correction,

algorithms for coastal bathymetry, bottom type, water clarity, on-shore vegetation, terrain classification

PHILLS MaritimeHyperspectral Imager

Length: 36 cm

NRL TacSat-1Copperfield payload

In pressurized enclosure

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Using FERI HyperSpectral Data Repository Online (HyDRO) as demo data system.

HyDRO Online data system for Terabyte Hyperspectral Data Sets•Faster turnaround time. •Ability to choose desired region of interest and bands.•Ability to imitate response functions of other sensors.•Access to ancillary data and the latest versions of algorithms.•Ability to view job history.

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Next Steps

• Complete the AoA for Coastal Waters• Complete processing and analysis of the Monterey Data• Host the Monterey Data set on HyDRO Server as a demonstration 2 terabyte

online data system. Explore additional distribution models using Web 2.0 strategies (Weogeo Server/Exchange).

• HICO Demonstration on JEM/ISS for ONR and the Space Test Program– Demonstration data showing value of higher resolution data for NOAA

coastal applications– Add data to HyDRO system– Demonstration of the application of ocean color algorithms to process

data from all time of day• GEO or LEO (4 satellites) for coastal waters imaging in the 2014 and

beyond?

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Weogeo Server/Exchange

•See www.weogeo.com for launch details.