Ocean and Coastal Challenges: Societal Responses Toward Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management.
Coastal Ocean
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Transcript of Coastal Ocean
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Coastal Ocean
Laws of ocean ownershipEstuaries
Humans interactions
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Laws of ownership
• Freedom of the Seas• UN Law of the Sea– Territorial Sea– Exclusive Economic Zone
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Estuaries• Where rivers meet the
sea• Embayment• Mixing of salt and
fresh water• Protected from waves
and storms• Good harbors
Chesapeake Bay
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Estuaries: formation
• Coastal plain: Chesapeake Bay as example• Fjord: Puget Sound as example• Bar-built: Pamlico Sound as example• Tectonic: San Francisco Bay as example
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COASTAL PLAIN FJORD
BAR BUILT TECTONIC
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Estuaries: circulation
• Vertically mixed• Highly stratified• Salt wedge (classic)
• Think about salinity variation with depth• Consider what causes these patterns
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VERTICALLY MIXED SLIGHTLY STRATIFIED
HIGHLY STRATIFIED SALT WEDGE
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Human impacts
• Estuaries in general• Estuaries – specific examples– Chesapeake Bay– Columbia River estuary
• Marine pollution – some examples
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Coastal pollution
• Petroleum• Sewage• Specific chemicals– DDT and PCBs– Mercury
• Plastics• Non-native species
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Petroleum pollution examples
• Exxon Valdez in AK, 1989• Deepwater Horizon in Gulf of Mexico, 2010• Spills due to Persian Gulf War, 1991
• But most oil in ocean comes from small sources
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Sources of oil to oceans
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Sewage
• New York City – closed shallow water sewage sludge disposal sites; using deep water site, but fisheries are degrading
• Boston harbor – new sewage treatment plant and tunnel to offshore site; unintended consequences?
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Sewage
• New York City – closed shallow water sewage sludge disposal sites; using deep water site, but fisheries are degrading
• Boston harbor – new sewage treatment plant and tunnel to offshore site; unintended consequences?
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Specific chemicals
• DDT (pesticide) – problems with bird populations; persistent in environment
• PCB ( used in insulation) – reproductive problems in sea lions; persistent in environment
• Mercury – bioaccumulation; affects human nervous system
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Plastics