Coal Ashes and the Future of Thermoelectricity in Rio...
Transcript of Coal Ashes and the Future of Thermoelectricity in Rio...
"Coal Ashes and the Future of Thermoelectricity in Rio Grande do Sul
State, Brazil – A Strategic Approach"
Geologist, Dr. Geraldo Mario RohdeEnvironmental Department Researcher
Porto Alegre – Sept. 16, 2009
THE HUMAN EFFECTUATION
HEAT = ENTROPY, DISORDER, DISSIPATION,
CHAOS (DETERMINISTIC?), UNCERTAINTY,
WHIRLPOOLS, DESTRUCTION,
INDETERMINATIONS, CATHASTROF(S),
DISREGULATION,...
SISTEMAS CLIMÁTICOS FÍSICOSF ís ic a /Din â mic a Atmo s fé ric a
Din â mic aOc e â n ic a En e rg ia /Umid a d eT e rre s tre
Mu d a n ç aClimá tic a
So lo CO2
CO2
Ec o s s is te ma sT e rre s tre s Us o d aT e rra
Ativ id a d e sHu ma n a sUmid a d e Glo b a lBio g e o q u ímic aMa rítima
So l
Força externa Química/D
inâmica Estratosférica
Po lu e n te sQu ímic a T ro p o s fé ric aCICLOS BIOGEOQUÍMICOSVu lc õ e s
VOLCANO X THERMELECTRIC PLANT
COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO SYSTEMS THAT GENERATE ASHES.
SYSTEMCHARACTERISTICS
VOLCANO THERMOELECTRIC PLANT
Effectuation Natural (unconscious) Human (conscious)
System Natural Artificial
Combustion Various types of magma Coal; Fuel oil; Diesel; Natural
gas
Combustion place Magmatic chamber Furnace(inside of the boiler)
Combustion temperature
700 C — 1200 C (Cas &
Wright, 1988)
1300 C — 1500 C (Andrade,
1985)
Products Heat
Volcanic ashesH2OGases (NOx, CO2, SO2, etc.)
Heat
Coal ashes H2O Gases (NOx , CO2, SO2, etc.)
Explosion Yes ("Eruption")No
NoYes ("Accident")
SISTEMAS CLIMÁTICOS FÍSICOSF ís ic a /Din â mic a Atmo s fé ric a
Din â mic aOc e â n ic a En e rg ia /Umid a d eT e rre s tre
Mu d a n ç aClimá tic a
So lo CO2
CO2
Ec o s s is te ma sT e rre s tre s Us o d aT e rra
Ativ id a d e sHu ma n a sUmid a d e Glo b a lBio g e o q u ímic aMa rítima
So l
Força externa Química/D
inâmica Estratosférica
Po lu e n te sQu ímic a T ro p o s fé ric aCICLOS BIOGEOQUÍMICOSVu lc õ e s
VOLCANO X THERMELECTRIC PLANT
THERMOELECTRIC CONTEXT
THE ASHES ARE CONSIDERED (MERELY) AS SOLID WASTES THAT NEED TO BE CLASSIFIED AND DISPOSED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.
THERMOELECTRIC CONTEXT
THE ASHES ARE TAKEN AS A COST BY THE MONOPRODUCTIVE LINEAR ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, AN EXTERNALITY, A DISTURBANCE, A PASSIVE.
THERMOELECTRIC CONTEXT
The brazilian ashes are, mostly, classified as solid wastes class II – not-dangerous, in IIA – not-inert (acc. to the norm NBR 10004 – ABNT, 2004)
Table – Coal ashes production in Brazil by year, in tonnes (t)
Until 1960 decade 200,000
1970 decade 1,500,000
1980 and 1990 decades 2,000,000
Present 4,000,000
2010 decade Projection /Prospect 10,000,000
TABLE – NEW THERMOELECTRIC UNITS PROJECTSIN RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE
UNITS LOCATION – COUNTIES MW
UTE Presidente Médici – FaseC (ex-"Candiota III") – CGTEE
Candiota 350
UTE Seival – Tractebel Candiota 542
UTE Seival II – MPX-EBX Candiota 600
UTE Pampa – Tractebel Candiota 340
UTE Cibe Energia S. A. Candiota 700
UTE CT Sul Cachoeira do Sul 650
UTE CT Sul – II Cachoeira do Sul 325
UTE Jacuí I Charqueadas 350
THE TWO HALVES OF COAL
CLASSIC APPROACH
• "ECONOMIC GOOD" = ELECTRIC ENERGY, EXPORTED FROM THE PLACE OF PRODUCTION
• COAL ASHES = LOCAL AND RESILIENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
COAL ASHES IMAGE
• COAL ASHES = 50% OF COAL !!
• COAL ASHES = BYPRODUCTS [CCBs]
• COAL ASHES IN PEOPLE AWARENESS
= MATERIAL GOODS
• "The coal ashes will make the coal viable !" [Rohde, 1997]
TABLE – PRODUCION OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES – NON-METALLIC
CLASS IN RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE IN 2007
Substances Value DNPM Factor m3 t Value (106 t)
Sand 4,322,821 m3 2.35 10.2
Crushed rocks and gravel 5,318,288 m3 1.64 8.7
Coal ashes 2.0
Mud(stone) 1,876,547 t 1.9
Limestone (rocks) 1,698,108 t 1.7
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL IDEIAS...
THE ASHES ARE FOCUSED AS BYPRODUCTS AND NOT MORE AS SOLID WASTES TO BE DISPOSED.
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL IDEIAS...
• THE PRINCIPLE RESPONSABILITY (Hans Jonas, 1984)
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
•“Das Prinzip Verantwortung; Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilization“
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL IDEIAS...
• PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (numeric or statistical risc)
• PRECAUTION PRINCIPLE (unknown ou indeterminated risk)
• ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTENABILITY
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL IDEIAS...
• CLEANER PRODUCTION
• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY (F4, F10, NC)
• ISO 14000 NORMS SYSTEM
• ZERO EMISSIONS PRINCIPLE
COAL ASHES APPLICATIONS
HYDRELECTRIC POWER PLANT
FORQUETA RIVER DAM
(2002)
[São José do Herval/Putinga]
NEEDS FOR COAL ASHES MARKET
• High level consultance for private business
• Stablishing of norms and directives for the public sector
• Database about coal ashes
CENACIN – CENTRO NACIONAL DE EXCELÊNCIA EM CINZAS DE CARVÃO
SISTEMAS CLIMÁTICOS FÍSICOSF ís ic a /Din â mic a Atmo s fé ric a
Din â mic aOc e â n ic a En e rg ia /Umid a d eT e rre s tre
Mu d a n ç aClimá tic a
So lo CO2
CO2
Ec o s s is te ma sT e rre s tre s Us o d aT e rra
Ativ id a d e sHu ma n a sUmid a d e Glo b a lBio g e o q u ímic aMa rítima
So l
Força externa Química/D
inâmica Estratosférica
Po lu e n te sQu ímic a T ro p o s fé ric aCICLOS BIOGEOQUÍMICOSVu lc õ e s
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