Coaching: The Art and the Science

“It is not enough to have a good mind. The main thing is to use it well.”

( Rene Descartes)

Canadian Sports Participation

Participation rates decline!(Statistics Canada, 2008)

1992 – 45% of Canadians participated 1998 – 34% of Canadians participated 2005 – 28% of Canadians participated

9.6 million in 1992 7.3 million in 2005

Why is participation important?

Quality of Life Reducing number

of inactive Canadians by 10% would result in a saving of $5 billion in health care spending.

(Katzmarczek, 2001)

Likelihood of Participation Parent participation

in amateur sport increases likelihood of children participation.

Youth participation in amateur sport increases likelihood of continued participation as adults (Sport Canada Survey, 1998)

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Canadian Sports Participation

Decrease across all ages!(Statistics Canada, 2008)

15-18 77% in 1992 to 59% in 2005 19-24 61% in 1992 to 43% in 2005 25-34 53% in 1992 to 31% in 2005 55+ 25% in 1992 to 17% in

2005

Canadian Sports Participation

Men more active than women but gap narrows 1998 43% of men and 26% of women participated 2005 36% of men and 21% of women participated

Education a factor high school diploma or less - 25% participated post secondary diploma - 30% participated university degree - 33% participated

Canadian Sports Participation

Immigrants participate less Canadian born

30% participation rate Recent immigrants

27% participation rate Pre 1990 immigrants

19% participation rate

Children’s Participation Sport of choice?

Soccer sport of choice for children 5 to 14 Boys and girls both 44% Overall boys 55% vs girls 45%

Household income a factor income less than $40,000 - 43% income above $80,000 - 63%

Canadian Sports Participation

More men than women were regular sport participants

1995 52% men, 38% women 1998 43% men, 26% women 2005 36% men, 21% women

Gender gap most evident between 15-18 year olds (89% to 64%)

(Statistics Canada, 1998)

Women in Sport Only 6 of 32 sports included in 1992

General Social Survey dominated by females. Which ones?

Field Hockey Figure Skating Gymnastics Ringette Synchronized Swimming Volleyball

(Statistics Canada, 1992)

Women in Sport Greatest influence

on female sport participation in North America?

Title IX (1972) Legislated equality

of opportunities for female athletes in the NCAA

The Female CoachNumber of women

coaching female teams?

1972 – 90% NCAA teams coached by females

1991 – 47% of women’s teams female coached (Carpenter and Acosta, 1991)

Why the decline? Or is it a decline?

The Female Coach

What About Canada?- 29% of all coaches female in 1992 (Statistics

Canada, 1992)

What about the CIS?

CIS Coaches 11 CIS Sports – 8 both enders 434 CIS coachesWomen’s Sports

Which sports had more female coaches (10 vs 4)? Field hockey

Which sports had almost 50% balance (20/21, 11/12)?

Basketball, rugby

Which sports had no female coaches? Wrestling

Men’s (10) Sports Which sports had no female coaches (4)?

Football, m hockey, m soccer, m wrestling

Which sports had 1 female coach (3)? Basketball, swimming, volleyball

Sex Bias in Coaching

Male coaches rated higher than female coaches

Males rated male coaches higher than female regardless of comparative abilities

Females rated female coaches higher ONLY when record of the female coach was SIGNIFICANTLY better!

(Weinberg, Reveles and Jackson, 1984)(Parkhouse and Williams, 1986)(Parkhouse and Williams, 1988)

Female Coaches in Canada In 1992 only 4% of Canadians amateur

coaches and male dominated In 2005 overall 7% of Canadians

amateur coaches 2005 874,000 males amateur

coaches 9% decrease from 1998

2005 882,000 women amateur coaches

15% higher than in 1998