Coal was the first fossil fuel that was used in mass Coal was the first fossil fuel that was used in mass quantity.quantity.

It was primarily used during the Industrial It was primarily used during the Industrial revolution to create steam.revolution to create steam.

Coal, oil, and natural gas make up fossil fuels.Coal, oil, and natural gas make up fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the Fossil fuels are the remains of plants and animals remains of plants and animals

which transformed over millions of yearswhich transformed over millions of years.. Fossil fuels are Fossil fuels are NON-RENEWABLENON-RENEWABLE. .

Energy Use Around the World

The world’s population is using the earth’s resources at a very quick rate.

However, not all of the earth’s resources are renewable.

Everything in society is affected by the cost and availability of energy.

Countries that have abundant energy resources are usually very wealthy.

Non-renewable Energy Sources

Fossil fuels Consists of coal, oil, natural gas These energy sources took millions of years

to create. 85% of all energy used all over the world

comes from fossil fuels.

Nuclear Energy In this process technicians

produce nuclear reactions such as, fission.

Fission produces heat. This heat is then used in the production of steam.

Nuclear energy is clean and allows areas that do not have geothermal activity to use steam power.

Produces radioactive waste. Which is hard to dispose of. Plants could have a meltdown (Chernobyl).

Renewable Energy Sources

These sources of energy can be replenished on a regular basis.

They also have an impact on the environment.

Ex: flooding for an electric dam

Wind Power Wind turbines convert

wind energy into electricity.

The turbines take up very little space and do not make much noise.

However, people do complain that they are an eyesore.

Only very windy areas can benefit from this source of energy, ex: Denmark.

Geothermal Energy It comes from heat stored

deep beneath the earth’s surface.

Geysers are a source of Geothermal energy.

Water produced from the steam can be re-injected into the earth to produce more steam.

These sites are not permanent (they will eventually run out).

Solar Power Heat energy produced by

the sun is absorbed and turned into electricity.

Sun tracking mirrors or solar cells (photovoltaic) absorb the sun's light.

An inverter (transformer) will convert the light/heat into electricity.

It requires large amounts of space to be beneficial.

Used on a small scale. Ex: provide electricity to one house or one sign.

Hydroelectricity Water power produces electricity. Rushing water turns a turbine which allows a

generator to produce electricity. There are major environmental damages

during construction of dam. Produces no greenhouse gases.

Ethanol FuelEthanol Fuel Ethanol is a clean

burning fuel that is used as an alternative to gasoline.

Ethanol is an alcohol.

Ethanol can be extracted from many sources. The most common are sugar cane and corn.

Tidal Energy It harnesses the power of

waves.

Waves turn propellers (tide mills) that are underwater, which turn a turbine.

The turbine then produces electricity.

Primarily used in Italy and Australia.

Biomass Energy Biomass fuels come from living things: wood

products, dried vegetation, crop residues, and aquatic plants. Wood is a biomass fuel.

It also includes waste materials, gases and alcohol fuels.

Hydrogen Fuel CellsHydrogen Fuel Cells Fuel cells create an

electrical reaction using different chemicals.

These chemicals produce an electrical reaction, which produces usable energy.

Fuel cells can operate continuously or until the reaction is broken.

Hydrogen fuel cells could run on water and oxygen.

Where is Energy Produced? Where is Energy Produced?

Many countries have the ability to produce energy, Many countries have the ability to produce energy, it is the type and quantity that varies.it is the type and quantity that varies.

Countries that Countries that produce a lot of energy have a produce a lot of energy have a surplus (leftover)surplus (leftover)..

Countries that Countries that use more than they produce have use more than they produce have a deficit (shortage)a deficit (shortage)..

Deficit countries buy energy from surplus countries.Deficit countries buy energy from surplus countries.

The price of energy affects everything in The price of energy affects everything in societysociety..

In recent years energy prices have been increasing.In recent years energy prices have been increasing.

The The organization responsible for rising oil organization responsible for rising oil prices is OPECprices is OPEC, created in 1960 (Organization of , created in 1960 (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) Petroleum Exporting Countries)

Energy Demands Around the Energy Demands Around the WorldWorld

Western Europe, Asia, and Western Europe, Asia, and North America use most North America use most of the worldof the world’’s energys energy..

The United States alone uses The United States alone uses 25% of all energy produced.25% of all energy produced.

Countries that use less Countries that use less energy than they produce energy than they produce are autonomous are autonomous (self-ruling, (self-ruling, self-governing, independent, self-governing, independent, sovereign, free).sovereign, free).

Energy Producing Region: Energy Producing Region: AlbertaAlberta

Alberta became a province of Canada Alberta became a province of Canada in 1905in 1905..

ItIt’’s capital is Edmonton and its capital is Edmonton and it’’s largest s largest city is Calgary.city is Calgary.

In recent years Alberta has become In recent years Alberta has become CanadaCanada’’s wealthiest provinces wealthiest province..

This is due to itThis is due to it’’s s large oil sand, oil, and large oil sand, oil, and natural gas deposits. natural gas deposits.

AlbertaAlberta’’s reserves are the largest in s reserves are the largest in the worldthe world. .

Alberta has Alberta has 65% of Canada65% of Canada’’s oil and 80% of our s oil and 80% of our natural gas (natural gas (these reserves are these reserves are depletingdepleting).).

However, it has enough However, it has enough Bituminous Sand to Bituminous Sand to meet world oil needs for the next century.meet world oil needs for the next century.

Bituminous Sand is Bituminous Sand is sand that has been mixed sand that has been mixed with water and bitumen (heavy oil).with water and bitumen (heavy oil).

Where are the oil sands located?

There are three major oil sand deposits in Alberta.

Major oil companies have been given concessions* by the government to mine the oil sands.

*land given to companies for a certain period of time).

Oil Sands Beneath the Forest

Most of the oil sands are located beneath forested areas. Mines require large sections of forest to be cleared away. This causes the destruction of homes for plants, animals,

and aboriginal communities. It destroys fragile ecosystems and natural water filters.

PipelinesPipelines It is an efficient method of transporting oil &

natural gas. They stretch all over Canada and into the U.S. However, to pass a pipeline large regions of

forests and farmland must be cleared. Animal food sources are lost. Trenches must be dug and ecosystems and

native areas are destroyed.

Alberta: Energy AutonomyAlberta: Energy Autonomy Alberta is Canada’s leading

fossil fuels producer. It only uses about 25% of all it produces.

Alberta exports over 75% of its oil and gas.

The biggest consumer of Alberta’s oil is the United States.

In recent years China has been buying increasingly larger amounts.

Political Caricatures

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advantages and Disadvantages of Selling Oil SandsSelling Oil SandsAdvantages Alberta government has paid off the province’s

debt. Has reduced income tax and abolished their sales

tax.Disadvantages Destruction of native land and forests Contribution to global warming Growing cities makes housing difficult to find.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJmMZnrdx9Q

Depletion of Fossil Fuels Every year the demand for fossil fuels increases. Many of the traditional reserves are

becoming depleted (running out). It is this depletion that has put Alberta in a

very wealthy position.

Oil Sands: ConsequencesOil Sands: Consequences

1) Global Warming

When Fossil fuels are burnt they emit greenhouse gases.

These gases surround the planet and they absorb the sun’s energy. This raises the earth’s temperature.

It is this layer of gas that is increasing the rate of global warming.

2) Concerned populations2) Concerned populations People living close to refineries, pipelines, and People living close to refineries, pipelines, and

mines have the threat of mines have the threat of environment damageenvironment damage.. Furthermore, there are major Furthermore, there are major health concernshealth concerns

for these people.for these people. Citizens are Citizens are demanding increased safety demanding increased safety

measuresmeasures from these companies. from these companies.

3) Aboriginal peoples3) Aboriginal peoples Native lands that were traditional hunting, Native lands that were traditional hunting,

trapping, and burial grounds are being destroyed.trapping, and burial grounds are being destroyed. These communities are putting pressure on These communities are putting pressure on

governments to retrieve their lands.governments to retrieve their lands. They also would like a share of the profits made They also would like a share of the profits made

and employment in developing these resources. and employment in developing these resources.

4) Rivers loosing water 4) Rivers loosing water Oil sands require large amounts of water to be Oil sands require large amounts of water to be

developed.developed. Water is used to clean equipment and dilute Water is used to clean equipment and dilute

chemicals from the oil extraction process.chemicals from the oil extraction process. This waste water is held in holding ponds.This waste water is held in holding ponds. Many residents fear that this very polluted Many residents fear that this very polluted

water will end up in their wells.water will end up in their wells.

5) Air Pollution5) Air Pollution The transformation of The transformation of

bitumen into crude oil emits bitumen into crude oil emits toxic gases.toxic gases.

These gases turn water and These gases turn water and soil acidic and they increase soil acidic and they increase the risk of drought and the risk of drought and forest fires.forest fires.

The extraction of bitumen The extraction of bitumen releases double the amount releases double the amount of greenhouse gases than of greenhouse gases than conventional oil wells.conventional oil wells.

In recent years Canada has In recent years Canada has committed to reducing its committed to reducing its gas emissions.gas emissions.

6) Destruction of forests and wetlands6) Destruction of forests and wetlands Large areas of forests and wetlands have been Large areas of forests and wetlands have been

destroyed.destroyed. Plants and animals have lost their habitats.Plants and animals have lost their habitats. Today companies have to reforest the areas they Today companies have to reforest the areas they

destroy.destroy. However, wetlands cannot be restored after they have However, wetlands cannot be restored after they have

been destroyed.been destroyed.

7) Growing cities7) Growing cities As the popularity of oil sand mining grows more As the popularity of oil sand mining grows more

people are moving to Alberta.people are moving to Alberta. This means that cities and towns will grow.This means that cities and towns will grow. More jobs will be created to meet the service More jobs will be created to meet the service

needs of a growing population.needs of a growing population. With more jobs created more labour is needed.With more jobs created more labour is needed.

8) Depletion and overuse8) Depletion and overuse With increased energy demands around the world With increased energy demands around the world

there is always the threat of over mining.there is always the threat of over mining. Alberta may not be able to mine as much oil as Alberta may not be able to mine as much oil as

needed.needed. This may be due to government and international This may be due to government and international

laws, recession, public protest, etc.laws, recession, public protest, etc. Alberta must monitor its resources carefully.Alberta must monitor its resources carefully.

9) Need for Renewable Energy9) Need for Renewable Energy As more oil is mined governments and energy As more oil is mined governments and energy

companies must find new sources of energy.companies must find new sources of energy.

International obligations (Kyoto) force International obligations (Kyoto) force governments to reduce their greenhouse gases.governments to reduce their greenhouse gases.

Therefore, as more oil is mined, there is an Therefore, as more oil is mined, there is an increase in renewable energy research.increase in renewable energy research.