CNL 08 8 ear to-brain · CNL_08_8_ear_to-brain Author: Richard Shillcock Created Date: 10/30/2008...
Transcript of CNL 08 8 ear to-brain · CNL_08_8_ear_to-brain Author: Richard Shillcock Created Date: 10/30/2008...
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Cognitive Neuroscience of Language:
8: Auditory information processing and the brain
Richard Shillcock
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GoalsLook at how the brain represents auditory information
Look at some of the implications for the processing of speech, bearing in mind that phonological activation seems mandatory during reading
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Reading for this lecture
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Zatorre, R.J., Belin, P. & Penhune, V.B. (2002). Structure and function of auditory cortex: music and speech. TICS, 5, 37–46.
Cutler, A. (1997). The comparative perspective on spoken-language processing. Speech Communication, 21, 3-15.
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From sound to neurons
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From sound to neurons
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From sound to neurons
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From pressure change to neural firing
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Different hair cells have different thresholds to respond to intensity differences
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Tonotopic mapping
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but see ...http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/ear.html
... for the correct relation between frequency and the cochlea
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Auditory pathways
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Auditory pathways
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Direction of sound
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In the medial and lateral superior olive, minute timing and intensity differences are compared, allowing sound direction to be computed.
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Medial superior olive in autism
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Normal
Autistic
Kulesza & Mangunay (2008)
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In the cortex
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Auditory callosal coordination.
“A” shows the placement of auditory connections in the corpus callosum (Aboitiz et al., 2003)
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Auditory cortical areas
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Primary auditory cortex
Cells in A1 respond well to pure sounds, and damage to A1 results in cortical deafness
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Secondary auditory cortex
Cells in A2 respond weakly to pure sounds (cf. spots of light in V1), but strongly to band-passed noise (cf. bars in V2)
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Auditory hallucinations and A1
Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia can cause activation in Heschl’s gyrus (primary auditory cortex)
They can also be the result of lesions (see left)
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Speech comprehension
Pure word deafness (central hearing loss) can result from disconnections involving Heschl’s gyrus and Wernicke’s area, and other central impairments
Non-speech hearing is retained
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Non-speech comprehensionCentral hearing loss can also involve normal speech perception, but impaired perception of non-speech sounds (auditory agnosia), or music (amusia), typically involving the RH
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Summary
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Early binaural projection (compared with vision)
Tonotopic mapping and very precise temporal processing
Speech/non-speech dissociation