CO 14
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Transcript of CO 14
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CO 14
Chapter 12: Genotype Phenotype
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GENES SPECIFY ENZYMES
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GENES SPECIFY PROTEINS
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The Central Dogma DNA RNA Amino Acid (Protein)
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Figure 14.3
RNA is a lot like DNA, except: 1. Ribose2. Uracil3. Single Strand *Can leave the nucleus, carries the "message"
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Figure 14.5
Every 3 bases on mRNA (messenger RNA) is called a CODON Each CODON specifies one AMINO ACID Chains of amino acids are proteins (ex. hemoglobin)
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Figure 14.6
TRANSCRIPTION: The process where mRNA is made from DNA Follows base-pair rulehas uracil instead of thymine RNA polymerase is used to build the strand of RNA
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Transcription Animations
Transcription: Stolaf.eduTranscription: University of NebraskaTranscription: Concord.org
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Translation: process by which protein is built from the mRNA tRNA is used to build an amino acid chain
Each 3 bases on mRNA codes for a single amino acid.
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3 bases on mRNA = a codon
Matching 3 bases on tRNA = anticodon
tRNA has a single attached amino acid
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Translation occurs on the ribosome
mRNA is threaded through the small and large subunit
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Figure 14.10b
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Each tRNA delivers an amino acid which binds to the previous amino acid, eventually forming a long chain .....a PROTEIN
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All genes start with AUG, also called the START CODON
It attaches to anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine
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Figure 14.12
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Figure 14.13
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The Big Picture (aka The Central Dogma)
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Figure 14.4
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Animations of Translation
Translation: Stolaf.edu
Translation: University of Nebraska
Translation: Concord.org
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Figure 12Bc
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Figure 12Bda
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Figure 12.10a
NONDISJUNCTION CHANGES
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
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Figure 12.10b
NONDISJUNCTION CHANGES
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
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Figure 12Bdb
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Figure 12.11 DOWN SYNDROME & Gart Gene
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Figure 12.11b
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Figure 12Ba
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Figure 12Bb
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Figure 12.12a
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Figure 12.12b
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Trisomy 18 - Edward's Syndrome• Failure to grow and gain weight at the expected rate and severe feeding difficulties,
diminished muscle tone and episodes in which there is temporary cessation of spontaneous breathing
• Developmental delays and intellectual disability• A prominent back portion of the head, low-set, malformed ears, an abnormally small
jaw, a small mouth an upturned nose, narrow eyelid folds, widely spaced eyes, and drooping of the upper eyelids
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TRISOMY 13 (also known as Patau syndrome) - Of all babies born with the extra copy of chromosome 13 in all the cells of their body, around 50% die in the first month, and the rest within the first year Median survival age for children with Patau syndrome is 2.5 days
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CHROMOSOME MUTATIONS
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Figure 12.13
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Figure 12.13a
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Figure 12.13b
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Figure 12.13c
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Figure 12.13d
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Figure 12.14
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DELETION MUTATION (WILLIAMS SYNDROME)
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Williams Syndrome –
Deletion of Chromosome 7
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Figure 12.16
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Figure 12.16b
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CRI DU CHAT
Deletion of Chromosome #5
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FRAGILE X - duplication mutation