BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2 (ARC60203)

PROJECT 2: REPORT

NATIONAL MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA

ONG TUN CHEK (0319939)

PE ZHI YONG (0319765)

TAN JINGWEI (0320137)

TAN WUI XIANG (0321128)

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CONTENTS

No. Title Page Student

1.0 Introduction 3-8 Tan Jingwei

2.0 Site context analysis 9-18 Tan Jingwei

Pe Zhi Yong

3.0 Architectural layout of building 19-27 Tan Jingwei

4.0 Architecture style analysis 28-43 Pe Zhi Yong

5.0 Building construction, structure & materials analysis 44- Ong Tun Chek

6.0 Architectural elements & components analysis Tan Wui Xiang

7.0 Conclusion Ong Tun Chek

8.0 References Group

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The National Mosque of Malaysia is located in Kuala Lumpur. It has a capacity of 15,000

people and is situated among 13 acres with 53000 meter square of beautiful gardens.

National Mosque area of 13 acres and the main building meets approximately 3 acres. All

mosques in the area partly surrounded by concrete walls and partly by ornate railings.

Overall there are seven entrances. Facilities for non-Muslim tourists are also provided such

as public toilets Kuala Lumpur City Hall, located near the entrance of foreign tourists and in

particular countries. Prior to development of Shah Alam Mosque, the National Mosque, the

mosque is one of the most modern in Southeast Asia. It occupies an area of 13 acres,

opposed to the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. Construction of the mosque symbolizes the

spirit of unity and tolerance.

The mosque is a bold and modern approach in reinforced concrete, symbolic of the

aspirations of a then newly independent Malaysia. Its key features are a 245 feet high

minaret and a 16 angle pointed star concrete main roof. The umbrella, synonymous with the

tropics, is featured conspicuously – the main roof is reminiscent of an open umbrella, the

minaret cap a folded one. The folded plates of the concrete main roof are a creative solution

to achieving the larger spans required in the main gathering hall. Reflecting pools and

fountains spread throughout the compound.

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LOCATION

Location

The National Mosque of Malaysia (Masjid Negara) is located in strategic areas of Kuala

Lumpur City Centre, adjacent to Masjid Negara Malaysia Train, Earth Resource Building, Post

Malaysia, the Islamic Arts Museum, Kuala Lumpur Bird Park and near the Lake Gardens. The

mosque was built in 1965 on the site of a church, the Venning Road Brethren Gospel Hall,

which had stood there since 1922 but was appropriated by the Malaysian government. The

place is located at Taman Perdana.

FUNCTION

National Mosque is the official state religion of the country, a high maintenance of public

buildings, the first mosque in the country, it is a symbolic structure that affirms Islam as the

official religion. It was built in 1965 as a bold statement and aspirations of modern Malaysia

Merdeka. It also act as landmark of Kuala Lumpur.

As the National Mosque, it has multiple functions. Apart from being a place of prayer,

religious discourse and learning, it is also an international Quran-reading competition,

celebration and a state funeral. Besides, it also contains the Warriors’ tomb, Mausoleum, at

the end of the pathway leads from the entrance. It is also a popular tourist attraction

Muslims and non-Muslims alike are welcome.

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HISTORY BACKGROUND

Malaya gained its independence from the British government on 31 August 1957. Major

development programs in areas of economy, social and architecture were actively

implemented in line with the new government. The programs were also to portray new

progressive culture and achieved democracy. Therefore, on 30 July 1957, in the meeting of

the Federal Executive Council an idea to build a national mosque as a symbol of the

country’s independence was mooted. In another meeting on 5 March 1958, Chief Ministers

of the eleven states in the Federation of Malaya, a proposal was made to name the mosque

Masjid Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, in recognition of Prime Minister Tunku Abdul

Rahman's efforts in guiding the country to gaining independence. However, Tunku refused

this honour; on the contrary he named it Masjid Negara in thanksgiving for the country’s

peaceful independence without bloodshed. On Friday, 27 August 1965, the mosque was

declared open by the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the late Tuanku Syed Putra of Perlis.

The mosque underwent major renovations in 1987, and the pink concrete roof has changed

in green and blue tiles. It was first renovated, about 20 years after it was opened to the

public. With this, all-concrete roofing tiles wear pink, green and blue. Frequently required

the use of weathering and other modifications. In 2003, Al-Bukhary Foundation initiated a

three-year program to renovate the mosque. It has carried out repair work on the dome,

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tower, ceiling, electrical and lighting. The mosque was also given a new coat of paint, from

the ceiling to the walls, inside and outside. Garden of the lower and upper has been

restored and a new entrance was built to facilitate easy access.

Renovations were completed at the end of 2005. With this, the National Mosque can

continue to stand tall, beckoning believers and non-believers alike, with well-maintained

premises. Its unique modern design embodies a contemporary expression of traditional

Islamic art calligraphy and ornamentation. Near the mosque is the Makam Pahlawan

(Warriors' Tomb, Mausoleum), a burial ground of several Malaysian Muslim leaders. Makam

Pahlawan is a 7-pointed star concrete roofed structure.

On 27 August 2015, Masjid Negara celebrates its Golden Jubilee, the 50 anniversary.

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ARCHITECT

The original structure of the National Mosque of Malaysia was designed by a three-person

team from the Public Works Department, who are Howard Ashley, a UK architect & also the

British supervisor of the Public Works Department, Dato’ Hisham Albakri and Dato’

Baharuddin Abu Kassim.

Dato’ Baharuddin Abu Kassim

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Fifty years later, this unconventional umbrella dome remains the most striking feature of

the beloved Malaysian landmark. As Masjid Negara celebrates its Golden Jubilee, it was

officially opened on Friday, August 27, 1965, with a pictorial exhibition, which starts today,

we turn to the man behind its design to unravel the mystery of the dome.

“For Tunku Abdul Rahman, the mosque represented the unity of all Malaysians,” says

Datuk Baharuddin. “Our challenge was to design a mosque that was modern yet still had

influences of traditional Malay architecture.”

Concept of umbrella dome

He recalls being inspired by how royalty would always be escorted with an umbrella when

stepping outside. “I thought the umbrella would be a very good symbol because of this. But

I couldn’t design a round umbrella because we had to use concrete, and that meant straight

lines. Then I thought of the payung kertas — a folded umbrella, which had the straight lines I

needed.”

The final design for the mosque featured a main dome that resembles a semi-opened

umbrella with 16 points. Even its high minaret resembles a folded umbrella. Hence the

mystery of the dome is explained.

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2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Site Context

The map above shows the site context of the National Mosque of Malaysia. The main

buildings at the surrounding includes Daya Bumi Complex Kuala Lumpur, National

Planetarium Malaysia, Islamic Art Museum Malaysia (IAMM), KTM Headqurters Kuala

Lumpur and also the Old Railway Station Kuala Lumpur (refer Figure 2.0.2 Site Context II).

Building Nearby

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2.0.1 BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY

Transportation

Transportation

Refering to the map above, National Mosque situated nearby Pasar Seni station (KLJ) and

Kuala Lumpur station (KTM).

At Pasar Seni station, after get off the train and pass by the ticket counter, you will see a

bridge that links the station with Kuala Lumpur station. And the bridge across Kelang river

from Pasar Seni that allow public walk through the bridge until you see Kuala Lumpur KTM

station, do not enter the ticket counter over there, just go straight further until see a

parking lot in front of Pos Malaysia building. A door located to an underground tunnel that

cross the Jalan Kinabalu. The mosque is situated at the end of the tunnel. At the end of the

tunnel, the signage of National Mosque pointing.

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RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDING TO SURROUNDING

Daya Bumi Complex

The Dayabumi Complex was completed in 1983 and it was a controversial expensive mega

project at that time which automatically gained a new Kuala Lumpur landmark status then.

It was also the first modern building in Malaysia whose architecture was loosely influenced

by Islamic and moorish architecture.

It was designed purposely so to blend in with the pervading Moorish and Byzantine

atmosphere of the structures that surround it namely The Sultan Abdul Samad Building and

the Railway Station Building. The complex houses a shopping arcade, City Point, offices and

the General Post Office.

As shown in the figure above the Daya bumi Complex and the National Mosque is

sharing the similarities on the screening walls. The openings of the screening walls

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manipulated light as an expression through illuminating effects of sun rays and moon light.

It also increases individuality and sensory experience of the space.

National Planetarium

The National Planetarium is located conveniently inside the Lake Gardens Kuala Lumpur. It

was back in 1993 when the planetarium was first opened to the public. The planetarium has

been intelligently designed and structured to mimic a mosque with a blue dome. In order to

locate it in the large Lake Gardens is easy. The National Planetarium sits in between the

Kuala Lumpur Bird Park and the National Museum.

As shown in the figure above, the structure of the fountain of the National Planetarium and

the National Mosque share some similarities. They are created following the shape of the

Al-Quds star

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Islamic Art Museum Malaysia (IAMM)

In December 1998 Malaysia became home to Southeast Asia’s largest museum of Islamic

art. The building occupies 30,000 square metres, situated amid the leafy surroundings of

central Kuala Lumpur’s Lake Gardens.

The Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia houses more than seven thousand artefacts, as well as

an exceptional library of Islamic art books. The art objects on display range from the tiniest

pieces of jewellery to one of the world’s largest scale models of the Masjid al-Haram in

Mecca. The aim is to create a collection that is truly representative of the Islamic world.

As shown in the figure above, the Islamic Art Museum Malaysia has the vital and significant

mosaic dome on top of the building. The dome itself, along with the building is built with the

style of modernism. The fusion of modernism and Islamic architecture is applied. Although

the shape of dome of both Islamic Art Museum Malaysia and the National Mosque has a

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very vivid comparison, yet the style of the dome themselves along the building is sharing

similarities, which is the fusion of modernism and Islamic architecture.

KTM Headquarters KL

This building is said to be the last of many Mughal-style buildings erected in Kuala Lumpur.

Located along Jalan Hishamuddin, it blends in nicely with the appearance of its more famous

counterpart, the Old Kuala Lumpur Railway Station across the road.

Like many Mughal-style buildings in Malaysia its architecture was also designed by AB

Hubback. It was completed in 1917, after works were halted during World War One. It

incorporates the Mughal style of architecture, just like its counterpart across the road, the

Old Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. The building suffered bombing in its North Wing during

the Second World War, and in 1968, the second floor was gutted by fire. In 1983, the

building was gazetted as a heritage site.

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Referring to the figure above, the dome on top of the KTM Headquarters is an onion dome.

This onion dome shows the fusion in architecture of Mughal and local style. While under a

vivid comparison, the umbrella dome of the National Mosque of Malaysia shows the fusion

of modernism and Islamic architecture. It also shows the sustainable and indigenous

architecture style.

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Old Railway Station KL

The old Kuala Lumpur Railway Station was also designed by AB Hub back with significant

Mughal architectural style. In other words it was the contemporary architectural style at

that time.

This majestic railway station complex was completed at a cost of $742,980.00 Straits Dollar

(cost included straightening of some portions of the Klang River, bulding of a temporary

station, as well as dismantling of the staff quarters and re-erecting them in Brickfields) and

began its operation on 1 August 1910.

Mughal architecture is one of the exotic revival architectural styles that was adopted by

architects of Europe and America in the wake of the Romanticist fascination with everything

oriental. It is a mix of Islamic, Persian and Indian influence.

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Referring to the figure above (Figure 2.1.10 Similarities & Comparison - Old Railway Station

II), the Old Railway Station is designed with Chhatris built on the top. The Chhatris is a

traditional element of Mughal architecture, a dome-like pavilion. While again, under

comparison, the National Mosque might be less fusion with the other country (like Mughal),

yet it is still aesthetic showing by the fusion of modernism and Islamic architecture, and also

the interaction of the building and the nature (microclimate) by applying sustainable design

on it.

RESPOND TO CLIMATE

The fact that the National Mosque of Malaysia is located at a very strategic location is

definitely not only just against the accessibility to others building, it also apply to the

climate. The location of the building captures the wind from the North-east and also from

the south-west.

To make it more sustainable and indigenous, the triangular openings between the folds

of the building’s roof is used to capture wind. Therefore the building can have a better wind

ventilation, which make the building interacts with the naature, which is the climate.

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Besides, the openings of the screening walls also manipulated light as an expression through

illuminating effects of sun rays and moon light. It also increases individuality and sensory

experience of the space.

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3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING

PLANS

The following figures (Figure 3.0.1.1 Site Plan, Figure 3.0.1.2 Floor Plan, Figure 3.0.1.3

Elevation Plan) shows the site plan, floor plan and elevation plan of the National Mosque

Malaysia.

Site Plan

Floor Plan

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Elevation Plan

BUILDING LAYOUT

The following figure shows the plan and as well as the interior spaces layout of the

National Mosque Malaysia. The legend is stated below.

Building Layout

Legend for Ground Floor & 1st Floor

1. Main prayer hall

2. Female prayer hall

3. Admin office, Imam’s room, royal antechamber, library

4. Veranda

5. Conference hall

6. Mausoleum

7. Pool where the Minaret stands

8. Open walk way

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3.1 CIRCULATION

Circulation I

As shown in the figure above the configuration of the linear pathway from the entrance

to the Mausoleum, which is the Warriors’ tomb is flexible. The path-space relationship is

used to approach and enter functionally to the specific spaces. Hence, the path-space

relationship is achieved.

Circulation II

As shown in the figure above, the linear pathway leads people from the interior spaces

of the building to the semi-exterior space, which is the Mausoleum, the Warriors’ tombs.

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ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS

SYMMETRY & BALANCE

Symmetry & Balance I

Referring to the plan of the National Mosque Malaysia (Figure 3.2.2 Symmetry & Balance

I), balance is achieved through the mosque structure plan in terms of golden rationing and

the spatial sequence.

Symmetry & Balance II

As shown in the figure,the shape of the building is simple and the basis on which it is

almost symmetrical to each site plan and elevation.

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GEOMETRY

Screening Walls I

Knowledge is also known as the light of truth in Islamic art field. Many architecture has

manipulated light as an expression through illuminating effects of sun rays and moon light.

Screening Walls II

As shown in the figure above, manipulated lighting qualities by the screening wall from

the natural lightings adding individuality and sensory experience of the space.

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As shown in the figure above, the Mausoleum, which is the Warriors’ tomb, is a large and

open structure designed to create a well-defined space for the tombs within rather than as

elaborated edifies.

Mausoleum II

Referring to the figure above, wind ventilation through the structure is achieved due to

the triangle openings between the folds are large enough. It also create a continual view of

the exterior spaces. The interaction between the building and the nature (microclimate) is

also achieved.

The Al-Quds star Structure I

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Some of the structure found at the National Mosque is created following the shape of

the Al-Quds star This structure also act as a sign of adaptation of the Islamic Rub el Hizb

symbol as a Muslim symbol.

The element Al-Quds star

The al-Quds star is an adaptation of the Islamic Rub el Hizb symbol which is specifically

associated with al-Quds. The eight-pointed star design is inspired by the octagonal ground-

plan of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock shrine were built to commemorate Jerusalem's

status as the first Qibla or direction of prayer in Islam, as well as by the standard Rub el Hizb

symbol.

The element of Islamic star II

As shown in the figure above, the Rub el Hizb is a Muslim symbol, represented as two

overlapping squares, which is found on a number of emblems and flags. In Arabic, Rubʻ

means "one fourth, quarter", while Hizb means a group or party. Initially, it was used in the

Quran, which is divided into 60 Hizb (60 groups of roughly equal length); the symbol

determines every quarter of Hizb, while the Hizb is one half of a juz'. The main purpose of

this dividing system is to facilitate recitation of the Qur'an.

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HIERARCHY

Hierarchy I

There is no hierarchy performed by the overall building. As shown in the elevation plan of

the building, the Minaret stands in the middle which had obstructed the hierarchy

performance of the building.

Hierarchy II

.

As shown in the elevation plan, the exterior form of the iconic ‘umbrella dome’ is also not

performing a hierarchical order

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4.0 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS

Architectural styles of modern mosque

The modern architectural style of the mosque can be divided into two categories. The first

category of modern mosque is the Islamic influences which combination the styles of many

mosques found in other Islamic countries including Turkey, the Middle East and Northern

Africa.

The second category is the modern styles which emphasize the advancement in building

technology and engineering. For instance, the National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur has a 73

meters high minaret and a folded plate roof like umbrella. The mosque was constructed of

reinforced concrete faced with Italian marble. Its main prayer hall can easily accommodate

up 3,000 prayers at one time whilst its surrounding galleries and deep verandas, topped

with numerous small domes, can accommodate up to 5,000 people. The mosque also has a

number of rooms provide various functional spaces which included library, offices, Imam's

room, open courtyard, royal guest rooms, and mausoleum and store rooms.

Masjid Negara expresses the idea of Islam as a religion that is dynamic and progressive of

the times. In terms of architectural ethnicity, the overall architectural expression of the

National Mosque does not prefer any foreign influence but within our socio-cultural

context. Besides, it also presents the idea of spirit of times well. As it is built in the modern

era of reinforced concrete construction which also second category of modern styles that

just mentioned above, its wide span of beams, and use of the huge folded plate roof

overlaying the prayer hall which express the spirit of the structural material.

The term modernistic expressionism can be used to portray the National Mosque as it uses

abstract metaphor approach such as the serambi-verandah structure. The building

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represent horizontality and serves well as the vocabulary of humility in Islam. The fact that

the building is a tropical model with numerous fenestration exposed by light-wells with

ponds for representing the inner courts add to the idea of moderation. It also refuse the use

of symmetry and hierarchical composition of massing for expressing the image of Islam as a

religion of their own people .National Mosque is a combination of modernist

reinterpretation of traditional Malay Architecture with a folded plate ‘dome’ with the

importance of the royal umbrella metaphor of the building as a national monument.

The National Mosque is one type of modernist architecture which inspired by traditional

Islamic themes and motifs. The unique design of mosque involved a contemporary

expression of traditional Islamic calligraphy, art and ornamentation. It refuse the use of

historic revivalism or ornamentation in any form that glorify the abstraction and structural

expression in architecture in forms. It is best example of a building composed with the

technological and spiritual qualities of an architecture with a true Malaysian identity.

Its most stunning feature is the umbrella-like roof which symbolizes the aspirations of an

independent nation and symbolizes under the conservation of Allah. According to the

architect of the mosque, Datuk Baharuddin, the roof of the national mosque was inspired by

how royalty would always be escorted with an umbrella when stepping outside. Also,

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Because of the building will be built with concrete, he couldn’t design a round umbrella and

needed more straight lines elements which made him further think of the Payung Kertas —

a folded umbrella with straight lines. The roof with 18 points which representing the 13

states of Malaysia and the five pillars of Islam. In the main prayer hall, the unique design of

the roof gives the impression of standing under a gigantic open umbrella. In the interior, the

concrete roof in the shape of opened umbrella is coated with glass mosaic and white gold.

Roof of Main Prayer Hall

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Islamic Architecture

In worldviews of Islam, Allah is the Supreme Being and is indivisible and has no equals. He is

the lawgiver for the whole world including human being, animals and other creatures as

well. According to the Qu’ran, when a believer dies, the individual await the Day of

Judgment. If he / she has lived her life according to Allah’s will, then they are allowed to

enter paradise or heaven.

Seven Unifying Principles of Islamic Architecture

1. Tawhid: Unity and Allah Uniquity

Main Prayer Hall

The main prayer hall is a room where the assembly hall of Muslims to pray by facing the

direction of Kaabah in Mecca, it can accommodate up to 3,000 prayers with a floor area of

23,409 square feet in one time. The direction of Kaabah has symbolized that Islam is a

religion of Unity: One Lord, One Final Prophet Muhammad. Through 9 sliding glass door,

prayer are allowed to access to the prayer hall from 3 different directions and unite them

into a single space.

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2. Dikr : Remembrance

Masjid Negara covered with geometric ornaments including the nature and Jawi writing

around the mosque. Thus, it represents a remembrance of Allah and the process to be alert.

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3.Haya : Modesty

Modesty has been illustrated in the mosque through the use of geometric impression. In

addition to acting as a private impression, it also serves as the aesthetic and environmental

features.

4. Ikhlas : Sincerity

Sincerity was demonstrated as a sign of sincerity through the action of external physical

body for example and also inward actions of the heart where it is achieved by removing

doubts from mind. Sincerity is explicit through the inner heart that include deep

contemplative of spiritual nature of man. There is always the focal point, a direction in

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which all things lead to. The lines of pattern that run across the floor face the direction of

Ka’ba.

5. Iqtisad : Balance

The structure plan is designed according to the golden ration, and the spatial sequence. In

terms of this building, it is quite easy and simple than almost symmetrical to each site plan

and elevation. The structure plan is in the order form, hypostyle mosque where a flat roof

supported by columns throughout the entire mosque.

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6. Ihtiram : Respect

Respect means fairness or adab (good manners), positive feelings of self-esteem or respect

for another person or entity, and also specific actions and behavior of the representative

price. In Islam, the honor rendered in ihtiram in respect or behave in a good way towards

God, Allah; to fellow humans and to oneself. To translate the meaning in architecture,

symbolism, harmony and sanctity of the Kaaba geometric shapes found in the architecture

of fear throughout the world of Islam has been used. At the National Mosque, the geometric

shape of the screen wall used in almost every wall of the building. In the main prayer hall

which is similar to the Dome of the Rock, an Islamic art found decorating the walls and

windows of the mosque screen. Animal Arabesque is a complex application repeating

geometric shapes of plants and animals that symbolize the infinite, uncentralized, the

nature of God's creation.

7. Ilm : Knowledge

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Inscriptions where calligraphic is wrote or carved in pure Arabic language to describe

knowledge in Islamic architecture. The calligraphy Arabic script aesthetics is used to

celebrate Islamic world through a visible form that can be seen by exposing ilm 'and words

of wisdom Quran.

In Islam, Knowledge also known as the light of the truth. Islamic architecture has been

manipulated to express the light source through the light effects of sunlight and moonlight.

To enhance the sense of personality and experience of architecture space because it is

driven by the quality of light and shadow that determine the individual's perception, details

on walls or decorative inscriptions used as a point source moving natural sunlight.

Several written verses from the Quran are placed across the all above the interior part of

the prayer hall door. The writing measures 2 feet high and woven with gold and blue shiny

mosaic.

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Nine galleries lattice gates and provide sunlight into the prayer hall as well as decorative

lighting, recessed lights in the ceiling rosette in aluminum and 16 chandeliers which give a

gift of kings, former national president and governor of Singapore.

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The mausoleum is located at the rear of the mosque stood on a circular reflecting pool and

connected to the main building by a covered footbridge. It is circular in shape and covered

by an umbrella like concrete dome folded together in the shape of the Grand Hall, but with

only seven folds, one of which includes reserves for the grave of national hero.

Today, the mosque remained standing sleek and stylish with a modern design that includes

a contemporary expression of traditional Islamic art calligraphy and symbolism Malay

architecture. Since completion on August 27, 1965, the National Mosque has become a

symbol for Islam in Malaysia magnificent.

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Moorish Architecture

Moorish architecture is a variance of Islamic architecture. There are many motifs, or

repeated patterns in Moorish architecture. There are few similarities between the elements

in National Mosque with Moorish Architecture elements.

1. Jawi Inscriptions written on facade of mosque

2. All decoration or ornamentation is finished through, tiles work, architectural forms

and calligraphy.

3. Geometrical shaped Mihrab

4. Nine entrances, attached to the same number of naves in the prayer hall. ‘

5. Colourful mosaics and glass windows

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2 5 14 3

Moroccan Architecture

The mihrab in national mosque previously was in rectangular shape like a door but has been

renovated to curved arch. This mihrab is coated with verses of the Quran in Moroccan

calligraphy. The facade that surrounds the mihrab are renovated according to the Moroccan

architecture with characteristics of inscription in Arabic Script.The entrance is emphasized

by rich, rectangular frames (alfiz) surrounded by arabesques and lettering carved in marble,

stucco and mosaic.

Mihrab in National Mosque Mihrab in Mosque of Cordoba

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Mughal Architecture

According to the Qur'an, used the garden as an analogy for paradise and Islam came to have

a significant influence on garden design such as balance, symmetry and axis principle. The

concept of paradise garden was normally used in the Persian gardens.

Shalimar Garden

A pool found outside the prayer hall of Masjid Negara

The interior of the prayer hall is decorated with patterns that portray the Islamic culture and

look alike the pattern found in Moghul Mosque in Mumbai, India.

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Prayer Hall in National Mosque

Main Prayer hall in Moughul Mosque

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Persian Architecture

The roof of national mosque is painted blue in colour which is a very alike to the Persian

domes which common is blue in colour and purposes to allocate the skyline of the city

especially during the penetration under the sun and glitters like the turquoise gem and the

use of extensive inscriptions calligraphy and arabesques under the dome.

Multi-fold umbrella-like roof in National Mosque

Dome of Shrine of Davazadeh Imam

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5.0 Building Construction, Structure and Material analysis

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

The architectural styles of mosque have changed gradually in parallel with the development

in the structural enhance and construction method. The materials of National Mosque

commonly used are concrete, bricks, steel, and stone and marble the design of the marble

are comes from geometrical shapes as Islamic style. A common mosque consist domes,

minaret and high ceiling.

The modern mosque can de differentiated into ‘Expressionism” and “Structuralism” where

they more emphasize the advancement in building technologies and engineering. The

Nation Mosque, has a 245feet high of Minaret and an umbrella roof, becomes a good

examples for the words “Expressionism.”

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Minaret

High

Domes

THE MAIN PRAYER HALL

The main hall, where the most significant and excellent part of work-done in national

mosque. The area of the hall is 153 square feet with reinforced concrete and covered with

beautiful Italian marbles, called Terrazzo.

The interior of the mosque portrays some decorative elements on such significance for

mosque. Also the elements were limited to the hall. The north, south and east walls were

faced with plain cream colored marble. It used as the main material where it gives a clean,

smooth and reflective surface. The walls are also detailing with Quranic verses written in

gold that run across the walls.

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Plain Cream Marbles

Intertwine with the Quranic verses is a band of geometric patterns from blue, brown and

green colours glaze in ceramic tiles. They were arranged accordingly.

They are nine sliding door that were placed along the walls with three facades of the main

hall. The sliding door were made out of aluminium sliding glass with iron in gold frame.

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Quran Verses

The roof is now clad in green and blue tiles after renovate the pink concrete roof, it gives the

dome better ability to reflects during the day catches people attention .In the shape of

opened umbrella is decorated with glass mosaic in white and gold, minimized the

maintenance over time.

The interior of the hall was surrounded by contrast which are geometrical concrete grills

made of concrete and wrought iron railings, clerestory windows comes from many colour at

the above of grills. The windows decrease the rate of sunray to the main hall.

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EXTERIOR

INTERIOR

Measured 84 feet high has a diameter of over 200ft and is supported by 16 pillars measuring

over 3 feet in diameter. The reinforced concrete is concrete in which steel is embedded in

such a manner that two materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforced concrete

was used as it was able to withstand the bad weather or angled structure. The umbrella roof

been supported by reinforced concrete on each angle to the middle of the roof.

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Clerestory Windows

Geometrical Grill

The 16 main concrete columns in the main prayer hall were detailed plaster Muqamas

(Islamic pattern) at the top and glazed ceramic tiles arranged according in diamond form at

the bottom of the column.

Besides, main prayer hall is covered by a folded plate concrete roof with the centerpiece of

the dome made out of aluminium panel engraved verses shape like Sun. In the middle part

has an Islamic symbol as represent the symbolic of sun. The sculpture was hanged at the

peak in between 16 angles.

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Waffle slab used on the slab

At the pavilion area located at the main entrance of main prayer hall at east side has 48

concrete columns where arranged in grid lines with white tile mosaic to support the parasol

roof. The columns anodized gold coloured aluminium at the top and base.

VERANDAH WALKWAY

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The Construction of the ceiling along the Verandah was built in waffle slabs where also

modified as curved arch. It was a strategy to lighten the slab where people won’t go to the

top. Also it decreasing the force and gives support to the small domes at the top.

There are 70 domes above the flat concrete slab at the verandah walkway are also sheathed

in unglazed blue tiles.

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WAFFLE SLAB

The floors are constructed with white marble tiles with the black marble strips while

renovated. This tiles have characteristic of low water absorption and declared freeze

resistance is required. It reflects which brighten up the whole walkways. The pillars were

glazed with black Najaf Abad Marble and anodized gold on top and base. It arranged in an

order and are widely used to support the whole verandah and also emphasized on vertically

elements in the mosque. The wall with geometrical grills bring the sunlight to the pathway,

gives user experiences the quality of shadow. The wall combine with the white floor and

also created a layer of reflection.

MINARET

The minarets located in a rectangular pool at the south part of main hall. It has 75meters

(245feet) high. All side of minaret faced with rectangular shaped terrazzo slates except a

part (east) would have concrete grills. The minaret presents a modest and functional tower

whereas the structural framework portrays the use of size columns and proportionate

dimension of beams to support the roof structure on the top.

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HERO MAUSOLEUM

Beside of main hall has a 7 roof structure where connect to the Verandah. With a whiteness

of concrete roof and the colour, texture and coolness of the marble enhanced the quality of

space and light in the interior of mausoleum. The structure was similar to the main roof. In

Islamic , the white colour associated as a funeral rites. The mausoleum was surround by

pool where Malay believe water to be a purifying elements thus their graves ideally be

exposed to rainwater.

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Terrazzo

Concrete Grill

LANDSCAPE

The hardscape of national mosque are playing with the Islamic architecture style such as the

structure form and material used. The ground has construction with the stone tile with blue,

yellow and grey as the stripes forming the hexagon star. Whereby they hued the colours and

create the form. Each of the trees around the building were built boundaries with star as

their base. Besides, water feature arranged accordingly and the bottoms also

constructed a significant Islamic star form the pool of the water features by stone concrete.

Reinforced concrete been used on water feature has a better strength to support the base.

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There are some Quran Verses sculptures on somewhere were made of Aluminium and steel.

It has clean and reflective surface where reflected the light and giving the sense of the

power to the verses. The sculpture were supported by reinforced stone concrete.

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Stone tile on the floor

Significant water feature

SIMILARITIES TO THE WEST

There are some kind of building that we found which are similar to the National Mosque.

Take one example, The Falling Water, designed by the modern master architect, Frank Lloyd

Wright, located a Bear Run, Pennsylvania. The building was use of waffle slab, in the same

way to lighter and stiffer slab which help to reduce the extent of the base. The building is

designed with cantilevered floor, same goes to the walkway of national mosque. It lift up

the space to increase the view.

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Quran Sculptures

Waffle slab used on the slab

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Cantilevered floor can be seen

6.0 Architectural elements & components analysis

UMBRELLA ROOF

At first glance, the tower measuring 245 feet high looks like a rocket that shapes like a

closed umbrella while the roof of the mosque looks like an open umbrella. The mosque

previously underwent major renovations in 1987, and was once pink concrete roof is now

clad in green and blue tiles. The roof measuring 84 feet high has a diameter of over 200ft

and is supported by 16 pillars measuring over 3 feet in diameter. The pillars are paved with

terrazzo. In the middle of the roof there is an aluminium panel engraved with verses shape

like door but has been modified as curved arch. These is one of the most striking feature of

the mosque, as it is uniquely different and outstanding compared to other mosque that has

a onion dome.

FUNCTION

The roof serves as an interesting feature or symbol of the mosque, like a signature of the

mosque. It resembles a partly-opened umbrella like roof which symbolizes under the

protection of Allah.

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MINARET

A minaret is a slim tower rising from a mosque. They

vary in height, style, and number. Minarets may be

square, round, or octagonal and are usually covered

with a pointed roof. Originally used as a high point

from which to make the call to prayer (adhan),

minarets remain a traditionally decorative feature of

most mosques. The minaret of National Mosque is 73-

metre-high, rises from the middle of the reflecting

pool and can be seen alongside the umbrella roof

from the city’s skyline. The design of the national

mosque’s minaret is like a folded umbrella. The tall

and distinct minaret serves as a visual statement, a

symbol of the greatness of Islam as the official religion

in Malaysia. They are constructed in a wide variety of

forms ranging from thick, squat spiral ramps to

soaring, delicate, pencil-thin spires.

FUNCTION

In Islam, a minaret is an element of Islamic religious architecture. It is the tower traditionally

used by a muezzin, or crier to call the faithful to prayer five times each day. Minarets are

always connected with a mosque, sometimes by an elevated passageway. At the time of the

prophet Muhammad, the call to prayer was made from the highest roof in the vicinity of the

mosque. The earliest minarets as such were former Greek watchtowers or the towers of

Christian churches. Today, calls to prayer are usually done in the prayer hall through a

loudspeaker, and minarets serve mainly decorative purposes.

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GRAND PRAYER HALL

DESCRIPTION

It is surrounded by deep verandahs which are screened off by white grilles of traditional

Islamic designs, similar to those in the mosques at Agra and Patephur Sikri in India. Also, the

floor is carpeted and the remaining area is finished in terrazzo. The hall is sheltered by a

folded-plate roof in the shape of a 'semi opened umbrella' with 18 pleats radiating from the

center instead of the traditional 'onion shaped' dome. The Grand Hall and the verandahs

provide a praying space of 7,432 sq metres which can accommodate 8,000 people. The

central area for prayer is called a musalla, place for prayers, and it is deliberately quite bare.

No furniture is needed, as worshippers sit, kneel, and bow directly on the floor. There may

be a few chairs or benches to assist elderly or disabled worshippers who have difficulty with

mobility. Along the walls and pillars of the prayer hall, there are usually bookshelves to hold

copies of the Qur'an, wooden book stands, also called as rihal, other religious reading

material, and individual prayer rugs. Beyond this, the prayer hall is otherwise a large open

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space. The prayer hall has reinforced concrete wall garnished with Italian marble. There are

nine sliding aluminium doors along the three parts of the wall. Several written verses from

the Quran are placed across the all above the interior part of the door of the prayer hall. The

writing measures 2ft high and woven with gold and blue shiny mosaic. The concrete roof in

the shape of opened umbrella is decorated with glass mosaic and white gold.

FUNCTION

The prayer hall is located on the south side of the Mosque and is an all-purpose hall which

can seat 500 persons. Besides, the air-conditioned library and offices are situated on the

rear of the main building. The mausoleum situated, at the rear of the Mosque stands in a

circular reflecting pool and is connected to the main building by a covered footbridge. It is

circular in plan and is also covered by a pleated shell concrete dome similar in shape to

shape to that of the Grand hall but having only folds, one of which covers a reserved area

for a national hero's tomb.

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MAUSOLEUM

DESCRIPTION

Mausoleum is a burial ground of Malaysian statesmen. The heroes’ mausoleum located at

the rear of the mosque is surrounded with a lovely circular self-reflecting pool connected to

the main building through a covered foot bridge.

FUNCTION

Originally in the Koran, it was considered good that upon death people were buried in the

ground with facing towards Mecca when he/she died. It was strictly forbidden to decorate

tombs or to visit somebody's grave, not to mention building a construction above the tomb

stone in the Koran. However, mausoleums, tomb architecture covering grave developed in

Islamic world despite the contradictions, and became one of the significant features of

Islamic architecture. All Muslim tombs represent merely a temporary residence for the

buried deceased until the final judgment is made. However, what is interesting is the fact

that for Muslims still living this life, tombs for saints and secular rulers have come to have

different functions in Islamic society.

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GEOMETRY SCREEN

DESCRIPTION

The geometry screen wall can be found in every point of the buildings. The geometric

patterns exemplify the Islamic interest in repetition, balance, symmetry and continuous

generation of pattern. Lighting is manipulated by the screening wall from the natural

lightings, adding individuality and sensory experience of the space.

FUNCTION

Each repeating geometric motifs on the wall has a built-in symbolism ascribed to it. The

rhombus, with its four equal length of sides, is symbolic of the equally important elements

of nature: earth, air, fire and water. Without any one of the four, the physical world,

represented by a circle at the center of the rhombus, would collapse upon itself and cease

to exist. The common theme of all Islamic art is geometric regularity, spatial rhythm, and

periodic repetition. Islam, with its central creed of an omnipotent God to whom all humans

must humbly defer, found in the infinite pattern a supreme artistic expression of its

philosophy. By showing only a finite portion of a design which in it’s entirely is infinite, the

believer is reminded of his frailty and insignificance under the reign of the Almighty. The

attractive and beautiful design of the geometry screen affects the number of the

worshippers come to the mosque. Promotes the faithful to perform their prayers with other

Jemaah at the mosque, which in turn make the mosque as the center of human activities

and encourage the Muslims to socialize.

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SAHN

DESCRIPTION

In many mosques this is adjoined to an open courtyard, called a sahn. Within the courtyard

one often finds a fountain, its waters both a welcome respite in hot lands.The open

courtyard is an important element in the tradition of mosque planning and is placed in front

of the Grand Hall. Courtyards in mosques in the Middle East are open to the sky and are

invariably furnished with a cluster of fountains in a pavilion or an open pool where ablutions

can be performed.

FUNCTION

Sahn is a tradition of mosque planning and is in front of the Grand Hall. It is partly covered

by 48 independent concrete parasols to provide shade and architectural contrast, the

fountains for ablution being located on the floor beneath.

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VERANDAH

DESCRIPTION

The National Mosque uses an extensive set of verandah space with light courts and air wells

to provide ample daylighting and passive cooling to the building. The corridors in front of

the main structure are supported by repeated pillars to allow air ventilation and natural

lighting to create a light and open feeling for the occupants as they enter the mosque.

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FOUNTAIN AND POOL

DESCRIPTION

Walking along the open corridors and walkways, you can’t help but notice the big blue pool

that is situated in the center of the building, which also happens to be the base of the lone

minaret. The main pool also branches out of all the way to the Hero’s Mausoleum and

encircles it. A strong emphasis on water has been implemented into the mosque to

strengthen the focus of Islam on nature and the environment, water being one of the four

elements earth, air, water and fire. The sound of water drizzling from many of the fountains

produces a calm and peaceful atmosphere.

FUNCTION

Found within the compound and it design as eight-pointed star to symbolize fullness and

regeneration.

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QIBLA WALL

DESCRIPTION

The whole Qibla wall is finished with ceramic tiles and stucco plastering ornamented with

calligraphy and geometrical patterns. It is easy to locate the Qibla wall upon entering the

prayer hall because the other walls are mostly glazed and it is a beautiful sight to witness.

The top part of the Qibla wall is filled with inscription from Al-Quran. The Qibla wall is

divided vertically into three parts. The lower part which is about 2000mm from floor level is

ornamented with green and blue mosaics arranged in accordance with Islamic geometrical

star patterns. The middle stretch is finished with marble panels. The upper part is placed

above the calligraphy frames and finished with massive carved stucco ornamentation that

carries the Kalimah ‘Allah’ in the eight star pattern motif.

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STAIRCASE

DESCRIPTION

Staircases in National Mosque are built wide and rather massive looking. This could be to

represent how the mosque is a public space where all the Muslims are encouraged and

welcomed. These staircases are located at all the main entrances. As you approach the

grand entrance of the National Mosque, you will be greeted by a wide protruding flat-

planed flight of stairs that incorporates a feeling of serenity and peacefulness through its

horizontality. The stairs are also wide to improve the flow of up to 15,000 Muslims that

come and leave every Friday to pray. After ascending the stairs, you will be overwhelmed by

the grandeur and magnificent structure built above ground. The corridors/walkways in front

of the main structure are supported by repeated pillars to allow air ventilation and natural

lighting to create a light and open feeling for the occupants as they enter the mosque.

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COLUMN

DESCRIPTION

The columns present in the mosque are also detailed with beautiful Islamic patterns. Most

mosques utilize the Islamic patterns all over the building as simple yet intricately detailed

decorative elements. The column in the photo above is found in the main prayer hall. At the

front entrance of the main hall is the semi-enclosed courtyard that serves the purpose of

being a secondary praying area for the Muslims when the main hall has been filled during

the Friday prayers. Similar to the walkways and mausoleum, the gaps between the concrete

parasols held up by many uniformly-arranged concrete pillars are cover in glass to allow

sunlight to penetrate through, yet keeps the place dry from rain.

FUNCTION

The parasols are elevated above the lower roof, which allows for space to include a row of

clerestory that surrounds the entire courtyard to provide natural lighting. Therefore, the

interior of the courtyard is well lit during the day that complements the white tiles and

mosaic flooring, giving off a sense of clarity and purity.

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CEILING

DESCRIPTION

The ceiling of the open areas such as the verandahs are very simple and bare compared to

the one in the prayer hall with the shape of umbrella dome designed but the height and

verticality of the tall columns holding it gives a strong sense of meaning to the person while

standing below. In Islam, it would signify how small human beings are in comparison to the

greatness of Allah the almighty.

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7.0 CONCLUSIONConclusion In conclusion, we experience through the National Mosque is indescribable as it is an iconic and a

very symbolic building by having its own uniqueness and individual character. Based on our opinion, the moment

we first stepped into the entrance, the verandah gives us a very open and welcoming feeling due to its columns

which were arranged uniformly across the walkway, which is quite different from the Middle East that usually

applies courtyards within the mosque compound. Compensation were made by replacing one of the famous

Malay architecture element, the verandah in the absence of courtyard. The architecture of the mosque is a bold

and modern approach with the usage of reinforced concrete. A mix of Islamic, Malay and modern architecture,

this mosque is uniquely different compared to the Middle East. This is because the unique feature of this mosque

is that it uses an open umbrella concept which does function the same and does not have the usual domes on

the roof structure of the building. The umbrella is a synonymous with the tropics which reminiscent of the roof

structure. The water features surrounding the compound gives a very serene and calm feeling where one can

relax their mind and souls during their prayers

Through this project, we experienced the functional of the architecture elements, the structural and the usage of

the space. National Mosque is an excellence work done where it combines with the modern elements in Islamic

architecture. It gave a different senses to us compare with usual mosque.

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