CO2 Capture & Compression Technologies
Transcript of CO2 Capture & Compression Technologies
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GE © 2009 – All Rights Reserved
GE Oil & Gas
Innovation Now
Brian WadasJune 2010
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GE © 2009 – All Rights Reserved
CO2 Capture & Compression
Technologies
• CO2 value chain
• GE CO2 compression experience
• Compression & pumping
• Summary
Agenda
CO2 value chain
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GE © 2009 – All Rights Reserved
3 Main Carbon Sequestration Solutions
Post
Combustion
Coal, NG,
Oil
Coal
Waste
Air
NG, Oil
Coal
NG
Oil
Air/O2 &
Steam
Air
O2
H2
N2
N2, O2
CO2
CO2
CO2
& H2O
N2, O2& H2O
CO2
Compression
Pre Combustion/
IGCC
Oxyfuel
CO2
Separation
CO2
Separation
Reformation
Gasification
EOR
Sequestration
Air Separation
H2O
H2O
H2O
Boiler
NGCC or
Boiler/ST
GT
Combined Cycle
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• CO2 injected in a saline aquifer since
‟96
• Capture CO2 from IGCC plant & injected
for EOR since ‟00
Existing Sequestration ProjectsOutlook
• CO2 stripped from NG field … since
„04
Sleipner
Norway
Weyburn
Canada
In Salah
Algeria
Snøhvit
Norway
• CO2 captured from LNG plant & re-
injected in subsea aquifer since „08
Gorgon
Australia
• CO2 captured from LNG plant to start by
‟14 … Largest CO2 compression station
Project CO2 injected(Mton/yr)
1
1.7
1
0.7
3.3
CO2 Compression
Experience
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• When CO2 is compressed becomes dense ... behaving like a fluid
• Extremely high density (up to 800 kg/m3) ... diffcult to compress
• Supercritical (dense phase) fluid thermodynamic behavior
• Highly corrosive in presence of water
• Critical point: 74 bar / 31°C,... Very low compressibility factor
CO2 Injection Technical Challenges
Steam phase
Triple point
Supercritical
Phase
Critical point
Solid Phase
Liquid Phase
400
13070
7
0.7
0.6-100 -50 -7 40 Temp
(°C)
Pr
(bar)
CO2 state diagram CO2 Transition sequence to
supercritical phase
Liquid phase
Gas phase
Supercritical
Increasing Temp & Pr
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• Temp <50°C lead to low values of compressibility (Z) and high sensitivity vs. Pressure
• Sensitivity to Pr requires EOS gas properties validation to predict density and size compressors
• GE technology covering Z values up to 0.4 ... optimized compression stages sequence
CO2 Compressibility
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Pressure [Bar]
Co
mp
res
sib
ilit
y Z
T=150 °C
T=125 °C
T=100 °C
T=80 °C
T=70 °C
T=60 °C
T=50 °C
T=40 °C
T=31.05 °C
Deep Knowledge on CO2 Compressibility
Pressure
(Bar)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Compressibility
Z
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
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• Applicable up to 300b (~4350 psi) on regular basis and up to 540b (~7830 psi) with CO2 + HC mix
• Literature data not suitable for liquid-vapour equilibrium calculations above 540 bar (~7830 psi)
• Many existing CO2 EOS optimized only for pure CO2... not for mixtures
• ... Introducing a new thermodynamic model to improve predictability
>40ys Experience in CO2 Handling
Equation Of State:
GE Model
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Dis
ch
arg
e P
res
su
re (
ba
r)
Inlet Volume (m3/h)
Centrifugal
Reciprocating
Centrifugal
Pumps
10,000
100
200
300
400
500
600
Integrally
Geared
1,000 100,000
Product solutions for CO2 compression
Best fitting solution to all working conditions
Screw
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CO2 Reciprocating Compressor Experience
• Started with fertilizers plants
• >180 machines in operation
processing CO2 or gases
containing CO2, H2 and H2S
• Up to 750 bara (>10,000 psi) disch.
pressure … 19,000 Nm3/h max
requested capacity
• Most recent major experience
CO2+H2S re-injenction ... 55,000
Nm3/h @ 486 bara (~7000 psi)
max. discharge pressure
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CO2 Centrifugal Compressor Experience
• Since 1968 … +200 units
operating in 90+ Urea
Processes… 13 Million Operating
hours
• Discharge pressure up to 280 bara
… up to 18 MW & Inlet flow
300,000 Nm3/h
• World‟s Largest Single Train
capacity
(3450 t/d QAFCO Qatar)
• Aerodynamics … Very high
pressure ratio and compressibility
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• New modular package designed to reduced footprint & installation time
• All compressors stages well referenced
• Adopting best in class gear box design,... Flender Graffenstaden, BHS
Integrally Gear Solution optimized for CO2
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CO2 Pumps Experience
• Leveraging experience from GE
O&G HP centrifugal
compressors
• Design pressure 670 bar (API
6A 10000) … discharge
pressure 540 bar (~ 7800 psi)
• Flowrate 10 kg/s
• “Three points” base-plate for
FPSO applications
1st pump ever used for this service!!
Compression &
Pumping
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Where GE O&G Fits in the Value Chain
EOR
> 250 bar
Depleated
O&G fields
<200 bar
Saline
acquifer
<250 bar
Supercritical
transportation
+
+
+
+
+
Pump
In line • Integrally geared +
+ • In line compressors
• Integrally geared compressors
CO2 Injection ... Possible Configurations
• In line compressors
Pumps • Integrally geared +
• In line +
> 250 bar
< 250 bar
T>40°
<200 bar
T>30°
1)
2)
1)
2)
1)
2)
3) + Pumps • Integrally geared +
H [kJ/kg]
P [
ba
r]
Gas Compression – Traditional API 617
13.5MW
Subcritical Compression (IG) + Pumping
H [kJ/kg]
P [
ba
r] 11.1MW
Refrigerated Compression (IG + Pump)
Refrigeration Cycle
H [kJ/kg]
P [
ba
r] 9.5MW
H [kJ/kg]
Supercritical Compression (IG) + Pumping
11.4MW
P [
ba
r]
4 Different Ways to Reach 220 bar
Summary
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• Both compressor and pump technology in-house
• Compression + pumping thermodynamic optimization
CO2 Injection Summary
Technology
• >40 years of experience in CO2 compression,... >40 years in HP pump
design
• Apply experience in HP re-injection compression,...rotordynamics, seals &
low flow stage aerodynamics
Experience
Commitment
• GE O&G supports GHG emission reduction & green energy
Footprint
• Leveraging technology from “sister” industries through WW GE organization
Thank You!