CNRS - UMR 5600 Hugard de la Tour, Inondation à Chamouny (1855) Evaluer les attitudes à l'égard...

CNRS - UMR 5600 Hugard de la Tour, Inondation à Chamouny (1855)

Evaluer les attitudesà l'égard des dépôts alluviaux et des inondations

The evaluation of attitudestowards alluvial deposits and floods

CNRS - UMR 5600

« (…) des plages de sable, des archipels de galets bordent son lit principal, pareil à quelque « (…) des plages de sable, des archipels de galets bordent son lit principal, pareil à quelque grand miroir qui magnifie ce qui vient s’y refléter ».grand miroir qui magnifie ce qui vient s’y refléter ».

BergouniouxBergounioux

« Flot, requiers pour ta marche un galet au sol terne« Flot, requiers pour ta marche un galet au sol terneQu’à vernir en ta source au premier pas tu perdes ».Qu’à vernir en ta source au premier pas tu perdes ».

F. Ponge,F. Ponge, Le parti-pris des choses. Le parti-pris des choses.

L’Isère (Cliché : Philippe Belleudy)L’Isère (Cliché : Philippe Belleudy)

CNRS - UMR 5600

Content

2. Perception of braided river landscapes

3. Floods in local newspapers

1. The attitudes towards riverscapes

CNRS - UMR 5600

CNRS - UMR 5600

Plan




CNRS - UMR 5600

Due to the present degree of environmental alteration along the Magra River,Due to the present degree of environmental alteration along the Magra River,the need for sustainable sediment management is urgent. It is therefore important:the need for sustainable sediment management is urgent. It is therefore important:

- to understand how local stakeholdersto understand how local stakeholders perceive a river channel that is richperceive a river channel that is rich in gravels,in gravels,- to better evaluate whether or not theyto better evaluate whether or not they will support proposed braided channelwill support proposed braided channel restoration projects .restoration projects .

CNRS - UMR 5600

Expert Psychophysical Cognitive Experiential

Subject type

Trained observer

Respondent

respondent

Participant

observer

Ignitiating

observer

Landscape

features

Artistic, ecological and development

principes

Perceived physical features (feature, clarity,

depth…)

Quality and preference

(beauty, danger…)

Everyday experience

(familiarity, sociability…)

Data collect

Structural analysis

Questionnaire

Field

Photo., diapo.

Video

Interviews

Auto. Photo.

Literature

and art.

References Griselin, 2004

Huang, 2000

Cossin, 1999

Mosley, 1989

Daniel, 1983

Campbell, 2002

Lekagul, 2002

Faulkner, 2001

Smith, 1995

Asakawa, 2004

Eisler, 2003

Ryan, 1998

Gregory, 1992

Brown, 1991

Nunneri, 2004

Dakin, 2003

Yamashita, 2002

Chételat, 2001

Michelin, 1998

CNRS - UMR 5600

Postulat: The visual features of riverscapes have an influence on the evaluation and behaviour of observors.

Ten photographs Ten photographs of the river were shown of the river were shown to each participant depicting:to each participant depicting:-different proportions of water, different proportions of water, vegetation, and mineral bar, vegetation, and mineral bar, - and different sizes of gravels.and different sizes of gravels.

CNRS - UMR 5600

Five distinct groups of participants (total n=127)Five distinct groups of participants (total n=127)

- Students attending college near the Magra River,Students attending college near the Magra River,- Students attending college far-away from the river,Students attending college far-away from the river,- People with a scientific understanding of river ecosystem People with a scientific understanding of river ecosystem function,function,- Local river managers working for the government Local river managers working for the government watershed authority, watershed authority, - and other Magra River users.- and other Magra River users.

CNRS - UMR 5600

The evaluation of riverscape characteristics

Three quantitative variables:

Aesthetic quality Beneficial uses of the river Need for active river managementNeed for active river management

Unpleasant Pleasant

0 10

Visual analogic scale (VAS)

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Two categorical variables:

the categories of uses to which the riverscape shown would be most suitedthe categories of uses to which the riverscape shown would be most suited1 – no activity; 1 – no activity; 2 – fishing; 2 – fishing; 3 – swimming; 3 – swimming; 4 – navigation, 4 – navigation, 5 – relaxation, 5 – relaxation, 6 – gravel mining, 6 – gravel mining, 7 – hydroelectric generation, 7 – hydroelectric generation, 8 – domestic/agricultural water withdrawal, 8 – domestic/agricultural water withdrawal, 9 – nature conservation)9 – nature conservation)

la caractérisation de l’intervention envisagée

CNRS - UMR 5600


Two categorical variables:

the categories of uses to which the riverscape shown would be most suitedthe categories of uses to which the riverscape shown would be most suited; the appropriate types of management activities for each riverscape:appropriate types of management activities for each riverscape:

1 – no management, 1 – no management, 2 – improved landscaping, 2 – improved landscaping, 3 – wildlife protection, 3 – wildlife protection, 4 – bank stabilization, 4 – bank stabilization, 5 – channel cleaning, 5 – channel cleaning, 6 – engineered structures6 – engineered structures

CNRS - UMR 5600

PhotographWater

(%)Vegetation

(%)Sediment

(%)Grain size

classes

A 42.25 45.99 0.53 0

B 0.53 8.02 52.41 1

C 21.93 5.35 34.22 1

D 26.20 40.91 23.80 2

E 1.07 37.17 61.50 3

F 24.33 10.70 33.96 2

G 60.16 15.51 2.14 1

H 15.51 24.60 39.57 3

I 12.03 28.61 32.62 1

J 59.36 9.89 11.76 1

Surface area of each photograph (A through J) occupied by water, vegetation, and sediments, and the visually-assessed grain size classes of the sediment shown (0 - no sediment, 1 - gravel, 2 - pebbles, and 3 - large boulders)

CNRS - UMR 5600

Correlation Matrix (calculated with average Bravais-Pearson coefficients) for the survey response variables (aesthetic value, beneficial uses, and needs for management action) and the landscape components (area occupied by water, vegetation, and mineral bar). Significant values with p < 0.05 are in bold type

Aesthetics Uses Management Water Vegetation Mineral Bar

Aesthetics 0.964 -0.904 0.759 0.155 -0.702

Uses -0.944 0.868 0.022 -0.805

Management -0.899 0.069 0.827

Water -0.101 -0.916

Vegetation -0.121

Mineral Bar

CNRS - UMR 5600

CNRS - UMR 5600

Introduce infrastructures List of infrastructures

– Flooding / variable– Type of damages expected – Normal / flooded flows– Historical photos, substantial gravel or not– Chosing photos / drive perception – Show real risky versus no risk situations– Very nice pictures – Small numbers of photos contrasted level of gravels in natural riverscapesand then photos with impliedgravel associated risk and then a second set of

photos like the first (hyp. effect of phot order)– Very much related to the time since flow events (memory effect). – Two different places one with a recent big flood, one without.– Use expert jugement as a ref.– Risk? Riverscape with eroding banks (natural, with a house), vulnerable infrastrcuture (culver), bridge (public interest), house (private interest).

Identification / risks– Triplate photos / braided rivers with fine sediment implicting aggradation, gravel bar (implication of potential instability), cobble / paved channels.– How people perceive risk through sediment process (torrential fans – may think house at risk far from the site)

Questions– Distance to the closest river– If this house is sell, will you buy it? Will you be safe in this house? – Would you like to live there? – Divergence of the managers? Do you simply survey citizens? Other groups? – Natural or man-influenced? – More information that you want and real questions.

3 questions? Safe/dangerous, – Aerial photos. Where would you built your house. Where would it be risky to live? Oblique photos + gravel bars / far

CNRS - UMR 5600

Intra-group variability of the scores attributed to each of the survey response variables

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Categorization of beneficial uses recommended by survey respondents for each photograph

CNRS - UMR 5600

Categorization of management actions recommended for each riverscape photograph

CNRS - UMR 5600

Elements of discussion

In terms of riverscape perception:-The influence of water on landscape evaluation- What is natural is not always aesthetics- The preference for maintained nature (rather than wild and regulated nature)-The role of familiarity- A difference between local/expert knowledges

In terms of restoration project:- Consider the archetypes that influence public as well as decision makers- Promote campaigns of environmental education to explain the objectives

CNRS - UMR 5600

Content




CNRS - UMR 5600

CNRS - UMR 5600

Le Le CrestoisCrestois

Le JDDLe JDD

19811981 CP 168/19CP 168/19 CP 176D/8CP 176D/8

20082008 CP 168/51CP 168/51

CP 168/52CP 168/52

CP CP 176D/26176D/26

140 articles : - 68 in Le Crestois - 72 in Le JDD

CNRS - UMR 5600

CNRS - UMR 5600

Article Newspaper Year Season Nature Writer Evocated stakeholders

Uses Places

1

…

Presentation of each articlePresentation of each article

Statistics with RStatistics with R

Textual data analysis : Textual data analysis : ALCESTE and TXMALCESTE and TXM

GIS : places quoted GIS : places quoted (communes, rivers, catchment)(communes, rivers, catchment)

CNRS - UMR 5600

Stakeholders form a system characterized by different uses Stakeholders form a system characterized by different uses

- stakeholders quotedstakeholders quoted- 40% users40% users- 31% politicians31% politicians- 21% riverside people21% riverside people

- uses of the riveruses of the river- 51% production51% production- 42% protection42% protection

CNRS - UMR 5600

Stakeholders form a Stakeholders form a system characterized by system characterized by different uses different uses - productionproduction

- quoted : farmers and quoted : farmers and riverside peopleriverside people- natural condition natural condition brutality and damagesbrutality and damages

- protectionprotection- quoted : quarrymenquoted : quarrymen- prevention actsprevention acts

- leisure activitiesleisure activities- anglersanglers

CNRS - UMR 5600

Crisis and memoryCrisis and memory

- Hydrological extremes and Hydrological extremes and article distributionarticle distribution

- 4 years without articles4 years without articles- A mean of 5 articles per A mean of 5 articles per yearyear- the role of floods and the the role of floods and the maximum of articlesmaximum of articles

- What is the influence of the What is the influence of the season?season?

- autumn and springautumn and spring- winter and summerwinter and summer

- crisis and managementcrisis and management

1994, 2003 et 20051994, 2003 et 2005

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The crisis and its temporal managementThe crisis and its temporal management- 2 groups : the crisis and its immediate management 2 groups : the crisis and its immediate management (physical and temporal management) / the resilience of the (physical and temporal management) / the resilience of the system (to prevent a new crisis from happening)system (to prevent a new crisis from happening)

CNRS - UMR 5600

The most quotedThe most quoted - dams, dikes … and others - dams, dikes … and others works of civil engineeringworks of civil engineering - restoration and - restoration and maintenancemaintenance

A spatial variabilityA spatial variabilityA temporal variabilityA temporal variability

CNRS - UMR 5600

A spatial variabilityA spatial variability

- Each subcatchement focuses Each subcatchement focuses on its subcatchmenton its subcatchment- Two different communities Two different communities in a same basinin a same basin- Which integrated Which integrated management is then possible ?management is then possible ?

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The water territory (Ghiotti) The water territory (Ghiotti) and the risk territoryand the risk territory

- Identify the risk placesIdentify the risk places- An archipelagic geographyAn archipelagic geography- Some discontinuitiesSome discontinuities

CNRS - UMR 5600

The The Drôme as a management model Versus the floods as a Drôme as a management model Versus the floods as a crisis…crisis…

-The time of management and political decisions (PPRi)The time of management and political decisions (PPRi)

- Two subcatchment (upstream and downstream) because ofTwo subcatchment (upstream and downstream) because of- different playorsdifferent playorsdifferent uses of the riverdifferent uses of the river- a political choice but some local adaptations…a political choice but some local adaptations…

- Different placesDifferent places- the alea is not the same everywherethe alea is not the same everywhere- the urban communes are more quoted but …the urban communes are more quoted but …- a specific place the Ramières…a specific place the Ramières…

CNRS - UMR 5600

A diachronic approachA diachronic approach

- The repetition of alea and the more quoted placesThe repetition of alea and the more quoted places

- An environmental disruptionAn environmental disruption- the difficulty of fixing the flood causesthe difficulty of fixing the flood causes- some stakeholders with different aimssome stakeholders with different aims- a system resilience : which management of the crisis?a system resilience : which management of the crisis?- memory : exemplary floods, memory lapses, places memory : exemplary floods, memory lapses, places which are forgottenwhich are forgotten

CNRS - UMR 5600

La presse locale, une bonne source d'information ?La presse locale, une bonne source d'information ?A) Des biais importants :A) Des biais importants : une échelle territoriale restreinte et parfois peu significativeune échelle territoriale restreinte et parfois peu significative (Caron et Torre, 2005)(Caron et Torre, 2005)

la diversité du métier de journalistesla diversité du métier de journalistes (Bucher et Strauss, 1961 ; Neveu, 2004 ; Ruellan, (Bucher et Strauss, 1961 ; Neveu, 2004 ; Ruellan, 2005)2005)

l'incomplétude de l'informationl'incomplétude de l'information (Vicard (Vicard et alet al., 2005)., 2005) et la partialité du choix des et la partialité du choix des événementsévénements (Caron et Torre, 2005)(Caron et Torre, 2005)

les filtres culturel et idéologique, ainsi que la ligne éditorialeles filtres culturel et idéologique, ainsi que la ligne éditoriale (Grawitz, 2001; Allard, (Grawitz, 2001; Allard, 2005)2005)

B) Les atouts :B) Les atouts : une diffusion considérable et la quasi-exclusivité de l'information localeune diffusion considérable et la quasi-exclusivité de l'information locale (Torre (Torre et alet al., 2005)., 2005)

le reflet des attentes du publicle reflet des attentes du public (Bourdieu, 1966 ; Grawitz, 2001)(Bourdieu, 1966 ; Grawitz, 2001)

un support pour les débats et une source pour l'étude des conflitsun support pour les débats et une source pour l'étude des conflits (Caron et Torre, (Caron et Torre, 2005 ; Torre 2005 ; Torre et alet al., 2005)., 2005)

des archives propices à l'analyse d'événementsdes archives propices à l'analyse d'événements (Sautter, 1994 ; SPOTTER, 2005)(Sautter, 1994 ; SPOTTER, 2005), , mais aussi à l'étude diachronique des inondations et des représentations et mais aussi à l'étude diachronique des inondations et des représentations et politiques publiques associéespolitiques publiques associées (Allard, 2005)(Allard, 2005)

CNRS - UMR 5600

PerspectivesPerspectives

A) Floods in newspapers (Isère basin)A) Floods in newspapers (Isère basin) Drome catchment: 100 articles in local newspapers Drome catchment: 100 articles in local newspapers (Emeline Comby)(Emeline Comby) Isere catchment through Isere catchment through Le Petit Dauphinois Le Petit Dauphinois and and Le Dauphiné Le Dauphiné Libéré Libéré from 1880 to 2010 from 1880 to 2010 (Silvia Flaminio, Master 1)(Silvia Flaminio, Master 1)

B) 20/30 entretiens semi-directifs sur l’Isère (risque inondation)B) 20/30 entretiens semi-directifs sur l’Isère (risque inondation)experts, managers, experts, managers, practitionerspractitioners, local decision-makers, local decision-makers

C) The perception of gravel bars by public and expertC) The perception of gravel bars by public and expert Which variables in the set of photographs?Which variables in the set of photographs? Which evaluative features?Which evaluative features? Which questions about floods to better understandWhich questions about floods to better understand the spatial and temporal framework of riverinethe spatial and temporal framework of riverine landowners?landowners?

Le CrestoisLe Crestois, 1984, 1984

CNRS - UMR 5600

CNRS - UMR 5600 Hugard de la Tour, Inondation à Chamouny (1855) Evaluer les attitudes à l'égard...

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